Shadow of the Tomb Raider: A Complete Record of the History of Tomb Raiders in China

Chapter 5 Talking about the Origin of Tomb Raiders (4)
The third is the famous tomb of King Chuyou, which was robbed and excavated in 1933. In 1933, a famine broke out in Shou County, Anhui Province. For a while, people ate each other and the dead looked at each other.Seeing that social order had been lost and the world was in chaos, the landlords and gentry near Zhujiaji in the county took the opportunity to gather a group of hooligans and robbed an ancient tomb called Li Sangudui in broad daylight, stealing a large number of priceless bronzes and thousands of precious cultural relics.While the thieves were sweating profusely and wantonly digging, some people who abide by social justice, staring green eyes from hunger, shaking their legs, came to the county government to report the case, and telegraphed the national newspapers.After the incident, newspapers competed to publish it, the whole country was shaken, and public opinion was boiling. They all expressed that they would strictly investigate the case and impose capital punishment on the criminal.Under the pressure of various parties, the local government of the Kuomintang immediately dispatched police forces to carry out investigations. Most of the criminals involved were arrested, and most of the stolen cultural relics were seized and sent to the provincial cultural relics department for collection (now in the Anhui Provincial Museum). Artifacts could not be recovered.Because the looters were bold and thought it was calm, they made slow progress in the excavation. In addition, they reported the crime in a timely manner and the police were dispatched fairly quickly. They were forced to stop before the tomb was emptied.

In the era of war and chaos, this ancient tomb did not find peace. In 1935, some criminals in the local area, taking advantage of the new round of turmoil, once again robbed the remaining tomb on a dark and stormy night. Hundreds of cultural relics were unearthed, all of which were divided up by the criminals. They were separated for a long time, and most of them were taken out of the country by foreigners.

In 1938, when Li Pinxian, the warlord of the Guangxi clique and the commander-in-chief of the No. 11 Army of the Kuomintang, was stationed in Shouxian County, he heard that not all of the ancient tombs of Li Sangudui had been robbed, and a large number of treasures were still in the depths of the tomb.After a series of conspiracies, following the example of Sun Dianying, the commander of the No. 12 Army of the National Revolutionary Army, who led his troops to steal and excavate the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty, in the name of military exercises and bandit suppression, Deng Zhi, the chief of the diplomatic section, led the troops of the three transportation companies. They went to the site of the ancient tomb of Zhujiaji, and carried out the excavation in open flames. It is said that they dug for three months until hundreds of precious bronze ritual vessels, musical instruments, weapons, jade wares, and stone wares (chimes) remained in the tomb. Cultural relics were looted.However, the unearthed artifacts were not as many as the officers and soldiers who stole the excavation imagined. They felt that they had worked hard for several months, sweated and sweated, and they were really angry, so they simply took away the coffin from the tomb in anger.So far, the burial objects in the entire tomb have been completely looted, leaving only a dark hole in the earth to show the world the vicissitudes of life.

Most of the cultural relics in the tomb that Li Pinxian robbed were secretly transported to Hong Kong through the Shanghai wharf for sale. Later, these cultural relics were all lost and their whereabouts are unknown.At that time, there was only one big bronze tripod (1.13 meters high, 0.87 meters in diameter, and weighing more than 400 kilograms) that survived the previous two excavations unscathed.Because of its super weight, the local tomb robbers were unable to get out of the pit, so the tomb robbers failed to succeed in the two excavations.Although Li Pinxian's department took the big tripod out of the tomb with a large number of people and drove it to the Shouxian camp area by car, but it was too big to hide the stolen goods from people's eyes and smuggle them to Hong Kong for sale. It is a pity that the copper is really a pity (the famous Anyang Simu Wu Dading had one ear sawed off when it was dug out), and in the dilemma, Li Pinxian has not been able to figure out a solution for a long time.As the Anti-Japanese War intensified, the national army retreated step by step, and Li Pinxian's troops moved to other places. This big tripod was thrown in the camp and became a possession without an owner.Later, the Anhui Provincial Museum collected it and displayed it. On September 1958, 9, when Mao Zedong inspected the Anhui Provincial Museum, he specially visited this big tripod, and said that "such a big tripod can cook a cow", and took a photo in front of the tripod.This shows the importance of this tomb and unearthed cultural relics.However, due to repeated excavations, how many cultural relics are in the tomb and the specific conditions of the tomb pit, it is impossible to trace the source and find out the original situation and the inside story.Some researchers believe that this tomb is the tomb of King You of Chu, or the tomb of the concubine of You Wang, only based on the inscriptions on some artifacts unearthed from the tomb.

