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Chapter 36 Jinfen Ancient Architecture Preliminary Investigation Record (5)
The Hall of Dedication The Hall of Dedication is in front of the main hall, separated by the release pool.There are three halls, resting on the top of the mountain.It is completely under the same regulations of the same era as the structural method of the main hall.Dou Dan and five shops are used; stigma shops are made of double bottoms, and intermediary shops are made of single copies and single bottoms. The first beat steals the heart, but it is decorated with small wings.Each room on the front is made of a tween shop, and only the middle of the mountain is made of a tween shop.The pillars are paved with double bottoms, which are completely flat. Under the supporting beam at the rear, the mouth of the pillars is parallel to the ground, just like the pillars of the main hall.The tween is lowered and the tail is raised, and the head intersects with the ling, stretching out long, making a raised mouth shape.The difference between the two halls is that in order, the main hall uses long overhanging eaves, while the dedicated hall uses substitute wood.After the fight, the tail is only lifted downwards, all stealing the heart, the second jump jumps the head and Ansuo shape, and the single raised tail is raised under the flat.As for the pillars and foreheads, they are exactly the same as the main hall.

The beam frame of the dedication hall is simply a layer of flat beams placed on four rafters. The beam body is simple and light, not weak or expensive, so it can last for a long time.

There are no walls around the hall, and doors are opened in the front and back of the care room, and straight fences are installed on the thick sill walls for the rest of the rooms, just like the adoptive son in the small wooden work "Zao Fa Shi", the door leaf of the care room is also a straight fence door.

There is a pair of iron lions on the steps in front of the hall, which are extremely exquisite, with real muscles and vivid agility.

The inscription on the chest of the left lion reads "Brother Guo Chou, a disciple of Wenshui in Taiyuan...April 26th in the eighth year of Zhenghe", and the inscription on the back of the seat reads "Renzhang Changdu of Lingshi County appointed Duan Heding..." The right lion has incomplete characters, only "Le Good" word.

Between the main hall of Feiliang and the hall of dedication, there is a so-called "Feiliang", which straddles the fish marsh.In the history of architecture, this "flying beam" is the only isolated example we know of now.In the first issue of five volumes of this magazine, Mr. Liu Dunzhen gave a detailed description of Shizhu Bridge in the article "Shu Yao of Shizhu Bridge", and quoted Shizhu Bridge recorded in "Guanzhong Ji" and "Tang Liudian".As far as the Jinci Temple can be seen, there are several stone pillars about [-] centimeters in the pool. The upper ends of the pillars are slightly rolled up like the pillars of the temple; beam or forehead.In terms of shape, this bridge is indeed very ancient, and it should belong to the same period as the main hall dedicated hall.However, the ancient name is still preserved in the name, which is called Feiliang, which is also extremely rare and worth noting.

In front of the archway in front of the Jin Renxian Hall, there is a square platform with an iron man standing on each of the four corners, which is called the Jin Ren Terrace.Among the four golden men, two were cast in the Song Dynasty. The characters cast on the chest of the golden man in the southwest corner are Liu Zhi, the order of Weicheng in Mianzhou, the old Song Dynasty... It is equal to the four years of Shaosheng.The sculpture method is mediocre, but the font is still good.Among them, two modern recasts, one in the Qing Dynasty and one in the Republic of China, were equally bad in casting.

Within the scope of the Jinci Temple, there are still Tang Shuyu Temple, Guandi Temple, etc., but they have not been visited in a hurry, so we have to wait for the future.Both the original stone of Tang Zhenguan stele and another stele carved by later generations are preserved, and there is a stele pavilion for proper protection.

Shanxi folk houses
Gatehouse Villages in Shanxi, big or small, rarely do not have a gatehouse.There are not necessarily walls around the village, but such a monumental building must be built at the entrance of the avenue to remind the traveler that he has arrived at another village.Although this kind of layout also exists in Hebei, it is not as common as in Shanxi.

The architecture of Shanxi folk houses is also very complex, from the simplest cave dwellings to the rich and rich courtyards in the villages, to the compact and meticulous houses in the cities, there are quite a lot of special features that are worth noting.However, due to the limited space and the limited number of photos, I can only briefly mention one or two, and conduct a detailed classification study. I can only wait for future opportunities.

