Shadow of the Tomb Raider: A Complete Record of the History of Tomb Raiders in China

Chapter 29 The second wave of tomb robbery: the upsurge of tomb robbery in the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (2)
However, Empress Dowager Dou likes King Liang Xiao better, so she always hopes that Emperor Jing will pass on to King Liang after his long life.

Emperor Jing was really stupid, and he calmly said at a reception: "After Qianqiu lives forever, it will be passed on to the king". Remember, Sima Qian used the word "calmly", obviously he was not drunk.The emperor's words were golden, and of course what he said meant what he said, so Liang Xiaowang secretly rejoiced, but he did not expect to be rejected by Dou Ying.Since I was a child, I have heard the story of Zhou Chengwang Tongye sealing the frontier. Could it be that the emperor made a slip of the tongue, but he looked up at the world at that time, and only Liang Xiaowang was his own brother. Who else could he rely on?

Therefore, after the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion was quelled, because King Liang was the closest, and his military exploits were indeed outstanding, the most property and big cities were distributed later.

When Emperor Jing abolished Empress Li, Empress Dowager Dou had this idea again. Unexpectedly, Yuan Ang recommended Liu Che as the prince at this time, who would later become Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. King Liang Xiao was very angry and sent an assassin to kill Yuan Ang. , but the matter was not done cleanly, and was found out by Emperor Jing, who was so frightened that he pleaded guilty.Emperor Jing forgave him again because of what Empress Dowager Dou said.

It is not impossible to seize the world with Liang Xiaowang's financial and military power, so during the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, Emperor Jing was particularly on guard against him, and he insisted that Zhou Yafu not send a single soldier.After pacification, he was even more famous, and he was suspected of having made great contributions to the master, so he was repeatedly plotted against by Emperor Jing.

Liu Wu made great contributions to resisting the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", and once had the idea of ​​seizing the throne of Emperor Jing.Later, I don’t know who’s bad idea was adopted, and I started to build a lot of buildings. The palaces, terraces and pavilions stretched for [-] miles, and the emperor’s banners were used to honor the emperor when he went out. The cow, with its feet on its back, died of a fever.

I think Liang Xiaowang is also very modest, and I don’t know how many talents under his family, like Sima Xiangru, Mei Cheng, and Zou Yang, who we are familiar with, are all famous names.

Liu Wu was on the throne for 23 years, and died of illness in October 144 BC. He was buried in Mount Mangdang, Yongcheng, and was posthumously named Liang Xiaowang.

The majestic shape of Liu Wu's mausoleum and the abundance of burials are breathtaking.Since the end of the 80s, Chinese archaeologists have carried out protective excavations on the tombs of King Xiao of the Han Dynasty. In the tombs that had been stolen during the Three Kingdoms era, golden jade clothes, large jade bibs, etc. were still unearthed. There are more than 2 precious cultural relics, many of which are priceless.It is conceivable that this huge treasure was a great temptation to Cao Cao's army who were short of food and clothing at that time. "Great business does not care about meticulousness, and great gifts do not hesitate to make small concessions." Cao Mengde, who has the world in mind, doesn't care about being infamous as long as the army can eat and win battles.

Cao Cao's soldiers should be the first group of tomb robbers to enter the tomb of King Xiao of the Han Dynasty.The tomb passages of each tomb in the tombs of King Xiao of the Han Dynasty were sealed with a large number of stones weighing thousands of kilograms. Therefore, it is difficult for ordinary tomb robbers to enter the tomb even if they find the exact location of the tomb.And Cao Cao, who has a huge military power, can be described as a piece of cake for tomb robbery.In Chen Lin's proclamation, she described in detail the scene where Cao Cao personally commanded the soldiers to steal the tomb of King Liang Xiao.The article said: "(Cao) Cao Shuai generals and officials came to the excavation in person, broke the coffin and naked corpses, and plundered gold treasures. It made the holy court shed tears, and the soldiers and people were sad." "Shui Jing Zhu Shu" said: "Cao led the soldiers into Dang, Send Liang Xiaowang's tomb, break the coffin, and collect tens of thousands of catties of gold and treasure."

