Daqin Empire Advanced Manual

Chapter 8 Qin State Official System
The highest authority in the regime of the Qin Dynasty is the emperor, and the emperor has three princes (taiwei, prime minister, and imperial doctor).

Under the prime minister, there are lieutenants and Jiuqing (Weiwei, Langzhongling, Taipu, Tingwei, Dianke, Fengchang, Zongzheng, Shaofu, Zhisu Neishi) and manage the subordinate counties.

The county has a county lieutenant, a county guard, and a supervisory history.The county guard manages the subordinate counties.

The county has a county lieutenant, a county magistrate, and a county magistrate.The county magistrate governs the subordinate townships, and in the countryside there are Youguan, Sanlao, Shifu (in charge of large townships) and Youzhi (in charge of small townships).

The three elders manage the kiosks of their subordinates, and the kiosks are set up with kiosk leaders.The head of the pavilion manages the subordinate ri, and the ri is set up with a head.

Central government system
The biggest feature of the central government system in the Qin Dynasty is the supremacy of imperial power.The powerful monarchy and the continuous weakening of the privileges of the old male clan are also an important reason why Qin finally destroyed the Shandong countries and unified China.

After Qin Wang Yingzheng became the first emperor, he established a central government composed of prime ministers, royal officials, state captains, and Jiuqing to assist the emperor in managing the country's military and political affairs.

Prime Minister
The highest administrative officer, who accepts the emperor's edict at the top, controls all the officials below, and takes charge of government affairs.Hold the golden seal and purple ribbon ("Hanshu·Baiguangongqingbiao": "The Prime Minister and the Prime Minister are all Qin officials, with the gold seal and purple ribbon, and the assistant Wanji of the emperor who holds the prime minister.").The establishment of the prime minister of Qin State began in the second year of King Wu of Qin, when the left and right prime ministers were established.In the 32nd year of King Qin Zhao, he changed his country.When Qin Wang Yingzheng was not in charge, he took Lu Buwei as the prime minister, and appointed the prime minister, Changping Jun. During this period, the left and right prime ministers were juxtaposed, or there was an independent prime minister, or it was called a prime minister.After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he ordered one prime minister, named Li Si, and after Qin II killed Li Si, Zhao Gao was appointed prime minister, who was called the prime minister because he was an eunuch.Under the Qin system, every person who served as a prime minister was granted the title of Marquis.

Imperial Censor Daio
Qin Chuang appointed Yushi Dafu, who was in charge of the supervisory officials, as the deputy prime minister.Hold the silver seal and green ribbon ("Hanshu·Baiguan Gongqing Biaoshang": "Censor doctor, Qin official, position Shangqing, silver seal and green ribbon, palm deputy prime minister." "Tongdian·Official Code II": " Qin has no Sikong, and he puts the imperial censor as the second prime minister.").Different from the censors who were generally in charge of records and archives management in the Warring States period, the censors of the Qin State were in charge of the picket officials, which was the origin of the special censor system in ancient China.There are two officials under the imperial censor, one is the imperial censor, who is the deputy of the doctor, and the other is the imperial censor Zhongcheng.Among them, Yushi Zhongcheng, because he was in charge of the censors and the censors of the counties, could order the censor to correct and impeach all officials according to the regulations, which was especially powerful.

Jiuqing
Respect the prime minister's decree and take charge of state affairs.Palm silver seal green ribbon.Among the subordinates of Jiuqing, there are those who are in charge of royal affairs, such as Fengchang, and those who are in charge of state affairs, such as Tingwei.

Wei Wei is in charge of the gates of the palace.It belongs to the official one, the bus commander's order, where officials and people submit letters, contributions from the four parties, and the imperial court call, etc., to use public vehicles and horses according to the law, and the bus commander's order is in charge; it belongs to the official second guard order to command the guards at the palace gates.

Lang Zhongling is in charge of discussions, guest praises, receiving memorials, and court guards in the palace ("Qin Huiyao": and the guards of the masters in the palace, so it is called Lang Zhongling).The subordinate officials of Lang Zhongling include the doctor who is in charge of discussion; the visitor who is responsible for welcoming and sending off guests and accepting the performance of officials; the lords who worship the court and wait for their appointment;

Dafu is a specialized admonishing officer, without a fixed number of members, and has various official titles such as admonishing doctor, Taizhong doctor, Zhongdafu, and admonishing doctor ("Qi Zhi Yi": Qin Zhi Advising Doctor, in charge of discussion, has no permanent members, As many as dozens of people, belong to Lang Zhongling).