After the founding of New China, there were not many princely tombs scientifically excavated. Among them, the tombs belonging to the Spring and Autumn Period mainly include the tomb of Caihou and Mrs. Wu Jun in Shou County, Anhui.Although there were robbed holes in the sealing soil of Caihou's tomb, the robbing stopped before reaching the tomb. We have no way of knowing what caused the failure to continue the robbing.According to the excavation, the coffins, lacquered woodware, etc. were not decayed, and more than 480 important cultural relics such as bronze ritual vessels, musical instruments, weapons, and jade wares were unearthed. Reach a consensus.In the end, scholars from all sides agreed that the owner of the tomb was Cai Zhao Houshen who died in 491 BC.

The tomb of Mrs. Wu Jun, which is as famous as the tomb of Marquis Cai, is Gudui No. 1 tomb of Gushihou. There is a 7-meter-high seal on the tomb. After excavation, there is a large tomb passage with complete coffins. The owner of the tomb is a woman who was about 30 years old when she died. Left and right, 17 people were buried in the coffin inside and outside the outer coffin.The tomb was visited several times by tomb robbers. Judging from the traces left behind, most of the precious artifacts were stolen, which is regrettable.A large number of cultural relics such as ritual vessels, musical instruments, lacquered woodware, chariot and horse vessels, and shoulders were unearthed in one of the artifact pits. Through the interpretation of the inscription on one artifact, archaeologists knew that it was Song Jinggong’s sister (Mrs. yìng) device (dowry), so some scholars believe that this tomb is the tomb of Mrs. Wu Jun.However, some scholars believe that this inscription alone cannot determine that it is Mrs. Wu, nor is it a Wu tomb. It should be a Chu tomb, and the owner of the tomb is a noble wife of the Chu state.It is unclear who is right and who is wrong.

There are three main large-scale tombs belonging to the Warring States period: one is the tomb of Wei Jun.It is located in Guwei Village, Hui County, Henan Province. There are three large tombs lined up in Guwei Village, and two accompanying tombs beside it. In 1929, the cemetery was invaded by tomb robbers. In 1937, the Academia Sinica of the Nationalist Government conducted excavations, but it was not completed due to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War. In 1951, archaeologists from the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences re-entered the tomb area for survey and found that there were architectural relics on the tomb seal.After excavation, it is known that each tomb is in the shape of "Zhong" with two tomb passages. The tomb chamber was looted by tomb robbers.Based on a group of 9 pottery tripods, the researchers deduced that the owner of the tomb was a person of the first rank of a prince, and should be the tomb of King Wei.But this assertion seems far-fetched.This assertion has been opposed by some scholars, who believe that this place is far from Daliang, the capital of Wei State, and the King of Wei would not be buried here far from the capital.Who is the owner of this tomb has become an unsolved historical question.

The second place is the tomb of King Zhongshan.The tomb is located in Pingshan, Hebei. Judging from the two tombs that have been excavated, it is also in the shape of "Zhong" with two tomb passages. The building on the tomb is similar to the large tomb in Guwei Village. It is the mausoleum design drawing of "Zhaoyutu", which may be considered useless when it was stolen.In addition, the tools, weapons and living utensils used by the robbers were found in the tomb, including 7 pieces of iron (jué) and 2 pieces of iron hoes, all from the robbery cave.Five iron axes were found beside the coffin of the owner of the tomb.Archaeologists found that most of the tomb-robbing tools that came out of the robbery caves were intact, and some were destroyed by smashing the building pilasters, and were abandoned under the pillars.It can be inferred from the abandoned tools that the tomb should have been robbed by a relatively large group of tomb robbers at that time, and it may be unknown whether it was stolen by soldiers and bandits.Fortunately, there were two separate utensil pits next to a coffin chamber that were not stolen, and a batch of exquisite funerary utensils were unearthed from them.

