Car Maintenance Basics

Chapter 7 Item 1 Common Tools and Equipment for Automobile Maintenance ([-])
Automobile inspection and maintenance equipment refers to the instruments and equipment required for automobile maintenance, repair, testing, and diagnosis. Its main function is to keep the performance of the automobile in good condition and enable the automobile to run safely.

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, the number of automobiles continues to increase, especially the rapid increase in the number of cars.Therefore, the requirements for the technical performance of automobiles are also getting higher and higher.How to ensure the safe operation of automobiles, reduce energy consumption, and reduce environmental pollution caused by automobile emissions has become an urgent issue in today's world.Improving the level of vehicle testing and maintenance equipment and rationally using advanced testing and maintenance equipment is a crucial part of improving the quality of maintenance.

The use of common tools for car maintenance

learning purpose

Knowledge goal:

Learn about the types of auto repair tools.

Master the basic knowledge of common tools used in car maintenance.

Master the use of car maintenance tools.

Skill Goal:
Uses unusual auto repair tools.

Proficiency in the use of common tools for automotive maintenance.

Gain the skills to perform repairs on cars using car repair tools.

mission details
Under the guidance of relevant knowledge, understand the basic knowledge and technical requirements of common equipment for automobile maintenance.Under the guidance of the work order task, the vehicle maintenance equipment can be used for vehicle maintenance.By learning and mastering the operation skills of automobile maintenance equipment, record and archive the completed work, and consciously maintain safe operation and 5S work requirements.

related information
The most basic work of automobile repair work is disassembly and assembly, and the most frequently used general tools are in the process of disassembly and assembly.There are many types of general-purpose tools, and their uses are also different. Whether the general-purpose tools are used correctly or not is directly related to the efficiency of maintenance work.If it is used incorrectly, it will not only affect the work efficiency, but also cause damage to various components and tools, and even cause personal injury or death.Therefore, as a car repairman, he should understand the purpose of general tools and be proficient in the use of general tools.

wrench
A wrench is a tool used to remove bolts and nuts.Commonly used are pneumatic wrench, open end wrench, ring wrench, socket wrench, adjustable wrench and pipe wrench.Adjustable wrench and pipe wrench are determined by their overall length (mm); open-end wrench, ring wrench, and socket wrench are determined by the size of the opposite side (mm) of the bolt and nut to be removed.

1. Pneumatic wrench
Pneumatic wrench (Figure 3-1), commonly known as pneumatic wrench, is an efficient mechanical hand tool for disassembling bolts and nuts. It is widely used in petrochemical industry, electric power industry, transportation industry, shipbuilding industry, machinery manufacturing industry and automobile maintenance industry.It is characterized by light weight and high torque, which is an efficient tool for tightening and unloading bolts.Pneumatic wrench plays a very prominent role in automobile maintenance. A bolt and nut can be tightened or removed within a few seconds, which can greatly shorten the disassembly time, and it is also very safe and easy to use, because the power source of this product is compressed air. , suitable for use in explosion-proof places, reducing the labor intensity of repairmen.The specification range for disassembling bolts and nuts is generally M18-M100.

2. Open-end wrench

开口扳手(图3-2)按形状有双头和单头扳手之分。开口扳手用来紧固或拆卸标准规格的螺栓和螺母。这种扳手可以直接插人或套人，使用较方便。扳手的开口方向与其中间柄部错开一定角度，通常有15°，借以增加扳手的旋转角度，以便实现受限部位螺栓与螺母的拆装。一般的开口扳手通常是8件或10件为一套。它的适用范围是6-24mm或6-32mm。

3. Torx wrench
The ring wrench is commonly known as the eye wrench, and its use is similar to that of the open-end wrench, except that the two ends are rosette-shaped (Figure 3-3).The hole wall is generally 12-sided, which can cover the heads of bolts and nuts.It is characterized by large torque, reliable operation and not easy to slip. It is suitable for occasions where the space around the bolt or nut is narrow.Torx wrenches are usually a set of 8 pieces.Its applicable range is 5.5-27mm or 6-32mm.

The socket wrench is composed of a set of sockets of different sizes and a bow-shaped quick handle, universal joint head, ratchet handle, long connecting rod and socket, etc. (Figure 3-4).

