politics

Chapter 20 Volume (B) II (12)
In this way, each mass leader10 ("popular hero") successively strives to raise the power of the populace, and the regime that people see today is along this path. Plutarch in Solon In "Biography" 19, it is mentioned that historians praise Solon for his ability to pay attention to the balance between the rich and the poor, preserve the ancestral property, and adapt to changes. His approach is deeply balanced. Being able to suppress the regime and humiliate the rich has actually suppressed the wealthy oligarchs and talented people, indulged the common people, and eventually led to the extreme democratic regime of later generations.Here it appears that Aristotle was defending Solon.

Chapter 41, Section 7 of "The Political System of Athens" says: After Athens established the kingdom with four tribes from Ion, it did not start to formulate a constitution until the reign of Thessus (Thessus), slightly reducing the monarchy, followed by virtue The law of Draco (the second half of the 6th century BC), turned into a minority rule, and thirdly, the internal strife in the country, and Solon rose to reform (the first half of the 5th century BC). The fourth is the tyranny of Peisistratus, the fifth is that in the 400th century BC, Cleisthenes and others expelled the tyrant, restored the democratic government, and strengthened the power of the common people, and the sixth , After the Persian War, the Senate was in charge. Seventh, Aristides (Aristides) advocated reform again and abolished the Senate in Ephialtes. Since then, the "civilian leader" has achieved his ambition, Eighth, "5 people" are in power, ninth, the old democratic system is restored again, tenth, followed by "thirty" oligarchic tyranny, and "ten people" oligarchic tyranny, eleventh, democratic government is restored (At the end of the 170th century BC) until modern times (when Aristotle wrote the book), for about [-] years, the power of the common people was heavier than before, and it actually tended to extreme forms.

In this way, the ultra-democracy appeared 200 years after Solon's death, and it was the result of eight coups. It is really inappropriate to pursue Solon's legal system and miss it. .These situations are indeed facts, but the historical changes are not what Solon could have expected.During the Persian War, the navy with civilians, poor people or mercenaries as sailors established Athens’ maritime supremacy. The Athenian army was composed of first-, second-, and third-level citizens. Miscellaneous or auxiliary arms, such as stone throwers, archers, etc., and the sailors in the navy are all fourth-level poor or mercenaries, accounting for the majority of the entire navy.The Persian War started from the beginning of the 5th century BC until the conclusion of the peace treaty in 449 BC. During the 50 years, most of the navy won, so the status of civilians gradually became more important than that of the state.In 478 BC, the Delian League was established, uniting the navies of the Aegean islands and coastal states to fight the Persian fleet.The Athens fleet has as many as 150 ships, even exceeding the total fleets of other states.Each of the triple-oared warships had 4 men.At its peak, the Athenian navy had a total of 5 people, which greatly exceeded the army.The population of Athens in the 17th century BC was about 4, and the adult citizens were about [-]. , Therefore, the common people feel that they really occupy an important position in the city-state, and the vulgar heroes among the common people take the opportunity to use the spirit of the common people to overwhelm the power of wealth and nobles and nobles.

According to the original purpose of Solon's legislation, the real power given to civilians is actually limited. 15 According to him, the civil rights stipulated in it are actually only the power to elect administrators and inspect whether those administrators have neglected their duties. These are the rights that civilians should have. There is no difference between slaves, and they may become enemies of the city-state government.He stipulated that all candidates for office must come from famous figures (talent) and well-to-do families (property). Level "20 (that is, the third level) is or is a knight-level person.The helper is the fourth level, so he is not qualified to hold any official position. Medimno (μδιμνο) is a measuring vessel for grains and oil wine in Greece. Chapter 17 of "Athens Political System" records the households of Solon into four levels: the first level, its assets such as fields for harvesting grains, or oil forests for oil production, or vineyards for wine making, can obtain more than [-] hu per year Those who are called "five hundred dendrobium class"; the second class, those who have enough wealth to equip a cavalry and raise war horses, are called "knight class". In addition, it is estimated that the annual income of the second class can be more than three hundred dendrobium; the third class For farmers, there are two oxen or two horses, which are enough for a yoke to cultivate, which is equivalent to more than [-] hu, which is called "double ox level"; students, whose annual income is less than [-] hu, is called "merchant class".

