Daqin Empire Advanced Manual

Chapter 9
Fajia
"Han Zhi" said: "It is based on rational officials. Belief in rewards must be punished, supplemented by the ritual system. Yi said that the former kings used clear punishments and orderly laws, which is what they are good at. And those who engrave them are not enlightened, but benevolent and loving." , dedicated to the criminal law and want to bring it to justice, as for the murder of close relatives, it hurts kindness."

Legalists are well-known for their outstanding contributions to jurisprudence, including the origin, essence, and role of law, and the relationship between law and social economy, the requirements of the times, state power, ethics, customs, natural environment, population, and human nature. Basic issues have been explored, and fruitful.

Legalism is the school that had the greatest influence on the historical process of the pre-Qin period. It mainly includes three schools: the rule of law, the rule of art, and the rule of power.Among them, the reform spirit and practical spirit of the French school is the most among all schools of thought, and it is also the most operable for the strategic planning of rebuilding the world order. The several waves of reforms in the Warring States Period were all initiated by the Legalists.The historical process of Qin's unification was carried out along the strategic roadmap designed by the Legalists.

Legalists most emphasize changing the law according to the times, not sticking to the current situation. The main points are: changing the law according to the times, enriching the country and strengthening the army, ruling the country by law, and stopping disputes by establishing divisions.Legalists believe that human nature is good for profit, if left unchecked, people will kill each other due to disorderly competition, so they advocate clear legal division to rebuild order.Legalists advocated the judicial principle that "a prince who breaks the law is as guilty as the common people", which is a great historical progress.In addition to the construction of the legal system, legalists have made great contributions to improving administrative efficiency and promoting advanced production technologies.However, the policies of obscuring the people, such as the legalist cultural dictatorship, also had a profound negative impact on history.

Legalist classics mainly include "Fa Jing", "Guan Zi", "Shang Jun Shu", "Shen Zi", "Shen Zi", "Han Fei Zi" and so on.Representatives: Shang Yang, Han Fei.

Confucianism
Confucianism is based on the theory that human nature is inherently good and people's spiritual needs to abide by traditions, and has inherited and carried forward Zhou Wangdao's people-oriented, ritual and music education, benevolence, loyalty and forgiveness.

The benevolent government of Confucianism regards the great harmony of the world as the highest state, and takes the moderate prosperity as the present goal.But the way for Pre-Qin Confucianism to achieve these grand goals is to restore Zhou rituals, restore well fields, prosper and destroy the country, and continue the peerless world—returning to the ritual society of the Western Zhou Dynasty.Confucianism regards itself as the orthodox successor of the sage Duke Zhou, and its idea of ​​returning to ancient times is on the surface a comprehensive inheritance of Zhou ritual and music civilization, but this is incompatible with the changed social situation.

Confucianism has always aimed to spread the principle of benevolence and righteousness. It is ashamed to talk about benefits, and it denounces practical skills as petty skills.This makes the Confucian benevolent government not only lack the ability to resist the risk of war, but also cannot effectively solve the problems of the economy and people's livelihood.Therefore, Confucianism was forced to sacrifice on the altar by the trend of the times.

Although Confucianism was not born at the right time, it still developed into a prominent school in the Warring States Period because it attached the most importance to classics and education.According to "Han Feizi Xianxue": "Since the death of Confucius, there have been Confucians of Zizhang, Confucians of Zisi, Confucians of Yan, Confucians of Meng, Confucians of Qidiao, Confucians of Zhongliang, and Confucian grandsons. There is the Confucianism of the Lezheng clan.” Although Confucianism in later generations gained a dominant position and became the main ideology of successive dynasties, it also became rigid and deformed in the erosion of time.

Confucian classics mainly include the Five Classics of Yi, Poetry, Book, Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals, and the Four Books of Analects, Mencius, Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean.Representatives: Confucius, Mencius.

Mojia
The Mohist School is a rare school of people-oriented schools among the hundreds of philosophers, and it is also the only political and chivalrous group.

The highest purpose of Mohism is to "promote the benefits of the world and eliminate the harms of the world", and thus extend the ten propositions: universal love, non-aggression, valuing the virtuous, advocating the same, frugal use, festival burial, heavenly will, enlightenment, non-criticism. Happy, unlucky.The Mohists pursue an ideal world in which everyone "loves each other and benefits each other", there is no war of aggression among countries, and "officials are never expensive, and people are never cheap, and those who are capable will be promoted, and those who are incompetent will be demoted" (elevating the virtuous).For this reason, Mohist disciples insisted on asceticism to save the world with the spirit of martyrdom, and became a famous school that is popular all over the world.