The socket wrench is used for bolts and nuts that are not easy to disassemble with an open-end wrench or a ring wrench.It can choose connecting rods of different shapes and lengths according to the needs of different positions, and can be disassembled with sleeves of corresponding sizes.The number of sets of socket wrenches is different, there are 9 sets, 12 sets and 78 sets.They are all packed in a rectangular flat iron box, so it is easy to use and has high efficiency.The scope of application of the sleeve is generally 8-24mm or 8-32mm.When using a socket wrench, you can choose various handles according to your needs: the sliding handle is to adjust the length of the handle according to the degree of tightness between the bolt and the nut to achieve the required torque; the head of the universal joint is movable and can be Use in restricted places; the quick handle can be used to speed up the speed of tightening or loosening bolts and nuts to improve efficiency, but because of its low strength, it is best not to use it when initially loosening and finally tightening bolts and nuts.

5. Hexagon socket screw wrench

The hexagon socket screw wrench is a tool specially used to disassemble and assemble the hexagon socket screws (Figure 3-5).It is to bend a section of hexagonal steel material and then undergo heat treatment.When using a hexagon socket wrench, any end can be inserted into the hexagon hole according to the position of the screw and the required torque.

6. Fishing Wrench
The shape of the hook wrench is shown in Figure 3-6. It is a wrench used to turn a round nut with a notch on the circumference.

7. Monkey wrench
There are two types of adjustable wrench: open-end adjustable wrench and monkey head adjustable wrench (Figure 3-7).Its opening width can be adjusted, so all bolts and nuts within the opening width are suitable.When using an adjustable wrench, the wrench mouth should be adjusted to the size of the opposite side of the bolt and nut. The movable part of the wrench bears the "thrust force" and the fixed part bears the "pull force" and the force should be uniform.

(a) Open-end adjustable wrench (b) monkey head adjustable wrench
The advantage of the adjustable wrench is that it can play a role when encountering irregular bolts and nuts, so it can be used in a wider range; the disadvantage is that its surface can move, it is not very stable, and it is easy to slip when used.Monkey head wrenches can be used when disassembling heavy workpieces.

8. Pipe wrench
Pipe wrenches, commonly known as pipe pliers, are used to turn metal pipes or other cylindrical workpieces (Figure 3-8).

The opening width of the pipe wrench can be adjusted, and there are tooth grooves on the opening, which will scratch the surface of the workpiece during work. Try to avoid using it to disassemble bolts and nuts to avoid damage.The precautions for using the wrench are as follows:

① When using various wrenches, the specifications of the opening or sleeve must match the size of the bolts and nuts, otherwise it is easy to damage the edges and corners of the wrench, bolts and nuts, resulting in difficulty in disassembly.If the wrench is loose, it is also prone to slipping out and bumping accidents.

② Before using the wrench, wipe off the oil on the hand and the wrench to avoid slipping during work.

③ When using a wrench, it is best to pull it instead of pushing it; if you have to push it at the beginning of unscrewing, you can only push it with the palm of your hand, so as not to hurt your fingers due to sudden loosening of bolts and nuts.Its usage method is shown in Figure 3-9.Pull at right angles to the wrench for maximum torque.

④ It is not allowed to arbitrarily extend the handle of the wrench (such as a sleeve, etc.), so as not to break the wrench or damage the workpiece.

⑤ Do not use the wrench as a hammer or crowbar.

⑥When using an open-end wrench, when loosening or finally tightening the bolts and nuts, the thicker wrench should bear the tension; when using a pipe wrench, let the wrench bite the work object, and then pull it hard, otherwise it will slip.

⑦ Keep the wrench properly after use to prevent rust and acid and alkali corrosion.

Two, pliers

Pliers (Figure 3-10) are tools used to clamp, twist and cut off work objects.There are many types of it, and the commonly used ones for car repair work are wire pliers, carp pliers, needle-nose pliers, circlip pliers and large pliers.

1. Crusher

Wire pliers are used to clamp or break metal sheets and cut wires. They are divided into iron handles and insulating handles.The iron handle is used in general occasions, and the insulated handle is used in power supply occasions and general occasions.There are three types of pliers: 150mm, 175mm and 200mm.

2. Carp pliers

Carp pliers are tools used to clamp round or flat work objects. It has two sizes, which can be enlarged or reduced. Its specifications are 165mm and 200mm.

3. Needle nose pliers

Needle-nose pliers are tools used to pinch small workpieces such as pulling cotter pins in a narrow working environment.There are two types of needle nose pliers, iron handle and insulating handle. The insulating handle is used in electric occasions. Its specifications are 130mm, 160mm, 180mm and 200mm.

