politics

Chapter 2 Volume (A) One (2)
It is human nature for animals to live in groups, and loneliness does not conform to the laws of nature. Please refer to Chapter 488 and Chapter 1 of Volume 608 of Neilon.For the difference between animals living in groups and living alone, see Volume 25 488a32 of Animal History.For the distinction between social and non-social animals, see Volume IX 535b29.Furthermore, why can humans form political organizations higher than the groups formed by bees or other social animals?The reason for this is also obvious.According to our theory, nature will not create useless things; and among all animals, only human beings have the speech function. The difference between the voice and speech function of the animal kingdom, see "Zi Zhi" Volume 536 24a10, Volume 15 [-]a[-]-[-]b[-] . .Generally, animals only have the function of vocalization. With the help of this function, they use sound to express joys and sorrows, and convey their emotions among animals.As for whether a thing is beneficial or not, or whether it is just or not, it needs to be explained with words.The characteristic that human beings are different from other animals lies in their identification of good and evil, justice and other similar concepts (these identifications are communicated to each other through words), and the combination of family and city-state is precisely the combination of such theoretical identifications.

Although the city-state appeared later than individuals and families in terms of time, in terms of its nature, it must be ahead of individuals and families, and the whole must take precedence over the parts. The order of "whole" and "parts" can be found in Chapter 25 of Volume 26 of "Xing Shang". 1019, 2; ch. 14:20a25–[-]. .Taking the body as an example, if the whole body is damaged, the limbs will not be able to play the role of the limbs, and they will no longer have the value of the limbs. The vague name is still called siblings by everyone.The reason why we firmly believe that the naturally generated city-state takes precedence over the individual is that the individual is an integral part of the city-state, and any individual who is separated from the city-state cannot satisfy a self-sufficient life. meet this need.Those who are separated from the city-state or despised by the world and cannot obtain the convenience of human social organization, or who despise the secular organization because of pride and self-satisfaction, can only be compared with beasts or gods.People are born with a gregarious nature, so they can all tend to this high-level (political) combination.However, future generations should respect the person who first conceived and created such a high-level group, and regard his merit as a great blessing in the world.

Human beings have created the common great achievements of human civilization because of their common tendency to be kind, and they have also become the best kind of animals. If anyone does not respect etiquette and violate justice, he will degenerate into the worst kind of animals.If unrighteousness (unrighteousness) is armed, it will definitely bring great harm to the world; however, it happens that human beings are born with (unique) armed forces that should be used by human wisdom and virtue (such as saying 30 Language function) According to the notes on page 35 of Volume II of Newman's Annotation, "armed" (πλα) should be interpreted as "speech function". , to punish those arrogant and sinful characters.As a result, people who have lost their morality will be reduced to the dirtiest and cruelest beasts due to lust, greed, and indecentness. .Justice is one of the principles of the city-state. It derives the etiquette and law used to judge the right and wrong in the world, and it is also the basis for establishing social order. The ethical basis can be compared with "Niron" Volume 130, Chapter 22575, 30 and Volume 1094, Chapter 1179, 33a1181-1356b, and "Rhetoric", Volume 25, Chapter 30, 136a18-37, and Chapter [-], [-]a[-]-[-].From these chapters we can see that the study of ethics is the precursor of Aristotle's political science. .

Chapter Three 1253b
Through the above analysis, we have clarified the various parts that make up the city (city-state). Since many families are basically a major component of the city-state, we should first consider the issue of "housekeeping management".A complete household consists of slaves and freemen, each with their own share of the housework.The study of everything starts with the simplest basic elements (parts).The roles included in a complete family should include master and slave, husband and wife, father and son.Therefore, we should study the following three kinds of relationships and their qualities: (5) master-slave relationship, (1) spouse relationship (in our language, it is not appropriate to use "spouse" to indicate the union between men and women ), (2) parent-child relationship (here, the main function of "parent" and "spouse" (γαμικ) is reproduction, which emphasizes physiological significance; while "parenting" (εκι οποιηικ) is also called "parent"; the two Neither can express the ethical and economic relationship of "couple" and "parents and children" in social groups, so it is not appropriate to say that these two terms are not completely used properly).In addition to these three elements, there is another element (part) - "3 techniques for getting rich" (χρημαισικ).For some, getting rich is at the heart of all "housework" (οικονουα); for others, getting rich is only a major part of it.We should therefore also examine this technical nature.

Let us first discuss the subject of master-slave, to explore whether the combination of master-slave has brought practical benefits to human daily life, and seek theoretical knowledge in this area, hoping to discuss ideas that are slightly better than the current popular ideas .There are those who hold that the administration of slaves is a science, and that housekeeping, government, and the administration of slaves by masters are exactly the same as statesmen and kings exercise over their people, as we have already mentioned cf. supra 15a1252- 7.Xenophon's "Economic Treatise" (Xen, Oeconomica) and Plato's "The Statesman" have this statement. .Others, however, argued that the master-slave relationship violated the laws of nature.They believe that there is no difference between masters and slaves at birth. The so-called difference between the two is established by laws or customs. Arguments based on "nature" appear frequently in Plato's dialogues such as Protagoras 16D, Timaeus 20D, and Rep 337C.