In addition to ideological achievements, Mohists have made great contributions to logic and technology.

Only the social soil of the pre-Qin period could give birth to the Mohist school; in the Qin Dynasty and in any subsequent era, it was impossible for a school-style social group like the Mohist school to emerge.The Mohists do not take the laws and regulations of any country as the criterion, but only take the belief and discipline of the school as the criterion of action. They resolutely attack the unjust behavior of the country they believe, and have the chivalrous characteristics of chaotic politics and law.Only because of this, it is difficult for Mohism to be tolerated in any national order, and it is difficult to be tolerated in the era of a unified and stable empire.The demise of the Mohist school is almost inevitable. It did not end in Qin, but it must end in Han.

After Mo Zi's death, Mohism was divided into the Mo of Xiangli's family, the Mo of Dengling's family, and the Mo of Xiangfu's family.One of them was sent to Qin and became an important help for Qin to unify the world.With the changes in the environment at the end of the Warring States period, Mohism gradually integrated into the government and the people of other countries, and no longer existed as an independent school.

Mohist classics include "Mozi" and so on.Representative: Mozi.

Taoist
Taoism advocates observation first and then persistence. Through observation, the essence of the entire universe (Tao) is used to establish a naturalistic view of the universe, and deduces the concept of governing the world with tranquility and inaction, and conforming to nature.

The traditional view is that Taoism is passive and withdrawn from the world. This view is somewhat one-sided.Sima Tan said in "On the Essentials of the Six Schools": "Taoism makes people's spirits single-minded, moving and combining invisible, and supporting all things. It is also a technique. , move with time, adapt to things, act according to customs, do things according to customs, be omnipotent, make appointments and be easy to follow, do less things but do more.” It can be seen that Taoism, which is detached and broad-minded, does not disregard the mortal world and escape from the world, but conforms to the laws of nature , doing nothing and doing nothing.

In fact, Taoism has a very special status among the schools of thought.Historian Lu Simian said in "Introduction to Pre-Qin Academics": "Taoist learning is actually the program of all schools. All schools are used in the Ming Dynasty, and Taoism takes care of it all. All schools use it. Taoism It is the body.” The Taoist way of thinking and the art of nourishing the mind have the greatest and far-reaching influence on all schools of thought.In a sense, schools of thought such as the Legalists, Military Strategists, Physicians, and Strategists are all the result of the evolution of the Taoist thinking of "observe first and act later" in different social fields.Zhuangzi said that "Taoism will split the world", referring to the process of "Taoism" being divided into hundreds of theories.Pre-Qin Taoism was divided into the Lao-Zhuang School and the Huang-Lao School.The former promotes the Taoist mentality and is committed to the tranquility of individual life; while the latter advocates internal and external methods and is committed to the tranquility of the whole society.

Taoist classics mainly include "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Liezi", "Yin Fu Jing" and so on.Representatives: Laozi, Zhuangzi.

military commander
Military strategists are the collective name for strategists and military strategists in ancient China, and specifically refer to the school of war in the pre-Qin period.A hundred schools of thought talk about war more or less, but only the military school studies military affairs and guides military practice in an all-round way.

Since its birth, military strategists have not been limited to the study of formations and tactics.Factors such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, astronomy and geography, and popular support that affect the outcome of a war are all the focus of attention of military strategists.In other words, what military strategists pursue is the way of survival of the nation and the way of securing the country and the whole army. "Sima Fa" says: "Although the old country is large, it will perish if it is warlike; although the world is safe, it will be dangerous if you forget the war." This sentence best represents the overall attitude of the pre-Qin military strategists towards war. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi·Bingshulue" divides the works of military strategists into four categories: military strategy, military situation, military yin and yang, and military skills.These four categories of military books cover all areas related to war.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the highest peak of military science in Chinese classical military history.In the world of wars between nations, whether it is a big country annexing a small country, or a weak country resisting a strong country, military strategists always play the role of the mainstay.Qin's unification of the world and the end of war and separatism were the result of the joint efforts of scholars from all schools of thought who entered Qin.But it was the famous military general in charge of the three armies who completed the final blow.It can be said that as long as war does not disappear from human society, the value of military wisdom will always exist.Today, strategist strategy is no longer limited to the military field.The business and sports circles also drew heavily on the wisdom of pre-Qin military strategists to improve their competitiveness.