What Cao Cao's soldiers saw and what they took after entering the tomb, we cannot verify.But according to historical records, Cao Cao used the treasures stolen from the tomb to support his army for 3 years!
Tomb robbery, for whatever purpose, is a sin of condoning.Xiang Yu's robbery of the Qin Mausoleum gave Liu Bang a reason to slander, and Cao Cao made Yuan Shao hold the pigtails, which became a major crime for attack.

In April 1991, villagers in Shangqiu, Henan Province were quarrying rocks in the Mangdang Mountains in Yongcheng.The villagers who already had experience naturally thought of the ancient tomb.They didn't dare to neglect, and immediately reported to the cultural relics department.

A bronze seal of "Lianghouyuan" found at the site has attracted the attention of the cultural relics department.Archaeologists made a preliminary judgment based on this: this tomb should be the tomb of King Xiao of Liang and Queen Li.

Like King Liang Xiao, the tomb of Queen Li is also a large-scale cave tomb of "cutting mountains for corridors and piercing stones for hiding places", with a large scale and complex structure.The tomb is a huge underground complex consisting of two tomb passages, three corridors, vestibule, front chamber, back chamber, tunnel, drainage system and 34 side chambers.Queen Li's tomb is 210.5 meters long from east to west, 72.6 meters wide at its widest point, and 4.4 meters high at its highest point in the tomb, with a total area of ​​more than 1600 square meters and a total volume of more than 6500 cubic meters.Because of the huge volume of the tomb, the tomb of Queen Li was once called "the first mausoleum of stone chambers in the world".

This tomb runs through a whole mountain from east to west, so the local people used this sentence to describe the huge tomb of Queen Li: "From Shandong to Shanxi."

In fact, it is not surprising that Queen Li's tomb has such a scale. It must be known that from the death of King Liang Xiao in 144 BC to the death of Queen Li in 132 BC, the tomb of Queen Li was built for at least 21 years.In such a long period of time, it is hard to imagine how much manpower and financial resources were spent on the construction of Queen Li's tomb.

There are two tomb passages in the tomb of Queen Li.The east tomb passage is located on the east slope of the mountain, and it was dug out of the rock in the open air, with a total length of 37.7 meters.The west end of the east tomb passage is connected to the vestibule, and there are two side chambers on the north wall of the vestibule.The words "East Car" and "West Car" were found engraved on the door of the side room.There is a door at the west end of the east tomb passage and a corridor connecting it.There are two side rooms dug on the north and south sides of the corridor, which are the places where funerary objects are placed.

In the west of the front room of Queen Li's tomb, there is a sloped corridor connecting the corridor and the back room, which is the main room.The back room is the main building part of Queen Li's tomb, surrounded by corridors.A rectangular groove was chiseled in the west half of the back room, and a coffin bed room, side room and aisle were chiseled on the north wall of the back room.There are two small side rooms on the west wall of the aisle, the south side room is a bathroom, and the north side room is a toilet.There are urinals and handrails in the toilet, which should be the most primitive form of toilet in our country.On the south side of the east section of the south corridor, there is a pavilion-style side room, known as the ice storage room, which is said to be the earliest "refrigerator" in my country.

According to historical records, the funeral customs of the Han Dynasty, husband and wife "have different caves in the same tomb".In order to continue to love each other after death, King Liang Xiao asked his descendants to dig a road to hell between his and Queen Li's tombs.This Yellow Spring Road can still be clearly seen up to now. It is a tunnel dug south from the middle of the south corridor in the tomb of Queen Li. Unfortunately, this Yellow Spring Road has only been built for more than 50 meters, which is far less than 200 meters (Queen Li’s The mausoleum is about 200 meters away from the main tomb of King Liang Xiao).A loving couple hates Jiuquan because of this, and it is difficult to see each other through the ages.

A generation of traitors begged for a light burial
Perhaps seeing the disadvantages of thick burials and the danger of being stolen, Cao Cao actively advocated thin burials and secret burials during his lifetime.Mr. Lu Xun said about Cao Cao in his article "Wei Jin Manners and the Relationship between Articles and Medicine and Wine": "There is another thing, for example, when people die, they often write some wills. This is a very fashionable thing for celebrities. The will at that time originally had a certain format, and it said a lot about where he would be buried after his death, or beside the tomb of a certain celebrity; How to deal with the clothes and the prostitutes (referring to female singing and dancing artists in ancient times) and other issues."