Those who pay a visit are in charge of the etiquette of the court meeting and accepting the chapters of the subjects.Set up 70 people, with a rank of six hundred stones.The guests of the Qin Dynasty often went out to deal with temporary official affairs as the special envoys of the imperial court.

Lang is an official to be elected. There are Yilang who discusses state affairs, and Zhonglang and Shilang who accompany the emperor in his car. "Hanshu Baiguan Gongqing Biao" records that Yilang, Zhonglang ranks [-] stones, Shilang ranks [-] stones, and Langzhong ranks [-] stones.Zhonglang is divided into Five Senses Zhonglang General, Zuo Zhonglang General, and Right Zhonglang General, and Langzhong is divided into Che Lang Lieutenant General, Hu Lang Lieutenant General, and Qi Lang Lieutenant General.Lang is generally taken from the sons of bureaucrats such as Gongqing. On the one hand, he served as the emperor's retinue, and on the other hand, he studied government affairs, which was an important way to become an official during the Qin and Han Dynasties.

The servant shot was originally the shooter on the chariot.In the Qin Dynasty, official offices such as Shizhong, Shangshu, Yezhe, and Doctor were all established. They were the deputy chiefs of this department, and the chiefs were orders. Volume [-] of "Taiping Yulan": "In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the commissioner was a minister, and the position of the minister. He was in charge of the seal, and the order praised the document. The servant shoots the master to open and close. If the order is not there, the servant shoots the record."

The imperial servant was originally an official position in the Zhou Dynasty, and it was established in the Qin Dynasty to take charge of the royal chariots and horses.Zhao Gao held this post before he became Lang Zhongling.

Tingwei is the highest judicial officer, and his subordinate officials are Tingweicheng.There is a prison in the Tingwei Department, which is called Tingwei Prison, and if the minister is guilty, he will go to Tingwei Prison.

Dianke was in charge of the pilgrimage affairs of princes and tribal leaders of ethnic minorities, and received officials from counties and counties.Officials and pedestrians are prepared for temporary dispatch to distant places.

Fengchang held the ancestral temple sacrificial etiquette ("Tongdian·Official Seven": "Fengchang, Zhou is the spring official Zongbo, in charge of state rites, Qin changed to Fengchang."), silver seal green ribbon, rank two thousand stones (Jiuqing all same).The subordinate officials include Tai Le, who is in charge of court music; Tai Zhu, who is in charge of sacrificial affairs in the Taimiao Temple; Da Zai, who is in charge of the emperor's diet and food offerings for sacrifices (different from the Tai Zai in the Zhou Dynasty); Tai Physician, who is in charge of witch doctors; Taishi of the historian; responsible for divination and divination in response to the emperor's edict.

Zongzheng, also known as Zongling, was in charge of the royal relatives and registered clan genealogy.If the royal clan is guilty, its affiliation will be extinct.There is Zong Zhengcheng as an official.

The Shaofu was in charge of the emperor's private property and took care of the emperor's daily life.The subordinate officials are:

Yufu Order, Yufu Cheng, in charge of weaving and keeping the emperor's clothing;

Shang Guanling and Shang Guancheng are in charge of the crowns required by the emperor's various dresses;
Shangyiling, Shangyicheng, serving the emperor to change clothes;

Shang Shi Ling, Shang Shi Cheng, in charge of serving the emperor's diet;

Shang Muling and Shang Mucheng took charge of the emperor's bathing;

Shang Xiling and Shang Xicheng are in charge of the emperor's sleeping utensils;

Shang Shu Ling, Shang Shu Cheng, Shang Shu Pu She, in charge of Chinese books in the palace, inspired and presented to the emperor;
Taiguan Ling and Taiguan Cheng are in charge of cooking the emperor's diet and taking charge of the imperial diet;
eunuch order, in charge of the eunuchs in the palace;
Zhongshu Xizheling, Zhongshu Xizhecheng, who are in charge of the guidance, reception, ceremony, etc. of the inner palace, are filled by eunuchs;
Imperial Physician Order, Imperial Physician Cheng, in charge of medicine for the emperor and the harem;
Dushuichang and Dushuicheng are in charge of water conservancy affairs in various counties and counties, and are stationed in government offices in all important water systems;
Yuefu Order and Yuefu Cheng are in charge of the rehearsal, performance and arrangement of court music, as well as the management of music artists;
Yongxiang Order, the life of eunuchs and maids in charge of the palace, and the punishment of crimes committed by palace people.