The predecessor of Zhongshan Kingdom was the Xianyu tribe of the Di tribe in the north, whose surname was Bai Di. It was originally located in the Suide area of ​​northern Shaanxi, and gradually moved to the Taihang Mountains.The surname Ji is the surname of the royal family of Zhou. The origin of Baidi is said to be the descendant of King Wen of Zhou, Duke Biwan, or from the state of Xiguo, which King Wen of Zhou granted to his younger brother, Uncle Guo.The monarchs of the Western Guo State hereditary and concurrently held the post of official of the Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, they were one of the three princes. Ji Zibai Bei Yuxuan, after Shuofang City on the Salawusu River and Yuxi River in Inner Mongolia, some of his descendants stayed in northern Shaanxi.Xianyu got its name from Xianyu Water, which is the Qingshui River that flows from the southwest of Wutai Mountain and flows into Hutuo River today. This area is the earliest birthplace of Xianyu.The name of Xianyu first appeared in the book "Guoyu".According to the book, in the eighth year of King Zhou You (774 BC), when Tai Shibo answered Zheng Huan's question, he said that there were 16 feudal states around Luo (luò) Yang in Cheng Zhou, 6 feudal states with the surname of the opposite sex, and " Among the Nanman, Dongyi, and Rong and Di countries or tribal groups in the northwest that are not the branch of the king, Xianyu is among them.

Zhongshan State includes the present-day Shijiazhuang area of ​​Hebei Province. It is a small barbarian country embedded in Yanzhao. It has experienced three stages of development: Rongdi, Xianyu, and Zhongshan. At each stage, it is regarded as the confidant of China by the Central Plains countries. The great trouble also went through the stages of Xinghou Borong, Jinhou resisting Xianyu, Wei destroying Zhongshan and Zhao destroying Zhongshan.

In 314 BC, the Zhongshan Kingdom took advantage of the danger of the Yan Kingdom and launched a crusade against it, seizing land "hundreds of miles across, dozens of cities", and countless spoils of war.In 296 BC, Zhao, Qi, and Yan jointly destroyed Zhongshan.While celebrating the victory, the armies of the three countries "destroyed their ancestral temples and moved their heavy weapons" to the defeated country as usual, and robbed the royal tomb of Zhongshan Kingdom.

The third place is the tomb of King Chu Qingxiang.The tomb is located in Huaiyang, Henan Province. In 278 BC, Qin general Bai Qi pulled out Ying and occupied the capital of Chu. King Chu Qingxiang fled to Shou County, Anhui with the defeated army.This thrilling twists and turns intertwined with blood and fire has become a famous historical event.After the death of King Qingxiang, he was buried in Huaiyang, Henan today.After excavation, it is known that the tomb is in the shape of "Zhong", and more than 40 meters to the north, there is a large tomb in the shape of "A" with a tomb passage on one side.The steps of the two tombs are built of rammed earth panels, and the steps are retracted step by step. There are large pits for chariots and horses on both sides of the two tombs.During the excavation, the archaeologists found more than one robbery hole from the sealing soil deep into the ground until it penetrated the tomb.When the excavation reached the bottom, it was known that the copper ritual vessels and other precious objects in the tomb had been stolen, and only some pottery and other remnants were unearthed.Fortunately, the pit for chariots and horses in the tomb of King Qingxiang has not been stolen yet, and 23 funeral chariots and more than 20 mud horses were obtained from the excavation.In the chariot and horse pit of Mrs. Huai Wang's tomb, 8 funeral chariots, 24 mud horses, 2 dogs, and some refined chariot and horse ornaments were unearthed.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the land of the Central Plains was gradually unified, and the national strength continued to grow. The scale of the mausoleum was unprecedentedly large, and the trend of thick burials was blowing again.Although the owner of the tomb tried his best to be extravagant and decorated, all large tombs have been stolen since ancient times.The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is astonishingly large, but according to literature records, it has been robbed several times, and many legends have been left behind.After the Red Eyebrow Army invaded Chang'an, the tombs of the emperors of the Western Han Dynasty were all excavated, and none survived. Afterwards, the Ba Tomb of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the Mao Tomb of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the Du Tomb of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty were also robbed and excavated many times.The tombs of the emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty were looted and completely destroyed by the army commanded by Dong Zhuo and Lu Bu at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.In addition to the imperial tombs, the tombs of princes, kings and some celebrities were also robbed, such as the tomb of King Wu Rui of Changsha, the tomb of King Liang Xiao, and the tomb of Liu Biao.