Cave dwelling is prevalent in the Yellow River Basin, and scattered in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces. Mr. Long Feile has discussed it in great detail in the article "Cave Dwelling Miscellaneous Research" in the first issue of five volumes of this magazine.This time I can see it everywhere in Shanxi.The cave is warm in winter and cool in summer, and it is quite comfortable to live in, but the air is not circulated, which is a great shortcoming.The cave kilns are all parabolic in shape, and there are those with extremely fine decoration inside. The kiln walls are plastered and even painted to protect the walls.In addition to the kiln, there are wardrobes, tables and chairs and other furniture in the kiln.The kilns are often located beside the cut walls to form a majestic landscape painting, or there are cave doors that are beautiful and pure, which can be called top-grade in architecture.

Brick kiln This is not the so-called brick kiln in Beiping, but a house that uses bricks to issue coupons.Although we haven't studied it in depth, if we say that the brick kiln uses bricks to imitate the earthen kiln beside the cliff, we shouldn't make a big mistake.This is because people who are used to living in caves want to get rid of the disadvantages of earth kilns, such as humidity and the danger of soil subsidence, etc., while preserving their advantages, such as high heat insulation, so bricks are used to build the shape of the kiln. The eyes or the five eyes can communicate with each other internally.In order to suppress the thrust of the coupon, extremely thick wall piers must be used on both sides; in order to make the top of the coupon firm, soil must be used as the bumper.Such extremely thick walls naturally have extremely high thermal insulation.

The roof of this kind of kiln coupons is all flattened with bricks, which can be used as a terrace for exposing grain during the autumn harvest.Or the temporary city towers in the village during the anti-bandit period, because the tops of the kilns are often connected to each other.Shanxi dwellings, whether rich or poor, have brick kilns or earthen kilns for more than [-], and even temple buildings often use this method.On the way from Zhaocheng to Huoshan, it is quite interesting to pass a brick kiln under construction.

Although the mill is not an ordinary dwelling, it has a unique flavor.

The mill uses the fast-flowing stream as its driving force, so it must lead water into the courtyard and enter the room, push the wheel, and then go out along the waterway and flow into the mountain stream.Due to the continuous vibration of the mill, the house cannot use coupons, but a particularly thick beam frame.Because of the cleanliness of the flour, smooth floors are laid in the workshop.All these make the mill a very comfortable, cool and elegant place to live, especially among the deep mountains and deep streams of the Yudao River, in a paradise, no wonder it is regarded by foreigners as the most suitable summer villa.

Judging from the overall layout, the folk houses in the villages of Shanxi make the best use of the terrain, and the steepness and gentleness of the cliffs are layered on top of each other, forming a natural painting!Make the building on the ground where it is located, as if it grows out of the ground naturally, with appropriate balance, without the slightest reluctance, and inadvertently obtain extremely rare advantages in architecture.

The houses in the farm are located in very small villages, and the wealthy farmers in the village often have extremely exquisite houses.This kind of house has the same model as the "tile-roofed house" in the northern cities, both of which are based on the "sihetou", and the distribution form is added with screen doors, vertical flower doors and so on.

There are four differences between it and what you usually see in Peking:

First, in terms of plane, assuming that the main building faces south, the east and west wing rooms are all located within the width of the north building's "wide surface width", so that the main courtyard becomes one, and the north and south are long and the east and west are narrow.Of course, this arrangement saves a lot of space on the plane, and it is more economical than moving the wing rooms out of the main room. Moreover, because of this, the roofs (mostly flat roofs) of the main room and the wing rooms are very easy to connect. It can be located at the north end of the wing room, sandwiched between the main room and the wing room. It can be divided into two sides at a certain distance.

Second, although it is a tile-roofed house, it is actually a flat-roofed brick kiln, and only the front porch or front eaves are covered with sloped blue tiles.From the side, it looks like a "rain tower" in front of a brick wall.

Third, the exterior impression of the house is the same as the so-called three-bay room, but the interior still has three kiln eyes, and the kiln and kiln rooms also use coupon doors. The impression is completely different from that of an ordinary hall.

Fourth, the parapet wall at the back of the house is made into tower-like arrow stacks, so the whole back of the house looks like a fortress from the outside.

Private houses in cities, such as Jiexiu Lingshi, are similar to those in villages, but most of them have buildings, and if they are made in kilns, they are limited to the lower floors.The houses in the city are extremely crowded, and the floor plan is particularly economical, not occupying much land, and the main courtyard is generally thinner and narrower.

