41 Learning Methods That Benefit a Lifetime

Chapter 2 Doubt boldly and seek proof carefully

"Learning" and "doubt" are two stages that must appear in the process of studying, and "doubt" comes from accumulating learning, and "doubt" is the forerunner of obtaining true knowledge.When you have doubts in reading, you naturally want to get the correct explanation, which prompts you to read more and work hard to study.Once a problem is clarified, a new problem arises, and this cycle goes on and on, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, your vision will become more and more sharp, and your experience will become more and more abundant.In this sense, only doubt can bring innovation.If you can't find the problem by reading the book, you can't talk about the research.I found a problem while reading, what should I do next?The next step is to start the research work, which is to establish a hypothesis.

In the past, Hu Shi had two sentences: "Boldly assume, carefully verify." It is very instructive for our study. "Bold assumption" means that you must have a skeptical spirit in reading.If you have doubts about the old theory, you want to establish a new theory, and to establish a new theory must have a hypothesis.Copernicus put forward the "sun center theory" under the imprisonment of religious forces, directly opposing the "earth center theory" of religious monks.This is a great revolution that has never been seen in astronomy. This hypothesis can be said to be the most daring.Of course, assumptions might as well be bold, the key lies in "carefully verifying". The "sun center theory" was proved by Copernicus and his later scientists with more and more irrefutable facts, and it is absolutely true. This is careful verification.Without conclusive proof, a hypothesis becomes fanciful.

Cultivate problem awareness in learning

When learning a language, you should be more thoughtful and skeptical.Our learning process is roughly divided into three links: "preliminary practice and doubts-inquiry and discussion-consolidation and deepening". In the first link, we must be able to raise three levels of "doubts": ①superficial doubts, ②conventional doubts, ③ Undoubtedly doubtful.Among them, the third level is the most valuable, and it is an important method to cultivate creative qualities.

In addition to Chinese, in the study of mathematics, we must also make full use of such a learning method.

When it comes to learning mathematics, we must first ask two questions: one is why to learn, and the other is how to learn.

Knowledge comes from the reality of life and must serve the reality of life.Why should we learn "interchange between percentages, fractions and decimals"?Because the denominator of percentages is fixed at 100, it is easy to compare; why learn "statistical charts" after learning "statistical tables"?Because it is more vivid and specific to show the relationship between quantities with a statistical graph, which leaves a clear and deep impression on people; there are many ways to measure the circumference of a circle, why should we learn the calculation method of the circumference of a circle?Because the measurement method has limitations, it is necessary to master a general calculation method.Only when I realize the importance of learning mathematics knowledge will I have the desire to learn.

In practice, some people study very hard, but their ability to think independently is not strong, because they are used to following the ideas in books, have not mastered the method of learning, and cannot ask questions to find problems.Therefore, we must take the initiative to study learning methods and enhance the ability of independent learning.For example, when learning fractions and percentages, you must be able to independently draw, associate, and analyze; when answering fill-in-the-blank, judgment, and multiple-choice questions, you can use verification, knowledge transfer, counterexamples, derivation, calculation, and number calculation methods to think.

To do this, you need to be good at questioning difficulties in learning.

The famous educator Gu Mingyuan said: "A student who can't ask questions is not a good student." The concept of students in modern education requires that "students can think independently and have the ability to ask questions."Teachers asking questions can certainly promote students' thinking, but they are always passive. In classroom teaching, when students feel that there is a problem and they have to ask why, what is it, and what to do, their thinking will be activated, and students' ability to question The stronger it is, the more active and profound its thinking is, and it is more conducive to cultivating students' sense of innovation. In turn, it can prompt students to constantly question, discover and solve problems, so that students' thinking is always in the process of solving new problems The situation and the original level of understanding constitute a virtuous circle of contradictions.As Einstein put forward: "In scientific research, it is much more difficult and meaningful to ask questions than to solve them." Therefore, it is very important and necessary to cultivate our problem awareness.

The so-called problem awareness refers to the fact that people are often aware of some practical and theoretical problems that are difficult to solve or doubt in their cognitive activities, and produce a psychological state of doubt, confusion, anxiety, and exploration.This kind of psychology drives the individual to think positively, ask questions and solve problems constantly.This problematic psychological quality of thinking is called problem awareness.It is the entry point for cultivating students' innovative spirit.Mr. Tao Xingzhi said: Creation begins with problems.Students enter the classroom with questions and leave the classroom with more questions. This is education that uses questions as a link.

how to question
If we want to be able to ask questions, it is not enough to have courage, but also to be able to question difficult methods.When studying, we can make comparisons between different books and different theories, between different derivations and narrations, between theory and practice, between original knowledge and new knowledge, think from the reflection of positive narration; Analyze logical structures such as reasoning and reasoning; verify from the reasons and results of the discussion, and use various methods to raise questions and find problems, so as to improve.For example, for a new topic, you can ask what is the specific content of this knowledge; why do you need to learn this knowledge; what is the use of learning this knowledge; what old knowledge is related to it; what is the difference and connection between this knowledge and adjacent knowledge...

The formation of any kind of human ability is gradual, and learning to ask questions also has a process. In this process, one must be patient and take it slowly. If there is a teacher to guide and demonstrate, this process will be relatively shortened.

In addition to daring to ask questions, you must use your brains, think positively, and ask unique and high-quality questions.

For example, if you learn an open exercise in the fraction application problem, 5 known conditions are presented:
①In September, the total income of the mother was 2000 yuan;
② Living expenses account for 3/4 of the total income;

③ The balance accounts for 1/4 of the total income;

④ Living expenses totaling 1500 yuan;
⑤ Living expenses are 1000 yuan more than the balance.

Let the students choose two or three corresponding ones from these five conditions, and supplement the questions, make up a fraction application problem, and list the formulas.If you can conduct research in groups, your thinking will be broader, and you will be able to compile several fraction application problems. Even for the same problem, you can come up with different solutions.Through the training of divergent questioning, not only the problem awareness can be enhanced, but also their thinking ability and the ability to comprehensively use knowledge have been improved.

Students will ask questions and be good at screening questions. This is a process for students to think and be skeptical. It is a process for comprehensively applying learned knowledge and cultivating transfer ability. This is also a higher-level requirement.If this step is handled well, the initiative of students in learning will be fully mobilized, and the key points and difficulties will be better resolved.

As the problem is solved, not only can students incorporate new knowledge into the original cognitive structure, but they can also experience the joy of learning and really improve their enthusiasm for learning.Knowing how to learn, asking questions, being good at thinking, being able to solve doubts, being creative and practical, this is what we want to achieve in the end.

(End of this chapter)