The Mawangdui Han Tomb, which once unearthed a female corpse well-preserved by superb embalming techniques, amazed the world. Everyone applauded the wisdom of the ancient Chinese people again, but who would have thought that this tomb would also be attacked Excavated.

The Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in Mawangdui Township beside the Liuyang River, 4000 meters away from the eastern suburbs of Changsha City. The Han Tomb Exhibition Hall is now located in the courtyard of the Hunan Provincial Museum. From 1972 to 1974, they were excavated successively in Mawangdui Township beside Liuyang River in the eastern suburbs of Changsha City.The female corpse unearthed from Tomb No. 2100 of the Han Dynasty was more than [-] years old. The body is complete, the whole body is moist, some joints can move, and the soft knot tissue is still elastic, almost similar to a fresh corpse.It is not only different from mummies, but also different from corpse wax and peat tanned corpse.It is a special type of corpse, a miracle in antisepsis, which shocked the world and attracted many scholars and tourists.After the female corpse was dissected, the body and internal organs were displayed in a specially designed basement.

In 1972, when archaeologists were excavating Mawangdui Tomb No. [-], the tomb where the female corpse was unearthed, three robbery holes were discovered in succession.Of the three robbery holes, two are square and one is circular.The discovery of the three robbery holes made the excavators disheartened. According to past experience, as long as the tomb robbers "patronize" the tomb, the tomb is almost empty. Even the archaeologist Xia Nai (nài) also had the idea of ​​retreating. .

In 1951, Master Xia Nai led the Hunan Archaeological Survey and Excavation Team to investigate and excavate hundreds of tombs in Changsha. However, the results proved that most of the ancient tombs had been robbed, and the intact ones were rare.For this reason, Master Xia Nai once wrote in his article "A Brief Excavation of Ancient Tombs in the Suburbs of Changsha" with a melancholy tone and a touch of sentimentality: "The largest tomb we have excavated is 5 meters long and 4.2 meters wide. rice, most of them are wooden coffin tombs, the degree of preservation of the coffin wood is different, some only have traces of the ditch where the coffin was placed, the wood has completely decayed and disappeared, and some coffin wood is very well preserved, and the thieves must use a saw or an ax to The wooden board of the coffin cover can only be entered after cutting a gap.” He also said: “In the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty we excavated this time, only two large tombs with wooden coffins are relatively well preserved, but only the floor at the bottom of the tomb and the underside of the tomb are The sleepers are well preserved...the tomb faces north, and the depth of the tomb is 8.8 meters from the ground...the second half is the main room, in which is a wooden coffin with a length of 10.8 meters and a width of 6.8 meters, where wooden coffins and important funeral objects are placed. It is divided into two rooms, storing pottery, etc. Unfortunately, this tomb has been robbed several times.... Another large wooden tomb is in Wujialing, and the main room of this tomb has also been robbed..." Master Xia Nai I personally went to Mawangdui to investigate and had the idea of ​​excavation, but in view of the fact that the excavation had been stolen, I finally chose to give up.It was not until 20 years later that the opportunity for excavation came again due to the digging of the air-raid shelter.