A great politician like Cao Cao has one thing in common with ordinary people: one day they will all die.Therefore, Cao Cao also made arrangements for his funeral. Before his death, he wrote the "Last Order":
I feel a little sick in the middle of the night, until tomorrow I drink porridge and sweat, and take angelica soup.

It is true that I uphold the law in the army. As for small anger and big mistakes, it is not appropriate to follow suit.The world is not yet stable, and the ancients have not been followed.When I have a headache, I suffered from it first. After I die, I keep my clothes as long as I keep them, and don’t leave them behind.Hundreds of officials should be in the hall, fifteen voices, and they will be removed after the burial; those who will be stationed in the garrison are not allowed to leave the garrison;Gathered the clothes of the time and buried them on Xigang in Ye, which is close to Ximen Leopard Temple, and there are no treasures of gold and jade.

My servants, concubines and prostitutes are all hardworking, and they use the Bronze Sparrow Terrace to treat them kindly.Set up a six-foot bed on the platform hall, set up a tent, and put it on the genus in the evening.On the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar month, from morning to noon, they often played music in the tent.From time to time, you climb the Tongque Terrace and look at the tomb field of my West Mausoleum.The lingering fragrance can be divided among the wives without sacrifice.There is nothing to do in the houses, so you can learn to sell shoes in groups.All the ribbons I got from officials are kept in Tibet. My remaining clothes and fur can be divided into one collection. Those who can’t can share them with brothers.

In this "Legacy", Cao Cao made a brief conclusion on his life's merits and demerits, and believed that he had always ruled the army according to the law. As for losing his temper and making major mistakes, it is not worth following.From this point of view, Cao Cao is still seeking truth from facts.

In addition, Lingwen also made arrangements for his concubines and kabukis, asking them to be placed in Tongque Terrace and treated well.Put a six-foot-long bed in the main hall of Tongque Terrace, hang a spiritual curtain, and offer sacrifices such as dried meat and dry food in the morning and evening. Tongque Terrace, looking at his own tomb field.For the rest of the incense, it can be divided among the wives and not used for sacrifices.If the people in each house have nothing to do, they can learn to weave shoes with ornaments and sell them.The ribbons I got from being an official all my life are put in the cabinet, and the leftover clothes and so on are put in another cabinet. If they can't fit, Cao Pi and other brothers can share them.

The trivial arrangements in Cao Cao's "Last Order", especially the arrangements for wives and concubines, have been criticized by scholars of all ages.For example, Du Mu's "Du Qiuniang Biography" says: "Xianchi rises to celebrate the sun, and the bronze sparrows share the fragrance and sorrow." Wu Weiye's "Qingliang Mountain Praise Buddha" wrote: "If you drink too much, you will cry, and you will not sell Xiling shoes." Pu Songling wrote in "Liao Zhai". It is also commented in Zhiyi Zhu Weng: "The lingering kindness, selfishness and eternal sorrow, the reason is that the husband and wife are the most affectionate. From now on, we will go back together with the white head, and the love will be shared." These poems that are entangled in minutiae The intention is probably a kind of sarcasm.

However, Cao Cao was the first emperor in Chinese history to propose a "thin burial".

In May 207 A.D., Cao Cao, a famous statesman, military strategist, and writer who had passed the year of "knowing the destiny", wrote a poem "Stepping out of Xiamen Journey" on his way back from the Wuhuan campaign. Turtle Lives Long".There is a saying in it: "The old man is standing still, his ambition is thousands of miles away; the martyr's old age, his ambition is endless." This shows that this all-powerful hero is clearly aware that he is old.

On the one hand, there is still a long way to go for the great cause of reunification, and on the other hand, the old age is getting closer and closer. Therefore, how to prolong life to complete the unfinished business has become a problem that Cao Cao has to think about. born of it.