The main classics of military strategists in the pre-Qin period include "Sima Fa", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Wu Zi's Art of War", "Sun Bin's Art of War", "Liu Tao", "Wei Liao Zi" and so on.Representatives: Sun Wu, Wu Qi.

Strategist

Strategists, also known as strategists and lobbyists, are schools of thought that specialize in diplomatic wisdom.A strategist spends his whole life pondering the situation and structure of various countries, lobbying the princes, and planning strategies for hegemony for the selected state.The strategists of small countries take advantage of the contradictions between big countries to retreat from powerful enemies and preserve their own countries.Strategists of great powers lobby powerful ministers of other countries to induce them to adopt decisions that are beneficial to their own country.

Strategists are generally divided into two schools of Hezong and Lianheng. "Han Feizi" said: "For the vertical, unite the weak to attack the strong; for the horizontal, the strong will attack the weak." After the wave of reforms in the early Warring States period, the world entered a balance of power.Since the strengths of the great powers are equal, in order to break the balance, they all do everything possible to strengthen their own strength and weaken their competitors.The Hezong faction mainly united with the Shandong countries to block the Qin State in the west (sometimes aimed at the Qi State in the east), while the Lianheng faction mainly used Qin as the core to win over and divide the Hezong camp.This is the vertical and horizontal struggle.

Due to the needs of the alliance of states, vertical and horizontal strategists often serve as prime ministers of several countries.For example, Su Qin of the Hezong sect is said to have been the prime minister of the six kingdoms of Shandong.Zhang Yi of the Lianheng faction was the prime minister of Qin and Wei.Therefore, the world also said that they were in the Qin Muchu Dynasty, and things were uncertain and capricious.Strategists have the eloquence of turning black and white, but their real skill is to sort out the complicated world situation and create a diplomatic strategic pattern that is beneficial to their country.With the unification of the world, the multipolar world pattern on which strategists depended for survival disappeared, and strategists also collectively faded out of the stage of history, becoming a swan song.

Strategist classics mainly include "Guiguzi", "Suzi" and so on.Representatives: Su Qin, Zhang Yi.

Famous
Mingjia is a school of thought that specializes in the study of the relationship between name and reality and debate.Famous scholars are mainly divided into two schools: "contract difference" and "lijianbai". "Contract different" emphasizes the unity of things, while "Li Jianbai" emphasizes the difference of things.The 21 controversial propositions put forward by Huishi, Song Ying, Yin Wen, and Gongsun Longzi successively run counter to common sense and are incredible. They are called 21 things of famous scholars!
Because famous scholars are proficient in debate, they often have the upper hand in disputes.Dissatisfied with the sophistry of famous scholars, other schools have delved into the relationship between name and reality.For example, Xunzi wrote "Rectification of Names", which systematically analyzed the problem of name and reality.Mozi carried forward his expertise in logical thinking and defined many things in a "scientific" way.Legalists borrowed from this theory and established the basic principle of the rule of law to follow the name and fulfill the responsibility.However, Zhuangzi surpassed the distinction between name and reality with "Qiwulun".Confucianism, which pays attention to "if the name is not correct, the words will not follow", has also developed its own theory of names.From this point of view, although famous scholars stay away from the economy, people's livelihood and the general trend of the world, and only discuss metaphysical and purely speculative issues, their contributions to Chinese philosophy and logic cannot be underestimated.

With the gradual improvement of the system of schools of thought, and the disappearance of the social soil for the contention of a hundred schools of thought, famous scholars who blindly debate purely philosophical issues have gradually faded out of people's vision.

The main classics of famous masters include "Yin Wenzi", "Gongsun Longzi" and so on.Representatives: Hui Shi, Gongsun Longzi.

yin and yang home

Yin-Yang School is one of the main schools in the Warring States Period. It aims to promote the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, hence the name Yin-Yang School, also known as "Yin-Yang School of Five Elements" or "Five Elements School".

The concept of "yin and yang" was first seen in "Book of Changes", and the concept of "five elements" (gold, wood, water, fire, and earth) was first seen in "Shangshu".But the emergence of the two concepts can be traced back to an even older age.In the Warring States Period, Yin-Yang and the Five Elements gradually merged to form a new conceptual model, which is the cosmology based on the theoretical basis of "the ebb and flow of Yin-Yang and the shift of the Five Elements".Onmyoji believes that any dynasty or state has a kind of virtue endowed by heaven.This kind of virtue is represented by the five elements, which are the five virtues of gold, wood, water, fire and earth.The country's political characteristics must conform to its virtues, and the color it admires, the national color, must also conform to its virtues.Only in this way can the country run stably and smoothly under the protection of God.This is the famous "Five Virtues End and Begin" political theory.

