politics

Chapter 41 Volume (Δ) Four (9)
Regarding the term of office of administrative personnel, 5 some city-states stipulated that it was 6 months or even shorter; some city-states stipulated that it was one year or even longer.We should not only compare the gains and losses based on the length of the term of office, but also consider which method is appropriate for the general rule of the term of office, that is, whether it is suitable for life-long tenure or a few years of long-term service, or a relatively short term; If the short term of office is suitable, then it must be examined whether the same 10 people can continue to be re-elected, or each person can only be allowed to serve once.The method of appointing administrators also varied in different city-states and should be studied.What has been discussed above are the three issues to be studied when examining the administrative functions of a city-state: first, who can be elected, that is, who can be appointed; second, who will be elected; third, how the election will be carried out.We must first show the several methods of carrying out each of these three problems, and then we can deduce from these methods the method of forming the administrative agency adopted by each type of government. 15
However, it is difficult to determine who the so-called "administrative agencies" actually included.A political body needs many different officials.We cannot, of course, call all those in office "administrative," whether they are elected or drawn by lot.For example, the following personnel cannot be called administrative personnel. 20 The first category that cannot be called administrators is the priests, whose duties are distinctly different from those of administrators.The second category cannot be called administrative personnel, including troupe managers, that is, "chorus leaders" (χοεργο), who are appointed by famous figures from rich households in the clan. The method is to be elected by each clan in turn year by year, and the cost of festival theater performances is very high. , donated or raised by these leaders (see "Athens Regime" Chapter 56).and messengers, as well as elected diplomatic envoys.General public offices can be divided into three types: ([-]) Each administrator is responsible for managing and commanding all citizens within a certain scope of duties. For example, a general manages and commands an army composed of all citizens on the battlefield, or a part of citizens The Guardians each direct the part of the citizenry they are responsible for, such as women or children.

(18) Economic personnel are also elected, such as grain administrators (grain accountants). They are the permanent officials of the states. During the successive years of drought in Athens between 330 and 326 BC, such officials were appointed to distribute imported grain; This is a temporary important office in Athens.) In many city-states, 25 its function is to be responsible for distributing the food of the citizens. (30) The duty of a subordinate official or soap slave is to accept dispatches and perform official duties. In relatively wealthy city-states, public slaves can also serve as these miscellaneous services.Among all the officials mentioned above, only those who have deliberation, adjudication and guidance responsibilities (command power) within a certain range can be called administrative personnel. Here, the command power is especially important, which must belong to the ruling power.But these are only slightly difficult to distinguish and analyze the text, and there is no difficulty in actual work.Because no one has ever disputed these names and their meanings and brought them to court. [-] We describe it here only for the purpose of examining it in passing.

There are many questions of great importance to all polities, and especially to those of small states.These questions included identifying the types and numbers of administrative agencies, and indicating which of them were essential to the existence of the city-state, and which, though not necessarily essential, were in some respects valuable for the formation of a good city-state.Every business in the state may have 35 set up an appropriate task.There are many citizens in a big state, and more people are needed to take up public positions, so it is not difficult to take turns, but for some positions, each person only has one turn in a lifetime, and for other positions, although they may have turns several times in a lifetime, they have to After a long time.Since there is no difficulty in choosing a candidate, each business will have its own full-time job. Compared with handling several businesses at the same time, one job is more suitable because it has its own exclusive affairs, and of course the management is more appropriate.On the contrary, in a small state, a small number of functions and a small number of personnel have to handle multiple businesses at the same time.

There are not many citizens in the state, so it is impossible for many people to hold public office at the same time, otherwise, who else will succeed?Sometimes, a small state has to set up the same various institutions as a large state, and stipulate the same functions and terms of office.But the difference is that the job of a big bang is busy all year round, while the job of a small bang takes a long time to get a chance to deal with one thing. 5 Therefore, all sparsely populated countries will inevitably regard various functions as "brackets-lampposts." The compound word "brackets-lampposts" (βελισκολχνια) also appeared in "Athena" 700C, meaning It is a dual-purpose tool that can be used to roast meat, and can also be erected to place lamps.See the note on "Delphi Knife" in Chapter 683 of Volume 22.Such dual-purpose or multi-purpose tools were quite common in ancient Greece.Aristotle mentioned in "On the Structure of Animals" volume four chapter six [-]a[-] that animals (such as bees) feed with mouthparts and defend with tail stings, and that various organs have their own "special purpose". This is a metaphor and Humans have different "dual-purpose" tools. , Xiaobang will try his best to let his officials hold several positions, but they will not have disputes due to unclear division of duties.

10 However, we must address several issues before drawing conclusions.If you want to know how many functions an official can hold, you must first know exactly what kinds of functions are indispensable in this country, and what kinds of functions are not necessary but must be set up.Secondly, we must also pay attention to which things should be set up locally and which things should be carried out in the hands of a centralized function. The hierarchical system of regional jurisdiction shall be recorded.According to this section, at that time, the idea of ​​the correlation between centralization and local self-government had already begun to emerge. .Take the maintenance of order (law and order) as an example: the issues of maintaining order include: 15 Whether a market administrator “market administrator” or “market committee member” (γορανóμη) should be set up in this market, see Volume 1321, Chapter 14, 51b[-], etc. chapter. Chapter [-] of "Athens Political System" stated that the market administrators were appointed by casting lots, with five people each from the city of Athens and the port of Piraeus, who were responsible for commodity inspection and other affairs.The "maintaining order" mentioned here either involves another function, or the market administrator also bears the responsibility for public security. , or should one person maintain order in markets throughout the territory.

