politics

Chapter 44 Volume (E) Five (2)
30 This is the emotion that causes turmoil.The purpose of those who make trouble is self-interest and honor, and it can also be said that they are relatively afraid of some kind of damage and shame.Some people, therefore, who make riots only to avoid some punishment or disgrace, or because of these misfortunes suffered by themselves or their friends, stir up the masses to stage a coup d'état.

For these sources of dissatisfaction, and the reasons for the rise of divorced individuals for the above purposes, create opportunities for infighting. 35 From the point of view of common sense, seven ends can be listed. From another point of view, and in terms of accidental cases, the number will be even more. Notes 275-280, 295-296 Page, the analysis yields the eleven motives of infighting or revolution listed below, which are further divided into three categories. (1) Psychological effects: including (2) self-interest, (3) dissatisfaction with fame or honor, (4) resentment for being humiliated by wanton authorities, (6) terror, (5) because of (8) Improper political measures; (9) Overreach, (10) Fraud, (7) Negligence, (11) Negligence; ([-]) Social changes: such as ( [-]) An increase or decrease in the number of a certain part or a certain class in the state, ([-]) The imbalance between the strengths and weaknesses of certain factions in the political organization.Types ([-]) and ([-]) of these three types of motives are easy to remedy, but type ([-]) has actually formed the social basis for having to change the regime, and in this case internal strife and revolution are inevitable.

Some of the motives listed in chapters 1302 to 37 of this volume when discussing the causes of internal strife in individual regimes are not summarized in this section.Chapter 4 of the eighth volume says that to maintain a political system for a long time, its people must have the virtues and education that are consistent with the political system.Thus changes in the virtues and education of the people will bring about change.This chapter also does not address such reasons.The classification of the seven motives of internal strife or change and the other four listed in 40a1302-b[-] of this chapter is actually inappropriate and incomplete.When these eleven items are restated in the next chapter, the ordering will be different. .Although the two motives of various disturbances are the same as the above-mentioned two ends of self-interest and honor, their meanings as motives and ends are different.As I have said before, as the purpose, it is because people are fighting for fame and fortune; [-] but as the motivation, it is the amount distributed for fame and fortune, although whether it is more or less, it may be in line with justice, or it may not be in line with justice. Justice, [-]b But people think that there is no justice, so disputes arise.Besides fame and fortune, other motives are arrogance, terror, some form of privilege or usurpation, contempt for those in power, or the unbalanced expansion of certain sections or classes in a state.Another class of motives for infighting or change by accident is: fraud in the electoral process, negligence in the conduct of political affairs, neglect of small details, disequilibrium of the political forces in the various parts of the state.

Chapter three
5 Of all these motives, two are easy to explain: how the wantonness and selfishness of those who occupy positions will act on the country, how it will give the demagogue an excuse for harassment (arrogance) (βριs) and "Self-seeking" (πλεουεξα) (greed) are often described together, see Chapter VII 1307a20; also found in Eschines: "Aeschines, CCtesias" (Aeschines, CCtesias) 94, Park Lubo: "Historical Records" "i 81 and other books. .Whoever is in power is arrogant and greedy for self-enrichment, and the citizens are bound to murmur about it, not only to criticize these incompetents, but also to criticize the regime that empowers them.Here, we can also notice the so-called greed by the way,10 or relying on power, invading others, or devouring public property.Likewise, the role of honor and how it can serve as an incentive to foment infighting is quite clear.

As soon as people lose their place or honor, they will be dissatisfied, and when they see others occupying high positions and honors, they will feel strong jealousy and eventually have dissatisfaction.Regarding the gain or loss of honor, many times it may be inappropriate, that is, some people should not be indiscriminately conferred with titles, while others should be deprived of honor; Both are just laws, but it is clear that these cases, 15 whether they be lawful or not, are enough to lead to internal strife, which is the same.When the power of a person or group of persons has grown so great that it has become superior to the whole body of citizens, the person or group of persons has accordingly assumed some form of privilege, which is often the case. It will give people the opportunity to boo.This special status often results in absolute monarchy or powerful oligarchy.In this regard, several city-states such as Argos and Athens have formulated a policy of expelling pottery fragments, see Volume 1284 17a20. .However, it cannot be regarded as a good policy to allow such special characters to be remedied after the emergence of them. The best way is to prevent the occurrence of such special characters in the state.

