politics

Chapter 1 Volume (A) One (1)
Chapter 1252 [-]ɑ
The city-state (or city) we see is actually a certain kind of social group. A social group can also be regarded as "a 'group' composed of two or more people" (see "Nilon" Volume 1133, Chapter 163, 1131a18).Regardless of equality of status, whether between masters and slaves (Volume 1161, Chapter 13 of this book), or people of equal status (Volume 1254, Chapter 28), everyone can be a member of this group.Groups formed by equal people use the trading of goods to form economic groups ("Niron" 5a[-]), and families composed of husband and wife can also use their common purpose to conduct common activities, thus forming a city-state (Volume [-], Chapter [-], etc.) , "Niron" volume eight chapter eleven etc.) the same political group.Formed political groups require a contract, whereas a family does not (Constitution) (Niron [-]b[-]).The city-state is a combination of industry and functional elements, and there must be two types of people who rule and are ruled (volume [-], [-]a[-], etc.). , the establishment purpose of all social groups is to accomplish some kind of good karma - in their own view, the original intention of any human being is to seek a certain kind of good result.Since all social groups aim at virtuous karma, we can also say that the highest and most comprehensive social group seeks [-]
Good karma must also be the highest and broadest, and this kind of supreme and wide-ranging social group is called a political group (city group), also known as a "city-state" (πóλι).

It is said that statesmen in city-states are the same as kings, patriarchs, or slave owners. See Plato, Politicus, 258E-259D; Memoirs (Xenophon, Memorabilia) iii412. , this statement is fallacious.Those who advocate this view believe that these characters differ not in their breeds, but only in the number of people they govern.In this way, slave owners only care about taking care of 10 to a limited number of people, while parents care about taking care of slightly more people; as for politicians or kings in city-states, they have to care about taking care of more people.From this point of view, there is no real difference between a large family and a small city-state; The state is governed by constitutional rules,15 through which the people of the state take turns as rulers or ruled (politicians in a city-state hold state power only during the years they are on duty).

In fact, these statements are not correct.We can refer to Chapter 1256 2a1278 and Notes with the usual (analytical) method.For the differences between the master-slave system, the constitutional system, and the housekeeping system, see Volume 31, Chapter 79, 14b1274-40a20.Elaborate on this issue.As in other academic aspects, we should analyze the meaning of "composition" in a certain composition. See Chapter [-], [-]b[-], etc.What are the simple elements that are not combined, that is, analyze it to the smallest molecule that cannot be further analyzed.In the study of [-] political science, we also need to analyze and examine the various elements required to make up each city-state.Through this kind of analysis, we can clearly distinguish the above-mentioned different social groups and their characters, and thus know whether we can make some in-depth conclusions on the above-mentioned topics.

Chapter Two
25
In this way we can best understand anything, political or otherwise, if we trace it to its original origins, and see how it came about.At first, male and female (male and female) organisms cannot continue offspring alone, they must first become spouses, and the two are interdependent and combined as one.Human beings are the same as ordinary animals and plants. Although Aristotle held this view on the difference between male and female plants, he did not confirm this view in his works. See "On the Reproduction of Animals", Chapter 731 1a732, Chapter 11 A 30a[-]. , must make their heirs retain their own shape and nature.Therefore, the union between spouses is entirely out of the natural needs of physiology, rather than the will (thoughts) in the spiritual sense.The same is true for the combination between the ruler and the ruled. The mutual maintenance of the two is the premise of seeking common preservation[-].Anyone who is rational, able to assess the situation, and has foresight will often become a ruler; but anyone who is rich in physical strength and can accept labor services arranged by others will often become the ruled.Of course, the ruled are in the lower position in the slave relationship, and the master and slave also have common interests.We should note that there is a natural difference between women and slaves.

The woman created by the natural universe must not be like the Delphic knife cast by a blacksmith. According to Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, 133C, the Delphic people were good at making small knives and used them to Handling of livestock and cooking as well as slaughtering, skinning and deboning animals.According to Euripides' tragedy "Euripides, Electra" (Euripides, Electra) 743-769, they usually need three kinds of cutting tools: the "sharp knife" used for slaughter, the "scraper" used for skinning and the "big scraper" used for bone cutting (Refer to Gottling: "The Delphi Knife" [Gttling, de Machaera Delphica] page 10).According to the "Dictionary" (Hesychius, Lexicon) written by Xi Xixi, this utensil is a composite tool that combines the functions of a knife and a spoon.Similarly, it can be used in many ways.Nature 1252b allows each thing to have its own purpose, and only by using one thing exclusively and not mixedly can it obtain the most precise attainments.However, in barbarous peoples, contrary to nature, women have the same status as slaves. In fact, there are no real sovereign characters in barbarous peoples. match.Therefore, a poet said:

"The barbarians should be governed by the Greeks." The line comes from line 1266 of Euripides' tragedy "Iphigin Aul".When the ancient Greeks taught academics or discussed things, they often used poems as evidence, see Volume II 995a7 of Metashang.It can be seen from the above that it is only necessary to prove that the barbarian peoples have the custom of taking their wives and daughters as slaves and letting them work. However, Aristotle introduced the verse that the Greeks should rule the barbaric peoples of other countries. The above is an outpouring of Aristotle's own personal views on race and political thought.

The poets feel that barbarians are natural slaves.