Among the subordinate officials of the Shaofu, the two official offices of Shangshu and Zhongshu Yezhe had a profound influence on the development of the political system of various dynasties in later generations, and the rest of the "shang" were later turned into female officials.

Governing millet internal history is in charge of the storage of grains and gold and jade, which is equivalent to the treasury of the state treasury.The subordinate officials include Taicang Order and Taicang Cheng, who are in charge of the storage of grain in the treasury;

Lie Qing
Palm silver seal green ribbon.The subordinates of Lieqing include Lieutenant, General Zuo Shaofu, Dian Yuguo, Internal History, Lord Lieutenant, Zhan Shi, and General.

The lieutenant is in charge of public security in the capital and also in charge of fire protection. He is the chief garrison of the capital.The lieutenant's office has officials such as Cheng, left and right Zhonghou, and Qianniu.The subordinate officials are the arsenal order and the arsenal prime minister, who are in charge of the manufacture and storage of weapons; there are the quiet room orders, and the emperor is responsible for being a scavenger when he is on tour.

The Shaofu will be in charge of the public buildings such as the imperial palace. There are two prime ministers in this department, the left and right Zhonghou.The subordinate officials include Shishi Order, Dongyuan Main Chapter Order, Main Chapter Chief, Left School Order, Right School Order, Front School Order, Back School Order, and Lieutenant Colonel Order.Shishi is in charge of building stone materials, Zhang Ling, the master of East Garden, is in charge of carpentry, Zhang Chang is in charge of cutting large trees, and five schools are in charge of construction.Most of the five schools belonged to prisoners.

Dian Guo was in charge of summoning the barbarians in the southwest.

The lord and lieutenant are in charge of the feudal gifts of the princes and below, as well as the sacrifices and food for the guests.

Zhan Shi is Prince Qing, who is in charge of the Prince's family, in charge of the prince's courtiers, with a rank of two thousand stones, and Zhan Shicheng's deputy.The subordinate officials are:

The order of the prince's family, in charge of the punishment, food, storage, servants and other matters of the prince's family;
The crown prince's order, palm leak engraving, etiquette and music, etc.;

Guard rate, in charge of the prince's bodyguard;

The concubine, attends the prince;

The prince sheren, in charge of the prince's documents;

The prince washes the horse, and when the prince comes out, the horse is washed as the forerunner;
Shao Shuzi, in charge of the common affairs of the prince;

The prince's servant is in charge of the prince's family's chariots and horses.

Although the Qin Dynasty set up the crown prince in detail, it did not formally register the crown prince.

Will be in charge of the queen's etiquette.

Queen's Guard, in charge of the Queen's Guard;

Queen's Shaofu, in charge of the Queen's private affairs;

The queen's young servant is in charge of the queen's chariots and horses.

military officer system
Guowei
The highest military post, commanding the armies, responsible for the appointment, dismissal and assessment of officers at all levels.Guowei was also set up in Jin, Zhao and other countries during the Warring States Period, with similar duties.The position of the Guowei in the Qin Dynasty is equivalent to that of the Taiwei in the Han Dynasty, but it is not listed in the Sangong, and its status is lower, similar to that of Qing.

Lieutenant of the Army
In charge of military affairs and command the generals.Take charge of the forbidden army, participate in the selection of generals, and when the general leads the army to go out, he will be stationed in the army to supervise the military administration.

General
The Qin Dynasty imitated the system of the Zhou Dynasty, and set up the former general, the rear general, the left general, and the right general.Palm gold seal with purple ribbon.In addition, the general and the general are set up as temporary positions.When there is a big expedition, generals are selected to take up the post, and the army will be dismissed immediately.

local bureaucracy
During the Warring States period, the system of prefectures and counties was generally implemented in the vassal states, and the establishment of counties in Qin State began with Shang Yang's reform in the 12th year of Qin Xiaogong.In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang, the world was officially divided into 36 counties, which were successively increased to more than [-] counties.

