politics

Chapter 14 Volume (B) II (6)
15 However, the decree of the city state that the crafts should be done only by slaves can only be limited to such undertakings as public works. Greek city-states often use public prisoners of war and slaves to construct public buildings and mines, etc., as suggested by Xenophon: "DeVectigalibus" (DeVectigalibus) Chapter 23:25, the Athens city-state should supply and manage Laurium (Laurium) ) slaves in the silver mines to increase treasury revenue.Diodorus' "History" Volume Eleven Chapter 11 once recorded that the cities of Sicily used the Yingtaiji and Libyans captured by Gelon as slaves, and let them do various public affairs. The labor of construction.The specific content of the two examples of managing public slaves cited in this section is not yet available.As for the mention of Theophantus (Διοφανó), Chaphaer refers to him as an Athenian statesman of the contemporary (that is, contemporary of Aristotle) ​​Demushynes (Demosynes and his Time, Schfer , Demosthenes and Seine Zeit, vol. 1, pp. 365, [-], etc.).Xuman thinks otherwise ("Greek Stories", Schomann, GrAlterth, Volume [-] [-]).

In this section, Aristotle continues the above and denies the legal system of Falea that listed all craftsmen as slaves. He believes that public works should indeed be done by slaves, but ordinary crafts can be operated by free people.In big city-states, the chattels of citizens who own allotment land and concurrently engage in industry and commerce usually vary greatly in terms of money. If we want to equalize the wealth of the whole state, the land and chattels of citizens should be restricted. .

After these investigations, the advantages and disadvantages of the Falea system have appeared before people's eyes. 20
Chapter eight
Hippodama, the son of Oluphon, the Milesian, is the No.1 who created the best city-state system without practical experience in politics.He dabbled in various theories extensively, was full of natural wisdom and knowledge,25 and put forward the method of urban division design and made a neat road design for the port of Bairius. It is recorded that his father's name is "Olupon" in "Xixixi Dictionary", and "Olukang" in Photius, Bibliotheca.Diodorus: 10-7 in "Histories", it is recorded that Hippodama was a colonist of Thurii (Thurii), and was once the designer of the new city in this city. See Herman: "Hippo the Miletus" Bodhidharma) (CF Hermann, de Hippodamo Milesio).

In 480 BC, the city of Miletus already had neighborhood roads built according to geometric patterns.The road construction of the Port of Barius mentioned in this section refers to the municipal engineering of the Pericles era, which should have appeared half a century after the municipal engineering of Miletus.Hippodama was the first to write a book based on the advanced experience of Miletus and introduce it to the Athenians (Cam-bridge Ancient Histv 463). .This man is also well-known in the world for his strange life deeds. Some people who saw him thought he was outstanding, and some thought he was pretentious, because he usually had draped shoulders and decorated them gorgeously. He made a robe of coarse cloth, which was thick and warm. Wear it in both winter and summer.He designed and constructed a city-state with 30 citizens, which was divided into three parts (classes), 35 of which were artisans, farmers, and soldiers armed to defend the country.The land of the whole state is also divided into three parts, which are owned by temples, public by the city-state, and private property.The first part of the industry provides expenses for the celebration and sacrifice of the gods' festivals in the territory, the second part is responsible for the expenditure of armed equipment,[-] and the third part is allocated to each farmer.

He believes that the law should also be divided into three categories, which are applicable to the three types of criminal proceedings - beating and insulting, hurting, and killing.The poet Ion (Iων) of Qiwo Island, who had studied in the Sankhya school, wrote "Shang San Lun" (ριαγμιó), saying that all things are divided into three and combined into three (see "Hapocration , Lexicon]).Hippo Dharma has a good relationship with Ion, so he also respects the number "three".In 268a10 below, he values ​​oaths and fears false oaths, and it is obvious that he has inherited the fashion of the Pythagorean school (see "Diodorus" Volume 1268 Chapter 8 2). .He also proposed the creation of an independent Supreme Court, which would handle all cases that other institutions could not hear or wrongly judged. According to his design, a number of professional elders were selected to organize this court.