For immortality and becoming a god, Cao Cao is very yearning, which can be clearly proved from his poem "Sing out of Qi".In one section, he writes:
Drive the six dragons and ride the wind.Traveling all over the world, the eight states under the road.Li climbed the mountains and faced the valleys, and walked on the clouds.Travel all over the world, east to Mount Tai.Fairy and jade girl, come down and swim.He drove six dragons to drink jade pulp.The river is exhausted and does not flow eastward.To relieve worry, drink jade pulp.Bong Chi Xing, east to Penglai Mountain, up to the Gate of Heaven.Under the jade tower, the introduction can be seen, the red pine is facing each other, looking around, looking straight at Kunhuang.Kaiyu's heart is upright, and her spirit is full of energy.The rumor is endless and keeps its mouth shut, but when you love it, you can live forever.East to the sea, connected to the sky.The way of the gods, from the dark to the dark, should always be specialized.The heart is indifferent and wants nothing.Sit behind closed doors and guard yourself, the sky and the Qi.May the person who wins the gods ride a cloud car, (cān) drive a white deer, go up to the gate of heaven, and come to bestow the medicine of the gods.Kneel to accept it, respect the gods, as such, the way comes naturally.

In this poem, Cao Cao beautifully described his beautiful dreams of going through Mount Tai and Penglai, getting the medicine of immortality, drinking wine and having fun with all kinds of immortals.His strong desire to become a god and equalize the world is vivid on the paper.

Wishes are beautiful, but reality is cruel. Cao Cao's understanding of this is sober, but also painful.This can be reflected in the "Autumn Hu Xing" written when he was 61 years old:
I wish to climb Mount Taihua, and the gods and men will travel far together.I would like to climb Taihua Mountain, travel far away together, go through Kunlun Mountains, and go to Penglai.Fluttering eight extremes, and gods and men.Think of the magic medicine, long live for a long time.The song expresses one's will, and one wishes to climb Mount Taihua.a solution.

How long is the world!Human nature is short.How long is the world!Human nature is short.The world says that Boyang does not know how old he is; Chisong Wang Qiao also attains the Tao.I have never heard of it, and I will test it with my life.Songs express ambition, how long the world will last.Second solution.

Tomorrow, the sun and the moonlight, what is the light!Tomorrow, the sun and the moonlight, what is the light!The two ceremonies are sanctified together, is the noble one alone?Ten thousand countries lead the land, could they be kings and ministers.Benevolence and righteousness are the name, and ritual and music are the honor.Songs express ambitions, and the moonlight will shine tomorrow.Three solutions.

Four o'clock is more passing away, and day and night are adults.Four o'clock is more passing away, and day and night are adults.Adults are innate but not heavenly.Don't worry about the past, worry about the world and die.Life and death are fate, consider it as a gift.Songs express ambitions, and the four seasons pass away.Four solutions.

What do you want to think about!Laughter is what it means.What do you want to think about!Laughter is what it means.Zhuangsheng Zhihui will never come again.Who will benefit from love and interest?It's the same as being free and unrestrained!Songs express aspirations, what do you want to think about!Five solutions.

Here, although Cao Cao tried to "think of the magic medicine and live for a long time", "humanity is short", even the legendary immortals such as Laozi, Chisong, and Wang Qiao cannot achieve the Tao and become immortals, let alone himself!Therefore, he can only face reality.However, Cao Cao's value lies in the fact that in the face of the shortness of life, he did not adopt the pessimistic and indulgent attitude of "the days are short and the nights are long, why not go out with candles" and "it is better to drink fine wine and be served rich and vegetarian". Don't worry about the past, worry about the world and rule the world", "love the time and make fun, who will benefit from it", worrying about the country and the people, and the unremitting spirit of being proactive.

The optimistic life of "whatever you want, what you want to laugh at" prompted Cao Cao to take measures to prolong his life.Practicing Qigong is the most important method.

Qigong in China has a history of thousands of years, but the word qigong did not appear very early. It was first seen in the book "Lingjianzi" written by Xu Xun in the Jin Dynasty.According to investigations, it is believed that this book was not written by Xu Xun himself, because many qigong terms in the book were only used after the Song Dynasty, so the time of writing the book will not be earlier than the Song Dynasty.But its ideas may have been passed down from generation to generation by oral instruction from Xu Xun, a master of the sect.In the book "Ling Jian Zi", the word qigong is not used as a proper noun.In the past, practicing kung fu was called self-cultivation, that is, cultivating the Tao, and also called promoting qi. It can be interpreted as practicing the sky, and it can also be called breathing and exhaling. It can also be called luck and promoting qi. It is to strengthen the function of qi. On the one hand, practice changes the body, and when it is cultivated to a certain extent, it is called "Dao Qigong".