Because the tomb was damaged, Mawangdui Tomb No. 1948 is a rescue excavation. No matter what happens, it must be excavated to the bottom of the tomb and find out everything inside the tomb.Therefore, after the robbery cave appeared, the archaeologists waved their tools to dig down after scolding the tomb robbers.When they dug to a depth of more than one meter, in a square hole, they found a rubber shoe sole, which was obviously left by the tomb robbers.In order to find out when the robbery hole appeared, the archaeologists took the sole of the shoe to a scientific research unit for identification.The result was identified as a Shanghai product around [-].It can be seen that the age of tomb robbers is not far away, but who the tomb robbers are has not yet been clarified.

Later excavations confirmed that although tomb No. [-] was robbed, fortunately, the tomb robbers did not succeed.Otherwise, the female corpse at Mawangdui—this world-shocking archaeological discovery, especially the mysterious female corpse—will come to naught.This is the luck of the owner of the tomb, and it is also the great fortune of today's human beings and future generations.

After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Three Kingdoms, the Two Jins, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were in constant war. Many celebrity tombs were robbed and excavated at that time, and some of them suffered accidents in later generations.Due to the lack of historical materials, many things are not fully known. Liu Bei's tomb, Sun Ce's tomb, Eastern Wu general Lv Meng's tomb, Zhuge Liang's brother Zhuge Jin's tomb, Eastern Jin minister Huan Wen's tomb, Southern Chen Wudi Chen Baxian's tomb and other celebrity tombs were all stolen. The ones that were recorded were stolen, and the ones that were not recorded are unknown to us.

The imperial tombs of the Tang Dynasty were concentrated in Guanzhong.In addition to the Qianling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the Eighteen Tombs include Xianling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu, Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong, Dingling Mausoleum of Zhongzong, Qiaoling Mausoleum of Ruizong, Tailing Mausoleum of Xuanzong, Jianling Mausoleum of Suzong, Yuanling Mausoleum of Daizong, Chongling Mausoleum of Dezong, Shunzong Zong Feng Mausoleum, Xian Zong Jing Mausoleum, Mu Zong Guang Mausoleum, Jing Zong Zhuang Mausoleum, Wen Zong Zhang Mausoleum, Wu Zong Duan Mausoleum, Xuan Zong Zhen Mausoleum, Yi Zong Jian Mausoleum, and Xi Zong Jing Mausoleum were all stolen by Wen Tao, the envoy of the Jingsheng Army of the Five Dynasties Later Liang send.

The tombs of emperors during the Five Dynasties period were also robbed and excavated. The tombs of Li Keyong, King of Jin, and Liu (yǎn), King of Southern Han, were recorded by later generations.

In the Song Dynasty, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured by the Kingdom of Jin and died in Mobei. The seven imperial mausoleums of Song Zhezong Yongtai Mausoleum are concentrated in Gong County, Henan Province (now Gongyi City, Henan Province).Gong County is adjacent to Hulao Pass in the east, Songyue Shaoshi Mountain and Taishi Mountain in the south, Jiuqu Yellow River in the north, and the Yiluo River runs through the whole area.But this does not save the imperial tomb from bad luck.After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the tombs of the emperors were first robbed and excavated by the troops sent by the puppet Qi emperor Liu Yu.At the end of the Jin Dynasty, the tomb of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin was excavated again by thieves, who stole jade belts, treasures and other things from it.After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongols stepped into the Song Mausoleum in Gong County again, turning the mausoleum into a ruin, leaving only a few giant stone carvings.Compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, the situation of the six tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty (Song Gaozong Yongsi Mausoleum, Song Xiaozong Yongfu Mausoleum, Song Guangzong Yongchong Mausoleum, Song Ningzong Yongmao Mausoleum, Song Lizong Yongmul Mausoleum, Song Duzong Yongshao Mausoleum) is even more tragic.

Tomb robbers' activities are a great insult to the dead, a naked provocation to the living, and a huge catastrophe to Chinese civilization.The royal tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties were all robbed and destroyed to varying degrees.

(End of this chapter)