The first room and other rooms are often separated by aisles, and the gates are mostly in the winding aisles, unlike the solemn and balanced houses in Peking, although the interior still uses the scale of a front and a hatchback.

The most peculiar point of this kind of house is that the two areas in front and back of Wapo are unevenly distributed.The ridge of the house is far behind, about three-quarters of the full depth, so the front slope is long and short, the back slope is short, the front eaves are exquisite, and the back wall is high.

The land occupied by private houses in Huozhou, Zhaocheng is much more relaxed than that in Jiexiu.The eaves and porches of houses in Zhaocheng are particularly rich in intricate wood carvings, and the courtyard is really full of painted beams and carved buildings. Although the house is large, it is well connected.

There may be two or three houses of this kind in a villa, facing each other far away, and one can still imagine the arrogance of the day.The size of the ground, the height of the outer walls, the craftsmanship of the bricks, stones and wood, and the complexity of the pavilions and other courtyards are all beyond our expectations.To the south of Lingshi, there are several villas in the east and west of Fenshui. They are backed by mountains and rivers, so it is not suitable for farming. Among them, the wealthy households are all engaged in business in other provinces.

The building method of the house is the same as other Shanxi exquisite houses, but it is closer to the official style of Beiping, and the workmanship is extremely perfect.The stone construction of the outer walls is astonishingly strong. There are so-called "hundred-foot buildings", that is, the outer walls of this kind of houses are built against the cliffs, and the buildings live on top of them.Looking from the outside of the village, it can still be seen tens of miles away. Standing a hundred feet tall, Cui Wei is so majestic that it is full of mountains and rivers. It is the glory of architecture!

end

During this summer vacation trip in Jinfen area, it happened that the road was destroyed during the construction of Tongpu Railway, which gave us the opportunity to take a closer look at the distance of more than [-] miles. If we take a car or train, there are many places It is a pity that there is no chance to stay, and the ancient buildings we missed.

Because Shanxi had few wars in the past dynasties, many ancient buildings have been preserved.Some of the insights we gained from investigating ancient buildings in Hebei and northern Shanxi in the past, if we go to the area south of Taiyuan, if we are not careful in our observations, there is always the danger of confusing the past with the present.In the south of the central part of Shanxi, big fights are not uncommon, and the ancient system still exists.However, during the Ming and Qing dynasties in Shanxi, the rolling and killing with the head raised and the mouth was extremely curved, and the slant was used without restraint, and unnecessary carvings such as the slender Sanfu cloud were added to the bucket to allow it to expose the weakness of the later stage, so in In terms of the identification of the times, if you observe carefully, it is not very disturbing.

The system of temples has many huge temples, and the main temples all use suspended mountain tops, such as the front hall of the main hall of Zhao Chengguang Shengxia Temple, the main hall of the Upper Temple, etc., which are slightly different from the Qing Dynasty's concept of temple roofs.At the same time, there are a variety of complex roof structures, such as the Martian Temple in Huoxian County, the Temple of the Holy Mother in Kaizha Town, Wenshui County, etc., which are rare in official buildings after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In many important temples, there are no flying rafters above the eaves and rafters, and sometimes they are very short.In the works after Ming and Qing Dynasties, the carvings tend to be complicated, especially the glazed tiles on the roof. The tile makers are often driven by the interest in each sculpture, and forget the entire layout, which is contrary to the virtue of simplicity in architectural patterns.

Buildings that issue coupons are an important feature in Shanxi. They probably originated from cave dwellings, so folk houses and temples do not use them, and they form a feature of their own. Although we suspect that the main works were influenced by the arrival of the Jesuits from the east, such a special building would not have been formed without the original general methods in Shanxi.Building buildings on coupons is also a feature of Shanxi, so in ancient dramas with Shanxi as the background, there are often scenes of going up and down, which shows that it is a very common construction method.

Guangsheng Temple in Zhaocheng County is the most special in terms of structure. The murals in the Mingying Palace next to the temple are the only isolated example of murals that do not take Buddhism and Taoism as the theme, so we will go to investigate in the near future.The main hall, Feiliang, and Xiandian of Jinci Notre Dame Temple are important relics of Song Tianshengjian, and we must do further research.

published in
In 1935, "China Construction Society Journal", Volume 5, Issue 3, this article was signed by: Lin Huiyin, Liang Sicheng
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