At that time, Cao Cao gathered all the masters and immortals in the country to learn from them.It is said that among these people there is a qigong master named Gan Shi who is "good at exercising qi, old and young". Seeing that he can still "walk and live freely".But the most famous one is Hua Tuo, who can not only rejuvenate his hands and treat intractable diseases, but also has profound attainments in qigong health care.The "Five Animals Play" invented by him is a fitness gymnastics imitating the flapping of the forelegs of the tiger, the stretching of the head and neck of the deer, the lying down of the bear, the vertical jump of the ape's toes, and the flying of the bird's wings. The effect is very significant.His disciple Wu Pu insisted on exercising according to "The Play of the Five Animals". He lived to be more than 90 years old, still had good eyesight and hearing, and his teeth did not fall out.Cao Cao often learns from these qigong masters, and has also received certain results.

After the Jin Dynasty, Taoism, Buddhism and other religions flourished in China.Religion makes use of Qigong and mystifies Qigong.Originally, qigong was about practicing qi and cultivating morality, which was very specific and practical, but after being religiousized, people pursued cultivation to become gods, immortals, and Buddhas.In this way, the scientific essence of qigong is gone.But if you look at the history of Chinese qigong, you can see that in the Jin, Sui, and Tang periods, there were many works named after qi by the ancients, such as "Qi Jue" and "Qi Jing". The content of practicing Qi and using Qi. The "Qi Jing" talks about dozens of methods of practicing and using Qi, even the method of releasing external Qi, which is called "distributing Qi".Later religions submerged qigong, and the term qigong disappeared.

However, birth, old age, sickness and death are the laws of nature, which cannot be resisted by human beings.Therefore, starting from 218, Cao Cao had to consider arranging his own funeral.He issued a "Final Order", which said:
The ancient burial must live in a barren land.It is stipulated that the west of the Ximen Temple is the Shouling Mausoleum, and because the height is the base, there are no seals and no trees. "Zhou Li" is the place where the cemetery is in charge of the tomb. All the princes live in front of the left and right, and the high officials live behind. The Han system is also called the accompanying mausoleum.The ministers, ministers and generals who have meritorious service should accompany Shouling, which is widely known as Zhaoyu and compatible.

The "Final Order" clearly stated that after death, one should not burial thickly, one should bury oneself on barren land, and use the original height as a tomb, without piles of soil or planting trees on the mausoleum.

A year later, Cao Cao prepared clothes for the four seasons for himself, and put them in four boxes, with spring, summer, autumn and winter written on them, and left a will: "If you don't hide it, you can bury it at any time. Jin Er's jewelry, Don’t give away one.” “After my death, if you keep the big clothes, don’t leave them behind.” “Take the clothes of the time and bury them on the west hill of Ye.”

Cao Cao advocated thin burial for two reasons:
One is that Cao Cao advocates frugality and opposes vanity. "Three Kingdoms" records: "Taizu is a man of great dignity, good at music, and occasionally good at his side, often day and night. The clothes are light and silky, and the body wears a small bag to hold the small things in the hand. Sometimes the crown is just right. Wear hats to meet guests. Every time you talk with people, tease and recite, you have nothing to hide, and you laugh happily, until you have no cups on your head, and eat and eat with sweat towels, it's so easy."

The second is to prevent tomb robbery.Because Cao Cao also robbed the tombs of many princes.He once set up a special tomb-robbing organization, Lieutenant Mojin and General Faqiu Zhonglang. Although words and deeds may not be consistent at times, he has also seen the tragedy of the tomb-robbing process, especially for the owner of the tomb.Therefore, he himself said that the burial should be thin, which means that you can't steal anything by robbing the tomb.Although the prosperity of tomb robbery in Chinese history began in the Spring and Autumn Period, neither the Qin people, who were one step ahead, nor the Xiang Yu, who was aggressive with vengeance, did not blatantly set up officials to dig graves, but just took advantage of the chaos. .But after Dong Zhuo's Rebellion, it was quite different. All the armies vying for supremacy began to rob tombs one after another because of a serious shortage of funds.Cao Cao is no exception.

(End of this chapter)