Lines 19-21, using property rank as the criterion for the selection of officials, seems to be an annotation made by later generations, which shows that the above administrative functions are limited to the bourgeoisie, and it is not Aristotle’s original text. (See page 33 of Diels, ber die Berliner Fragmente der Aθπολdes A, "About the Berliner Fragmente of "Athens Regime" (Diels, ber die Berliner Fragmente der Aθπολdes A).).

Except for Lycurgus and Solon, the "other legislators" mentioned here by other legislators, according to the first section 1273b33 of this chapter, should be the one of the two types of legislators who only make laws but do not create political systems. However, the legal system of Giarondas involved in Sections 1296a21, 1297a7, and 21 of Volume 4 below is also related to the political organization of the city-state.In addition, Plutarch's "Numa" (Numa) 11 once said that Zaryukos was the legalist who founded the political system. For example, Zaryukos also established laws for the Locris who loved Pisiferi, and Gialondas established laws not only for his own state, Catena, but also for several Calchi colonial cities in Italy and Sicily. Ancient Greece Among the city-states, those who practice the Gialondas law include Thurii (Thurii) recorded in Volume 539:48 of "Diodorus", and Mashiga (Mashiga of Gabadutian) recorded on page 25 of "Strebo". Mazaca) and the island of Cos (Cos) recorded in Volume II [-] of Herondas (Herondas). .Some people say that the original meaning of the [-]-line συνγειν is "coherent".

According to Congreve's (Congreve) school version, Welton's English translation, and the Pernide translation, they are all interpreted as "compiling a genealogy of legalists and masters".Note 418 of the revised second edition of the Susmere School Edition further specifies the editor of this legalist lineage. The so-called "someone" or "someone" refers to Efro, who has detailed knowledge of the history of Crete. "Newman's Annotated Notes" (Ⅲ 378 pages) notes that the fragments of Afro's fragments that are preserved today involve the above-mentioned Legalists, which do not fully match this section, and this section is like a collection of sporadic notes, not like a systematic article .argues that, if one could go back further,25 the earliest legislative expert would be Onomacrito.According to their accounts, Onomacrito was a native of Locri, and his profession was a wizard, that is, the so-called prophet. He traveled to Crete as a prophet and studied law in Crete. At that time, Thales Thales of Crete mentioned here is different from Thales of Miletus in Volume 1259 6a30.And he is the same door.Later, Thales taught what he had learned to Lychegus and Zaryukos, and Zaryukos passed it on to Giarondas. However, all these accounts are somewhat inconsistent with the age in which these people actually lived. [-]
In addition, Philolaus the Corinthian also created laws for the Thebes.Philolaos was born in the Baku tribe in Corinth City, and he was good friends with the Olympic winner Diocles. Cree had to go to another country, so Philolaus came with him to Thebes, 35 and at last the two lived in a foreign land and lived together in the dead.To this day, residents there point out their graves to travelers.Although the graves of the two men were near one another, Corinth could be seen from the grave of the one, while nothing of the native land could be seen from the grave of the other.It is said that this was arranged between them both before they died: Diocletian, because of the unfortunate situation in his life, did not want his soul to still be saddened by the sight of Corinth, 40 but Philolaus borrowed the place of the tomb, Expressed his nostalgia for his hometown.This is how they emigrated to Thebes, and Philolaos became the legislator of Thebes in 1274b.The so-called "law of succession" concerning paternal heirs is seen in some of the writings of Philolaus as a feature of the Filipino code.According to his legislative purpose, the number of lands owned by each family and the number of heirs must always be balanced so that generations can continue, and the industries that people rely on for their livelihood will not increase or decrease. These are the characteristics of each legislation. . 1266
There is little in the codex of Girondas that deserves special attention, but for those who acted as perjurers, the ΓΠ manuscript reads "perjured witnesses" (ψευδομαρρων), Aretinus (IAretinus, 1369-1441), and the Latin The translation "falsorum testium" matches.Scaliger, Bentley, Becker, and Susmeer all made "perjury" (ψευδομαρυριν).However, the punishment can be regarded as a feature.Because he was the first person to formulate the criminal law of perjury.The Gialondas code is known for its meticulous review, so those careless legalists in modern times can't help but feel ashamed when facing this ancient code.