In terms of court judgments, he also put forward an opinion in 1268ɑ that each judge should no longer use the procedure of throwing pebbles into clay pots when voting; each judge should cast a wooden casting board, If the defendant is found to be guilty, he should write the charges on the legal board. If he thinks that he is not guilty at all, he should not write anything on the legal board. section and the conclusion of the section that should be clarified.

He does not support the current procedure, 5 pointing out that in the above-mentioned marginal cases, the result of the vote (pebble) cast by the judge is either complete conviction or complete absolution, which is unfair to the defendant. I have broken the oath of fairness and uprightness I made when I was judged, that is, I have committed perjury.In addition, Hippodama also formulated regulations for rewarding honors for various original ideas or inventions that benefit the state. 10 He also proposed that all the living and upbringing expenses of the children of fallen soldiers should be paid by the public funds of the city-state. There are similar separate regulations for the maintenance of children of war dead with public funds. , he thinks that this initiative is very novel, but in fact this kind of regulations have been adopted by Athens very early. Refer to "Thucydides" Volume II 46.and other city-states have promulgated.He also believes that administrators should be elected by the above-mentioned three parts (classes) of the people, and the elected people manage three types of public affairs, namely, general public affairs, foreign nationals and orphan affairs.

These are the most striking aspects of the political system proposed by Hippodama.Among them, the three divisions of citizens should be criticized the most. Since craftsmen, peasants and warriors are all included in the roster of citizens, they should all participate in the political system of the city-state.But peasants were unarmed, artisans were neither armed nor had land, so if they participated and were assigned to this political system, they might as well be slaves of the warrior class. 15 It is impossible for all government agencies to accept these two classes to participate; generals and internal affairs officials. "police officer").See volume V 20b1305.And other important positions must all be held by the armed class. Although those people participate in the city-state system as citizens, they cannot be listed as officials. They will certainly not be loyal to this political system.One might say that soldiers should be the masters of workers and peasants and rule them,29 but there must be many warriors armed with weapons before workers and peasants are forced to submit to their rule.However, if the warrior class is large, there is no need for the other two classes to participate in the system and the right to elect the executive is shared.Also, what role did farmers play in the city-state?We can admit that every city-state needs craftsmen,25 they can live by their skills anytime and anywhere, and the city-state proposed by Hippodama is no exception.

But the farmers he was talking about were different.If the soldiers' food is supplied by the peasants, then it is a matter of course that the peasants should be included in the citizen group, but Hippodama stipulates that the citizens own their own private land and eat their own harvest. 35 And the one-third of the public lands that feed the warrior class are also doubtful: if these lands are cultivated by men with weapons themselves, there is no difference between warriors and peasants, and they are The legislators were divided into two classes.Conversely, if there are people besides farmers and warriors who work these common lands, then the city-state needs to have a fourth section (class), which is not included in the civil roll. Part of the people listed in the citizenship register", that is, slaves, this is probably what Hippo Dharma intended.The common fields of the Greek states were often worked by slaves.As for who should cultivate the temple land, Aristotle did not question.It has nothing to do with the political institutions of the city-state.Another possible way is that the same Anmin cultivates both private land and public land. 40 In this way, one person has to support two families, and it is very difficult to obtain food for two people with the labor of one person.Then we will ask questions: Why should the land be divided into public and private areas?Why not let the peasant work on the same allotment (dual share) while feeding both private and warrior (public) food?When Hippodama considered all these questions, his mind was confused.

Nor is the sentencing procedure that he proposes in terms of judicial reforms adequate.He believes that in every case of indictment, even if the plaintiff only raises a simple charge, the five judges (jurors) should make a judgment on the amount of crime and the level of punishment.In doing so, he turns the judge into an arbitrator.Because separate measurement and graded punishment can only be carried out in an arbitration court. Although there are many arbitrators there, they can discuss together and determine an appropriate punishment after joint consultation; but in a public trial court, it is not Where such a method of culpability may exist, the statutes of most city-states specifically require that all judges in public courts cannot communicate with each other. The number of jurors ("judges") (δικασα) in Greek public courts is often in the hundreds , in fact, they can be called "voters", and they decide the outcome of a prison or a lawsuit by the number of votes (pebbles or copper dice).Jurors cannot know the case being tried that day in advance, and cannot communicate with each other after entering their respective trial seats.The procedures are detailed in Chapters 5-63 of "The Constitution of Athens", which can be used as an example of the courts of various city-states. . 69 We can imagine the uproar that would be caused by introducing that type of guilt into a public trial court.