Furthermore, we must consider these issues: whether the configuration of functions should be based on the business under the jurisdiction or on the basis of the categories of people under management.Still taking the maintenance of order as an example, should all matters related to order be completely maintained by one function (one person), or should there be separate managers for children or women and other categories of people. 20 Finally, we must also be mindful of the differences between different regimes.The question here is whether the administrative system should be exactly the same in all forms of government, or whether special forms of government should have special administrative institutions.Regardless of whether the government is a civilian government, an oligarchy, an aristocratic government, or a monarchy, its administrative institutions are exactly the same, the difference lies in the different origins of the personnel, for example, cultural people are the source of administrative personnel for an aristocratic government, and the rich class is an oligarchic government. 25 The free men (plebs) are the source of the administrators of the plebeian government, and it is in this way that the respective citizens are selected from different or at least dissimilar classes to fill the corresponding positions, according to the different forms of government, The administration and executives also differ, and what works for one aspect must be adapted for another.For example, some regimes should increase the power of an executive agency, while others should weaken the power of this executive agency.

Some executive agencies do exist only in certain types of regimes,30 such as the pre-deliberative council.Such an institution is not suitable for a civilian government, which should adopt a civilian organization such as a council.Citizen councilors would lose their jobs if they were constantly called upon to meet.Therefore, it is indeed in the interest of the masses to have a bill pre-examined by an agency.However, if such a pre-judgmental group is limited to a small number of participants, it becomes an oligarchic organization.The number of people in the pre-trial meeting has always been small, so it always has the nature of an oligarch.In a city-state where the council and the pre-trial council coexist, the council has a democratic nature, and the pre-trial council can restrict the development of civilian forces. However, in the extreme form of civilian government, all political affairs in the state They are all taken over by the citizens' assembly. In 35α, even the council has become a dummy. In Athens, there are 1300 members of the council, who are elected by lottery by all citizens and take turns. Has a civilian nature.

The members of the pre-discussion committee are limited to people with certain qualifications, and the number is very small. potion.In 413 BC, a year after Athens went to the battle of Sicily, Athens set up a pre-trial meeting, but it was soon abandoned.After attending the Citizens' Assembly, citizens have allowances, so that the council is useless, see also Vol. VI 1317b30-35. .This situation often occurs in city-states where high subsidies can be received as long as they attend the citizens' assembly; because of the high subsidies, people do not need to take care of housework (the profession), and can assemble and judge all political affairs at any time.In terms of civil government, officials who guard women and children and other similar guardian officials According to Volume VI, Chapter 1322, 37b5, "other similar officials" should refer to "sports discipline" (γυμνασαρχο).It is more suitable for aristocracy,[-] because the conduct of wives of common people cannot be regulated; these functions are of little use for oligarchies, where the wives of the ruling class are never taught and are used to A life of luxury.

Enough has been said about these issues.We shall now examine in detail the question of the appointment of administrative personnel.Here, the factors that cause the various differences in appointment methods can be listed as three items: (10) the personnel responsible for the selection; (1) the personnel who are appointed; 2 ([-]) the appointment procedures.Each of these three factors can have three corresponding variations. ([-]) Those responsible for electing may be (A) all citizens or (B) only some citizens. ([-]) Those who can be elected can be ([-]) all citizens, or ([-]) only some citizens. Eligibility is determined.

For example, in Megara, only exiles who returned from exile and had struggled with the populist faction were eligible to be elected as rulers. See volume 15 1302b30, and 1304b34-39 and notes. . (3) The appointment procedure can be based on (α) election or (β) lottery.In addition, the above-mentioned ways can be combined into a third way, so that in item (20), it can be (C), in which all citizens in a state elect certain institutions administrators, while other institutions require only some citizens to be elected; in ([-]), it can be ([-]), in a state, all citizens are eligible to be elected to certain administrators, [-] and Other officials can only provide eligibility for election to a certain part of the citizens; in ([-]), it can be (γ), in a state, some officials must be elected by election law, while others can Created by casting lots.

Variations of these items can lead to four schemes. According to 1300a8-22, there are three variations of each of the three items listed, so that 27 kinds of commissioning schemes can be formulated.However, Aristotle believes that the third variation of each item, that is, the variation formed by "two combinations", is not very important, so he advocates not using it, saying that each item can derive four solutions (line 22 ).It can be seen that there are 2×2×2=8 kinds of schemes that can be formulated.However, in fact, in the narration of line 23-3, he applied one (γ) variation of the "two combination" variation, so there are 2×2×3=12 kinds of schemes formulated.In this way, the number mentioned in line 31 does not match the number mentioned in line 22, and the four schemes (Alγ, A2γ, B1γ, B2γ) are temporarily added.

(End of this chapter)