The union between a man and a woman or between a master and a slave will first produce a new "family" (oιкεα).There is a true and famous sentence in the 10 pictures of Xixiwo:

"First set up a family, to secure his wife,

He loves bulls and oxen to pull their plows. ” See line 405 of Hesiodus, Opet Di, by Hesiodus.

The cattle mentioned in this sentence are equivalent to slaves in poor families.In fact, the family is a basic form of society established to meet the daily needs of human beings.Therefore, Gialondas called the people who formed the new family "cupboard companions" (μοσιπουs), and Epimenitus of Crete called them 15 "chubby companions" (μοкπουs) according to manuscripts such as π1P4 and William Latin's old translation, here it should be called "Fire Companion" (μοκπιοs). .Another form of social group is called "cunfang" (kμη), which is also a primary form of society composed of several families to meet the needs of a wider life.A settlement derived from a single family is the most natural form of a village.

Therefore, some people call this kind of settlement "children's village (παδων παδαs), and the villagers who live together are called "same milk children" (μογλακα). Originally, all city-states in ancient Greece were ruled by kings, but until now, 20 barbarian The nation still maintains the kingship, and its origin lies here. In the original family relationship, the elders in the relatives often act as the head of the family, and the elders with the highest seniority in the villages where each family reproduces often also become the commander. The village head of the entire village. And the Greek word for king βασλειs (king), according to Müller's "Linguistic Lectures" (MMüller Lectures on the Science of Language) Volume 282 [-], this word comes from Sanskrit "ganaka", It means "head of the family". It is precisely from the head of the family and the village chief. Homer once said to the settlement of the round-eyed giants who spread the world in ancient times:
"Each man ruled over his sons and daughters and his wife." The line comes from Homer's Odyssey (Homer, Odessy) ix 112-114; Plato's dialogue work "Laws" (Laws) also refers to this sentence (vol. 680 2).The ancient "one-eyed" or "round-eyed giants" (κυκλποs) were primitive peoples scattered all over the world. They lived in rocky valleys or hills. There was no legal system, and everyone managed their own wives independently.Other epics also say that the Cyclops family is the ancestor of ancient Greek stonemasons and blacksmiths.Later, some poets and historians claimed that these ancestors who were able to move huge stones and build houses were actually in Sicily (Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War History [Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War] vi, 373) , Some claim that they were the builders of ancient cities such as Mycenae in the Argos region of Greece (Strabo, Geographia, p. [-]).

The ancients were generally willing to accept the rule of kings, but some ethnic groups still maintain this tradition, and some people even speculate that the group of gods should also be managed by one of the kings (great gods).Since people were able to create the image of gods in the form of humans at first, people will naturally imagine the social organization of gods based on human life.

When several villages are further combined into a "city (city-state, πóλιs)", the society will further evolve to an advanced and complete state.In cities (city-states), human beings can completely live their own lives through self-sufficiency. For the explanation of "self-sufficiency", please refer to Chapter 30 of Volume 1253 of Neilon. .It can be said that the development of human "life" has promoted the emergence of "city-states", but in fact, the existence value of city-states is for "better quality of life".Social groups at all levels in the early [-]s originated from natural growth. Since all city-states are the product of this growth process, they should also be products of nature, and this is also the end of the development of social groups.Whether it is a person, a horse or a family, when it has completed the entire growth process, we will see its natural nature.To express one's own nature (we also see the nature of society at the end of the city-state) The original text is very short and cannot fully express the meaning of the words. The explanations of the book are supplemented according to various interpretations, the main basis of which is the annotation of "Newman (WL Newman) Notebook".It is the growth purpose of every natural thing.The end of things, or their ultimate cause, must also reach the highest good, so that today the best social groups (to which nature tends) are precisely these completely self-sufficient cities.

It can be seen from this that the city-state originates from the evolution of nature, while human beings are animals that tend to live in city-states (in terms of nature, human beings are also a political animal). Sometimes, the word in the original text has several Meaning, the Chinese translation will occasionally add () to indicate that any words in parentheses that are the same as the above words or different translations of the same language will not hinder understanding. Readers can choose a word or a sentence at will. .Unless it's a bunch of scumbags or superhumans, or
"People who are out of the family, outside the law, and who have lost the altar fire (homeless and stateless)" see "Iliad" (Iliad) ix63 written by Homer. The original text is slightly different, but the meaning is roughly the same.The "hearth fire" or "altar fire" (σa) of ancient Greek homes was set in the "chamber" (home niche).Broadly speaking, the Greeks equated the hearth with the home.As the expansion of clan beliefs has spread to tribes and city-states, the altar fire has become a symbol of life in the city-state.A person who leaves his native land for some reason is not allowed to participate in major funerals related to family sacrifices. If he is exiled, he will have to leave his hometown and give up his altar fire. This can be regarded as a major crime second only to the death penalty. , 5
Otherwise, people belong to a certain city-state by nature or accident.

Homer was once regarded as a natural outcast.Characters who are inherently lonely tend to become belligerent.His outlier situation is like that of a player in a chess game. In the Greek stone 皮, there are five vertical and horizontal lines in the box, which are divided into 36 grids. The modern "European Chess" (backgammon) (see "The Game of the Ancients" [MBecqde Fouquièrs, Jeuxde Anciens], 303, 385, 391-398 by Fu Guai). ζυξ, the original work is "an ox without a yoke", and now it is the solution of "a leisurely child in a game".Aristotle uses this to criticize those transcendent beings who live in isolation, see Note 1324a16 in Volume VII. , which is meaningless for the big picture.

(End of this chapter)