According to "New School", neither of them is an actual legislator, and actually does not belong to the topic of "characteristics of some legal experts" in this chapter.The legal system formulated by Phalaia is characterized by equalization of property,10 and the legal system formulated by Plato has many characteristics, such as the public ownership of women and children and property, the system of women's banquets, and the law of banquets. The sober person presides over the scene, and to restrain the intoxicated one, see Plato's "Laws" Volume 640 671D and Volume 672 15D-794A. , [-] Military training requires soldiers to "use both hands", that is, to practice left and right limbs so that they have the same ability. Plato's "Law" Volume VII [-]D. .

Draco once enacted several laws, but these laws were enacted under the original political system.Apart from being famous for its severe punishment and severe punishment, Dracolu has no characteristics worth mentioning.Like Draco, Pythagore was devoted to making laws but little to political institutions.A peculiarity of the Pythagorean code was that20 if a person commits a crime while intoxicated, the penalty is increased.He found that drunks made more troubles than ordinary people, so he thought that to protect the safety of the public, this crime could not be forgiven Draco. Before Solon (621 BC), Athens was in power, and the laws it enacted were harsh. It is heard in later generations that even stealing fruits and vegetables can be punished by death according to the law.To this day, Western proverbs still refer to harsh punishments as "Draco's Law".Before Draco, there were many "customary laws", but after Draco promulgated the code, the world began to pay attention to "statute law".

At the same time, the Pythagorean law is also known for its severity, so it is related here.Pythagoreus (about 651-569 BC) was one of the seven sages of Greece. He was from Mytilene on the island of Lesbo, which was rich in grapes and therefore drunk.When Pythagoras legislated the city of Mytilene, the social order was very chaotic, so heavy punishments were used, strict authority was imposed, rape and robbers were eradicated, and private fights were avoided, so that public order was finally ensured. (See "Niron" 1113b31, Plutarch's "Septsapconv" (Septsapconv) 13.).There is also a legislator, Androdama from Ridge, who once colonized the city of Karki in Sereki, Androdama from Ridge (Aνδροδμαs Pηγνοs). Horse means "people trainer".

From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, people of all nationalities from all over the Greek Peninsula began to immigrate to the Quartet, which is known as the "Great Migration Era".Their immigration routes can be roughly divided into three routes: (8) passing through Hellespont to the northeast, and scattered to the coast of the Black Sea and the north and east coasts of the Aegean Sea; (7) reaching Sicily and Italy to the west; ( 32) To the south to reach the seaside such as Cyrenaica in Egypt and the Mediterranean coast.Most of the immigrants from the Threki region (north coast of the Aegean Sea) came from the various tribes of Ion (Ionian), the Kalchi city on the island of Euboea.From the 32th to the 1274th centuries BC, they colonized 24 cities in this area, and later generations collectively referred to these 25 cities as "Kalki (colonial) cities". Line [-]a[-], the colonial city of Calchi in Sicily has the same origin as Italy.Rhegium is located at the southern tip of Italy, close to Sicily (still named Reggio today), and was also one of the cities opened by the Kalchi people at that time. However, the Greek immigrants to southern Italy were dominated by the Spartans of the Duri tribe. There are many people in Sicily, but most of them are Corinthians.Make laws, the laws he made, among them the regulations on homicide,[-] on the inheritance of women's property, and in general, his writings have nothing worth mentioning.

We conclude here our study of the two subjects of regimes as actually seen in effect and as conceived by political idealists. The conceivables are in chapters 9-11. In fact, this concluding sentence should be placed at the end of chapter eleven. For details, please refer to the notes made at the beginning of this chapter. .

(End of this chapter)