For example, in a certain lawsuit, the plaintiff requested that the defendant be fined 20 meters of "mina" (μν). When used as a weight, it is about one catty in China; A mina is equivalent to a Tyrann.One silver meter is worth about four pounds today. , the judges believed that the defendant should compensate the damages suffered by the plaintiff, but they had different opinions on the amount of compensation: some decided that it was ten mina, or the plaintiff asked for a larger amount and the judge decided that the amount was smaller , another judge judged it to be five minas, and another judge judged it to be four minas.In this way, everyone has analyzed and weighed the original case, and the number of judges in the court is large,60 which may result in many judgments ranging from full compensation to no compensation at all.How will these different judgments be unified?In addition, the discussion about the crime of perjury is also inaccurate. For a simple and identical application to the plaintiff, sometimes it is approved and sometimes it is rejected, which will constitute a crime of perjury. 15 The adjudicator's disapproval of the plaintiff's demand for 20 minas of compensation does not mean that the defendant was not punished at all. What he judged was that what the defendant needed to pay was not actually the 20 mina.If the judge knows that the defendant has not done anything for which he should pay 20 minas, but still orders him to pay 20 minas, then he is guilty of perjury.

As for respecting those who bring forth original ideas and contribute to the nation, this sounds reasonable,25 but in fact the implementation of this policy may not bring benefits.This policy encourages reform as well as reaction, and thus can spell trouble for city-state politics.We will discuss this further.Some thinkers think about the pros and cons of change, and think that it is doubtful to abolish the old law (ancestral system) if there is a better new law. The politically conservative thinkers mentioned here do not know who they are referring to.Aristoxenus's "Fragments" 19 (edited by Müller: "Greek History Fragments" Volume II 278) pointed out that the Pythagorean school advocated the preservation of the old law and did not approve of hasty changes.Plato's "Laws" 769D, 772A-D, and "Politicians" 298E-299E pointed out that the legal system can be changed with the times, but strict review is required to avoid disturbance. .In the eyes of old-fashioned people, change is always harmful,30 and some proposals appear to be for the benefit of the state, but the actual purpose is to destroy the old rules and the old system.Judging from this situation, we cannot agree with Hippodama's opinion.When it comes to such issues, we should make a detailed explanation.

Everyone has different ideas on this point. 35 Sometimes change does bring us benefits. This kind of progress due to change has been repeatedly proved in various other academic aspects.For example, medical treatment, sports and other technical crafts have long since gotten rid of the stereotypes of the past.If politics can also be counted as a human science, it should also benefit from the changes.Some historical facts can also provide proof for the argument that "change is beneficial"; the customs and customs of ancient times were often very crude and barbaric, and the Greeks always carried swords and swords with them. In ancient times, all ethnic groups wore weapons for self-defense, and plundered each other no matter at sea or on land.Athens was the first to enter the era of the rule of law, and thieves were prohibited, so people could not carry swords on weekdays. , 40 They all use property to buy brides from each other to get married. "Herodotus" v6 records that Thraciaus can sell and buy women to marry. .There still exist in some places the absurd and barbaric vestiges of ancient customs. 1269ɑFor example, in Kumei Kumei (κμη) is a place name, see also Volume 1305 1a76; here it probably refers to Italy’s Kumai (κμαη, (Zhou Yite’s translation). Similar regulations can be found in the ancient Greek city-states, which are now available in the Gortyn epitaph (see Bucheler and Zitelmann, "Golding Law" [Bucheler and Zitelmann, Das Recht von Gortyn] pp. 77-[-]).

(End of this chapter)