Most wise men believe that law comes from power, and since slavery is established by law, it does not conform to the laws of nature. "Aristotle Fragments" 1490 10a432 recorded that the sophist (sage) Lycophron (Lycophron) said that the distinction between noble and lowly human castes should be denied. The famous sentence in Chapter 710 of "Rhetoric" says: "The Great God made all mankind free, and nature never forced anyone to be a slave." This statement comes from the orator (rhetoricist) Alcidamas (in his prime, AD [-] BC) in the Messenian Oration.In this section, Aristotle may be referring to Alcidama, or it may be Cynics such as Onesicritus.When Onykritu accompanied Alexander to India on his expedition, he said that there were no slaves in the territory of Musicanus in India. This country followed the law of propriety and the people were kind (see volume [-] of "Strebo", p. [-] ).Since Antisthenes and Diogenes, the cynics have despised the idea that etiquette comes from power, and opposed the behavior of human beings to enslave others by virtue of power. .

Chapter Four
Since property is part of the family, the acquisition of property should also be part of the household chores.People who do not have the necessary social conditions simply cannot live in social groups, let alone lead a good life.Every professional worker must have his own special tools in order to complete his 25 jobs (efficiency).By analogy, the same is true for zhijia. The translation of "ν οικοι ομικν" from the O1 manuscript agrees with the meaning of Aretinus' Latin translation "etiam inre familiare". The meaning of “the same is true for family management and government” mentioned in the manuscripts of group II is consistent with the meaning of Williamo’s old translation (VetInt) yeconomico et politico, but it is not consistent with the topic of this section. . "Tools" can be distinguished from life and non-life. For example, when a navigator sailed in the Mediterranean Sea in ancient times, the captain commanded two foremen, including the helmsman at the stern and the watchman at the bow; Hands) and so on are managed by watchmen.As far as the rudder is concerned, the rudder is his inanimate tool, and the bow watcher is his living tool.In every profession the subordinate persons may be called masters or the tools with which the craftsman performs his work.

In this way, "property" (used = owned) is the sum of all these tools, and every 30 pieces of property (owned) is a "tool used" to earn a living.The slave, then, becomes a living property, and all subordinate persons may become living tools prior to other inanimate tools.Only man can make every inanimate tool work automatically according to his own will or command, like the statue of Dadalus or the tripod throne of Hephaestus (Δαιδλοs), see "Iliad "v, 35, and other ancient poems, it is said that it was a craftsman in the time of King Minos (Knossus) in Knossus, Crete. He once made a team for the queen Ariadne that could automatically Dancing courtesans.See Nock (Nauck) ed. "Euripidus Fragments) 60 and so on.Hefaisto (Hαισο) (Latin god name, Vulcanus), the "God of Fire", is the ancestor of smelting and copper blacksmiths, who once made thrones and scepters for his grandfather Zeus. (The throne that Homer once lamented) Generally, it can automatically enter the gathering of the gods of Mount Olympus "Iliad" xviii373.

, as long as people can make every shuttle weave automatically and every plectrum play strings automatically without manpower, even if we have such conditions, we can only exist in such a situation, then the craftsman can Slave masters (family owners) can give up slaves without using subordination. Marx’s "Das Kapital", Volume 5, Part 1254, Chapter [-], Section [-], discussed the impact of machines on workers, and quoted the automatic weaving section here. .Here, however, we need to recognize another difference: the tool (such as the shuttle) we have just mentioned in [-]ɑ is the so-called "tool of production", while another kind of household property (goods), such as slaves or other utensils, is the so-called "tool of production". So-called "behavioral (consumption) tools".

The application of the shuttle can produce other objects, but the application of other tools (such as clothes or beds) is simply application (consumption).Production and behavior are two different activities of human beings, the difference between "manufacturing" or "production" and "behavior" or "activity", see "Niron" volume six chapter four chapter five."Behavior" here refers to consumption activities that are opposite to production activities. Another group of relative meanings is the former refers to hard-working physical activities and the latter refers to leisure moral and cultural activities. , both of them require appropriate tools, and the required tools 5 also need to have corresponding differences.Since [domestic] life does not belong to production behavior, as a tool of life, domestic slaves are only subordinate to the aspect of behavior There are two categories of consumption; living tools should also be divided into two categories: "serfs" engaged in production and "domestic slaves" engaged in housework (consumption). .

The so-called "one article" ("a piece of property") originally referred to a part of the family property.Since the property is owned, each item (property) not only belongs to the whole property, but also belongs to the person who uses it (property owner).In this way, as far as a family is concerned, both the master and the slave are originally part of the family, but the slave as a commodity (property) should completely belong to the person who uses him, and there is another freedom other than housekeeping management. As far as life is concerned, the master is not a slave.Thus, we can understand the nature and duties of slaves: (10) If a person is not his own personality by nature but is subordinate to others, then he is a slave; property (a commodity), 1 he should also become the property of others; (2) in the behavior of life, this property should be regarded as a tool, it can be separated from its owner, the separation of slaves and slave owners, It means that the master has the freedom to transfer or sell the slave.For the definition of slaves and the difference between slaves and free people, see Volume VI 15b3-1317 of this book; and Volume 2 13b982 and Volume 25 1075a18-25 of "Metamorphosis". .

Chapter five
(End of this chapter)