4. Circlip pliers

Circlip pliers are tools used to remove and assemble circlips.Shaped like needle-nose pliers, the circlip pliers are divided into inner circlip pliers and outer circlip pliers, which are used to disassemble the circlip for the hole and the long spring for the shaft respectively.

5. Power pliers

Vigorous pliers (Figure 3-11) are used to disassemble and assemble small-diameter circular workpieces that are difficult to clamp. They have a greater clamping force than other pliers and are commonly used in maintenance operations.

Precautions for using pliers are as follows:
①When in use, wipe off the oil stains on the pliers to avoid slipping during work.

②When bending or twisting a small working object, it should be clamped firmly first.

Needle nose pliers

(a) Standard screwdriver (b) Heavy-duty screwdriver (c) Shiyu screwdriver (d) Offset screwdriver The precautions for using the screwdriver are as follows:
①Choose a suitable screwdriver according to the width of the notch of the screw head.

②Knife edge and screw groove should be clean.When in use, the screwdriver should be vertically aligned with the open slot of the screw tip. After inserting the blade into the slot, hold the handle of the screwdriver with the palm of your hand, and then twist it.When starting to turn or tightening the screw for the last time, the screwdriver should be firmly compressed and then turned with the wrist.When the screw is loose, the palm of the hand can be pressed lightly on the handle of the screwdriver, and the thumb, middle finger and index finger can be used to turn quickly.When using a long screwdriver, press and turn the handle with your right hand, and hold the middle of the screwdriver shaft with your left hand to avoid slipping (Figure 3-14).

③ Do not use pliers as a hammer or use the handle of the pliers instead of a crowbar (Figure 3-12).In addition, do not use pliers to hold overheated objects to avoid damage or annealing.

④Do not use pliers instead of spanners to tighten bolts and nuts, so as not to damage their edges, corners and planes.

[-]. Screwdriver
A thread cutter is a tool used to loosen or fasten a screw with a notch. The blade is generally made of tool steel, and the head is forged and then quenched.According to the purpose, screwdrivers can be divided into four types: standard screwdrivers, heavy-duty screwdrivers, cross-shaped screwdrivers and offset screwdrivers (Figure 3-13).Its specifications are usually expressed by the length of its rod, generally in the range of 50-350mm.Its advantages are that it is not easy to slip when disassembling and assembling the screws, it has good automatic positioning, is convenient for automatic operation, and has high efficiency.

Arbor one
③ It is forbidden to hold the working object in the hand to disassemble the screw, so as to prevent the screwdriver from slipping out and hurting the hand.

④ If the screwdriver is used for a long time, the edge of the screwdriver will become blunt, and it will easily slip out when removing and installing the screw. Therefore, the blunt screwdriver should be ground on the grinding wheel according to the standard pattern (Figure 3-15).

correct
Incorrect

⑤ Do not use the screwdriver as a crowbar or chisel, nor use a wrench or pliers to increase the torque to prevent the screwdriver from being broken or bent (Figure 3-16).

Four, punch

(a) pointed punch

A punch is a tool used to punch out the starting center of a hole or punch out a rivet, pin, etc.Punches are made of medium carbon steel, high carbon steel or tool steel.In automobile maintenance, it is often used for marking and punching out holes when making gaskets.Commonly used punches include pointed punches, flat punches G and hollow punches (Figure 3-3).

1. Pointed punch

The pointed punch is 50-120mm long, with knurling in the middle, and some are made of hexagonal steel.The pointed punch can be used to punch holes in the workpiece for drilling, and can also be used to mark the position when disassembling and assembling the machine.

2. Flat punch

The flat head punch is mainly used to punch out pins and rivets.

3. Hollow punch

The hollow punch is mainly used to punch round holes in leather products, rubber sheets or asbestos sheets.When in use, it must be placed vertically under the object to be washed.

(b) flat punch

(C) hollow punch

(b) soft hand hammer

2. Precautions for using a hand hammer

①Before use, it is necessary to check whether the hammer handle is loose or broken, so as to avoid the danger of the hammer head flying out during work.

②When in use, the oil stains on the hands and the hammer should be wiped clean to prevent the hammer from slipping and hurting people during work.