Xianyang is the seat of the country's capital, and it is directly under the jurisdiction of the imperial court without a county guard. Its chief is Nei Shi ("Hanshu Baiguan Gongqing Biao": Neishi, Zhou Guan, Qin Yinzhi, in charge of the capital), the same as Jiuqing, To participate in government.The internal historians are:

Dushui is long and Dushui is in charge of water conservancy;

Iron officials, iron officials in charge of metallurgy, manufacturing agricultural equipment;
Lin Xi Ling and Lin Xi Cheng are in charge of grain warehouses and animal husbandry for sacrifices.

As a first-level administrative place, the county is governed by both the military and the people.The county has three main officials who are not affiliated with each other: the sheriff, the censor, and the county lieutenant.

The chiefs of the prefectures are mostly military generals in the border areas, and most of them are Lang Guan in the interior, with silver seals and green ribbons, and ranks of two thousand stones.The county guards in the Qin Dynasty had great power. Except for the county magistrates who were directly appointed and dismissed by the court, the censors who were responsible for supervising the county government, and the county lieutenants who were responsible for commanding the garrison and managing public security, all other county officials were appointed by the county guards themselves. Appoint and remove.

The censor is subordinate to the censor Zhongcheng and is responsible for supervising the sheriff and other officials.

The county lieutenant is in charge of the garrison of the county, in charge of public security, arresting thieves, silver seals and green ribbons, and a rank ratio of two thousand stones, directly under the imperial court, and resisting the county guards.There are officials under the county lieutenant, and the counties in the interior have one prime minister and two major counties.The frontier fortress counties have one captain, two captains and two captains, who are in charge of the frontier garrison.The disposal of the pass Guan Duwei is subordinate to the county captain.

The sub-official of the prefect of the county, assisting the prefect to manage the county administration, with a bronze seal and black ribbon, and a rank of six hundred stones.When the county magistrate is absent or unable to be a director, the county magistrate acts as the magistrate.The subordinate officials include death history, master book, pastor's order, etc.The prefectures of the frontier fortress have another long history, who manages the soldiers, horses and military administration, and has the same rank as the prefect.

The county was the lowest level of administrative place in the Qin Dynasty, and the official official positions of the Qin Dynasty were only set at the county level.Some tribal areas set up roads.

County magistrates and county magistrates in the Qin Dynasty were based on the population of the county. Counties with more than [-] people had county magistrates, and counties with fewer than [-] people had county magistrates.The county magistrate has a black ribbon with a copper seal, and the rank is from a thousand stones to six hundred stones, and the county magistrate has a copper seal with a yellow ribbon, and a rank from six hundred stones to five hundred stones.Both the magistrate and the magistrate are the chief executives of the county.

The deputy official of the county magistrate, the rank is better than that of the county magistrate, with a bronze seal of yellow ribbon and a rank of four hundred stones.

The county lieutenant is in charge of law and order and arresting robbers. His position is higher than that of the county magistrate, but he does not control the army. He has the same rank as the county magistrate.

The grades of meritorious officials in charge of county officials have been raised and lowered.

History management documents and archives.

The warden of the Jilin County Prison.

Wen Wuhai is a so-called fair official who inspects prisons and reviews case files to prevent unjust imprisonment.

The stables are in charge of the administration of chariots and horses in a county.

The chief of the warehouse official county treasury.

The jailer, the jailer, the jailer of the county prison.

Townships are set up below the county level, pavilions are set up under the township, and houses are set up under the pavilions. It is a resident self-government organization with the clan as the core.

The three elders and one township have high morals and prestige, and they are in charge of education. There are so-called families of filial piety, benevolence and righteousness that can be reported to the county for commendation, and can recommend outstanding children to serve as county officials.

For a township with a population of 5000 people, the county will appoint one person as a person for the rank; for a township with less than 5000 people, the county will appoint one person as a stinger.Both have the same responsibilities, mediating neighborhood disputes, helping the government collect taxes, and arranging corvee labor.

Wandering corvee is a kind of corvee, in charge of patrolling places and arresting thieves.

The official position of the pavilion chief is also a kind of corvee.The palm is the same as that of a coward.The subordinates of the pavilion chief are Tingfu and the two soldiers of the thief. The former is responsible for cleaning the pavilion, and the latter is responsible for chasing the thieves.

(End of this chapter)