After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the determination of water virtue, the execution of political leaders, and the promotion of blackness were also influenced by this theory.

The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements contains the knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, and is the basis of all mystical cultural schools in later generations.The Yi family, the astrology family, the Zhanhou family, the Kanyu family, the physiognomy masters, and the Fang warlocks are all different branches of the Onmyoji school.After the Qin Dynasty, part of the theory of Yin-Yang School was integrated into Confucianism by Dong Zhongshu, and the other part evolved into various alchemy and metaphysics. The group of Yin-Yang School no longer appeared as a school.

The classics of the Yin-Yang family mainly include "Zou Zi End and Beginning", "Rong Cheng Zi", "Miscellaneous Yin and Yang", "Yin-Yang and Five Elements and Seasons" and so on.Representative: Zou Yan.

Ji Ranjia

Ji Ran's family, also known as Qingzhong's family.Economists in the pre-Qin period mainly studied the country's economic development issues, and their emphasis was on observing people's livelihood and knowing their interests.

The Ji Ran School was born in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is a rare representative of pre-Qin thinkers who advocated commercial economy.Its core proposition is: the country should be based on the development of commerce and the circulation of goods, so that the farmers will benefit and the country will be rich.

The classic theory of the Ji Ran school is "equalize all things, there is no shortage of customs and markets, and the way to govern the country." The specific economic measures include the circulation of goods, the promotion of all industries, the leveling of prices, light taxes, emphasis on water conservancy, and the promotion of agriculture and mulberry.The price theory of the Jiran school is unique in the history of Chinese economics-"Fu Tiao, farmers who are sick at twenty, and at the end of ninety, will not be able to make money if they are terminally ill, and will not be able to provide money if they are sick. If they are only eighty, they will not be reduced. Thirty, the end of the farmer will benefit. There will be a lot of goods in the flat, and there will be no shortage of customs and markets, which is the way to govern the country.” That is, when the price of grain fluctuates between [-] and [-], the interests of farmers and businesses can be taken into account.

The classics of the Ji Ran school include "Ji Ranzi".This book is compiled by Fan Li, a famous minister of Yue State, after his retirement, and compiled the speeches of his teacher Ji Ran, with references to his own opinions.There are seven strategies and more than eight thousand words in the whole book, which is a technique of getting rich.Wealthy countries and rich people are well-written. Business travelers all over the world call it the "Peerless Rich Book", while celebrities call it "Seven Strategies for Calculation". "Historical Records" stated that "there are seven strategies for planning, and the more you use the fifth, the more you will be proud."Representatives: Ji Ran, Fan Li, Cai Ze.

Miscellaneous
Zajia is a school of thought from the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty.

All schools of thought are constantly learning from each other, fully absorbing the wisdom of other schools of thought to strengthen themselves.After the long debates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, people gradually realized that all the skills of a hundred schools of thought "all have their strengths and are useful from time to time".Just as "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" said: "(Philosophy and a hundred schools of thought) are like ears, eyes, noses and mouths, they all know something, and they cannot communicate with each other!" It is biased to stick too much to one school and one school.Therefore, at the end of the Warring States period, hundreds of schools with different ideas gradually merged.

With a rare inclusive attitude, the Miscellaneous School integrates the knowledge of practical schools such as Law, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Bing, Zongheng, Yinyang School and Farm School.Different from other schools of thought, Zajia School is more summative than original.The greatest contribution of the Zajia School is its relatively systematic review of all aspects of classical Chinese political civilization.The miscellaneous schools represented by Lu's Spring and Autumn School were shelved because of Lu Buwei's loss of power in the power struggle.After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Han Feizi School of Legalism was chosen as the ideology.After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty successively chose the Huang-Lao School of Taoism and Confucianism improved by Dong Zhongshu as its ideology.The Miscellaneous School has become one of the nine streams.

The pre-Qin miscellaneous classics mainly include "Shi Jiaozi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu" and so on.Representative: Lu Buwei.

Note: There are several different opinions on the classification of various schools of thought. The main schools of thought in "The Great Qin Empire" include Law, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Bing, Zongheng, Ming, Yin and Yang, Jiran, and Zaza.

(End of this chapter)