③Hold the rear end of the hammer handle with your right hand. When hammering, the hammer head should not be tilted. The hammer surface should be in parallel contact with the work object, and the eyes should be fixed on the work object.

④ There are three ways to swing the hammer: hand swing, elbow swing and arm swing.The hand swing is based on the bending movement of the wrist back and forth, and the hammer force is relatively small, which is suitable for the beginning and end of the shovel; the elbow swing is based on the movement of the hand and elbow. Homework; the arm swing is the movement of the elbow and the upper arm together, and the hammer can only be swung like this when a heavy blow is required.

[-]. Other tools

1. Shoot stick
Crowbars are mainly used to pry open parts and lift heavy objects.A crowbar is a rod tool made of round steel or rebar with a duckbill elbow at one end.Depending on the weight of the object being pried, the crowbar has a length.

2. Copper rod
Copper rods are mostly used for protective disassembly and assembly work, and are generally used for disassembly and assembly of shafts and bearings.Copper rod material grain wood block.

[-]. Hammer

Hand hammer is a percussion tool for chiseling, straightening, riveting and assembly.It consists of two parts, the hammer head and the hammer handle.

手锤的规格是根据锤头的重量来标定的，手锤的规格一般有25kg、0.5kg、0.75kg、1.00kg、1.25kg和1.50kg六种。

1. Types and uses of hand hammers

Hand hammers are divided into hard hand hammers and soft hand hammers.The hammer head of the hard hand hammer is made of hardened carbon steel, and there are two commonly used round heads and square heads (Figure 3-18).Hard hand hammers are generally used for chisel cutting, disassembly and assembly work.The hammer head of the soft hand hammer is made of duralumin, copper, hard rubber, wood and nylon.Any work object that cannot withstand the steel hammer should be selected with a soft hand hammer.The handle is generally made of tough wood with an oval shape, and the handle length is 300-350mm.

For copper, the required length and thickness should be determined according to actual needs.

3. Magnetic probe

The magnetic probe is used in a narrow space, relying on the deformation of the probe rod and the magnetism of the probe to absorb and take out small parts.The magnetic probe consists of an elastic probe rod about 1m long and a magnetic probe.

4. Wire strippers

Wire strippers (Figure 3-19) are used to quickly strip the insulation protection layer of the wire head.The wire stripper is mainly composed of a handle, a return spring, a clamping device, and a card stripping device.

5. Puller (puller, puller)

The jacking device (Fig. 3-20) is used to disassemble the shaft end parts installed with interference fit, such as bearings, gears, etc.There are two types of top pullers, namely two-claw top pullers and three-claw top pullers.The claw frame of the ejector is hinged to connect the claws, and the ejector rod is installed in the center of the claw frame through threaded connection, and the ejector rod can be rotated by a lever or a sleeve.

6. Torque wrench
When assembling the threaded connection with a torque wrench, use the specified tightening torque to generate sufficient pre-tightening force between the threads, so as to achieve the purpose of reliable connection.Commonly used torque wrenches are divided into socket-type torque wrenches and pointer-type torque wrenches according to their working principles (Figure 3-21).

(a) set of simple torque wrench (b> pointer torque wrench

task implementation
According to the guidance of the work order, complete the operation of the common tools used in automobile maintenance.In the process of task implementation, they will learn the operating procedures and maintenance methods of automobile maintenance tools, and implement them in groups to complete the work within the specified time.

Tip: Before implementing the homework, each group should prepare the materials and tools needed for this learning task according to the table below.

[-]. Tool preparation

Data, number of names of tools Data, number of names of tools.

[-]. Technical standards and requirements
① All operations meet the requirements for safe operation.

②All operations conform to the technical standards of automobile maintenance fitters.

③ Safety accidents are not allowed during the operation.

[-]. The work to be done

1. Use of common tools

Refer to the relevant knowledge content for the usage method.

2. Please fill out the work form below
Please list how many bolts need to use torque wrench in engine maintenance, check the information of Toyota 5A engine, and write the table below.

Specified torque for bolts requiring a torque wrench
[-]. Training report

How to use common tools and precautions.

learning assessment
[-]. Self-evaluation

1. Summarize the commonly used tools for car maintenance-
2. Please write down your experience of this learning task.

3. Self-evaluation of the learning situation (including dress, learning attitude, knowledge and skill mastery, job page filling, etc.).

[-]. Group evaluation

Evaluation status of serial number evaluation items
Good to bad

1 team spirit
(End of this chapter)