There are two kinds of people who use terror as a motive for their rebellion: those who fear punishment because they have committed wrongdoing, and those who pre-empt the attack because they fear that the enemy will impose unreasonable guilt.The history of Rhode Island can serve as an example reflecting the latter type of coup.There, the nobles were afraid that the populists would sue them for increasing taxes, 25 so they combined with each other and conspired to launch a coup, overthrowing the populist regime. See the following article 1304 28b31-30. .Another motive that inspires infighting and riots is contempt.If the number of persons without political rights in an oligarchy increases day by day, they will feel more and more powerful, and they will feel contemptuous of the ruling class.We can also see such an example, the bourgeoisie hates the chaos and anarchy of the civilian regime, so it rises.Here are a few historical facts that can be used to illustrate that the civilian regime was despised and overthrown by people: After the Onofeti War took place in Thebes in 456, its civilian regime was finally overthrown due to chaotic governance. , in [-] BC, Athens defeated the Allied forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The original sentence does not explain how the civilian government of Thebes was overthrown afterwards, nor did it indicate when it was overthrown.According to "Thucydides" i 113, in 447 BC, in the Battle of Coroneia, Athens was defeated, and the oligarchs who returned from exile took the opportunity to overthrow the civilian government of Thebes.This section may be about this incident. ; The civilian government of Megara, due to internal turmoil, eventually led to the invasion of foreign bandits. After losing the battle, it gradually declined. See Chapter 1304, 34b39-5 and notes. ;Glo of Syracuse took advantage of the opportunity of the public to reject the old regime of the common people, thus establishing his own usurpation Gro (Γλων) and his younger brother Hilo (Iρων) successively became the tyrants of Syracuse in the 1315th century BC, See also 34b126.The Syracuse populists defeated the landowner oligarchs and seized power with the help of the serfs in the public land, but because the serfs they led were undisciplined, they were in chaos, so Groo took the opportunity to take over (see Freeman: " Sicily (Freeman, Sicily) Vol. II, p. 35). ; In addition, the reason why the aristocratic class in Rhode Island mentioned above can rise is also because [-] took advantage of the opportunity that the populists were despised by the people of the country.

Another cause of regime change is the unbalanced expansion of a sector.The body can be used as a metaphor to illustrate this point: the body is a whole, composed of various parts, and the parts must grow at the same time according to a certain proportion. Only in this way can the symmetry of the whole body be maintained.Otherwise, the body will eventually decline, just like a person whose feet are four cubits long but whose torso is only two cubits, thus losing its natural form, and it will definitely be difficult to survive; and the unbalanced development is not limited to quantitative changes, but to Then there will be a qualitative change, 40 and if so, it will turn into another animal. The comparative anatomy of Aristotelian zoology compares skin with scutes, and claws with hooves; there is always When the hardness of animal skin or claws changes to a certain extent, it becomes scutes and hooves, and these different parts form different animals. .The same is true of the city-state; the city-state is also composed of various parts, and a certain part of it often has the possibility of abnormal development.

For example, the number of poor people may increase rapidly in commoners and republics, and the rapid increase of a large number of poor people may make the composition of society unbalanced.Sometimes, this may also be due to accidental factors.Just as Tarenton was invaded by the Jebydias just after the Persian War, a large number of nobles died in the battle. 5 The "Persian War" here refers to the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC , the Battle of Salamis and the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC.In these wars, the Jebidias defeated Tarenton's army, see Herodotus vii 170 and Theodorus xi 52, in 473 BC (cf. Buzort: Greek "History", second edition, volume two, page 805). , and eventually the republic transformed into a civilian government.In Alcas, in order to make up for the lack of the number of people who died on the seventh day of the seventh day of the massacre by the Spartan king Cleomini, according to Plutarch: "On Female Virtue" (De Mulierum Virtutibus) Chapter [-] records that Cleominius was victorious on the seventh day of that month and saw the new moon at night.

The seventh day is the birthday of the sun god Apollo.This war took place around 500 BC.According to the legend of the history of Alcas, this war coincided with the fasting day of Apollo, the sun god.The custom of the Greeks is that the first and seventh days of each month are the fasting days of the sun god, so some historians say it is on the first day (the first day of the new year), while others say it is on the seventh day (the seventh day).Welton's translation interprets it as "the seventh team", adding φυλ under "seven", which refers to the battle regiment organized by the seventh tribe, but Newman thinks that it is appropriate to add μρ under the word "seven", and determines it to be "seven days ". , the government in power had to allow some serfs to become naturalized citizens, which later led to Alqas's regime tending towards democracy.During the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian army was repeatedly defeated, so they had to force all registered citizens to perform military service, and all the nobles had to go out, resulting in a large number of them being killed in battle. As far as the aristocratic class is concerned, the common people relatively become the absolute majority, 10 so the democratic forces suddenly expanded.In a similar way, though less markedly, such changes may take place in the case of common government.If the number of wealthy households is increased or their property increased, the civilian government will be transformed into an oligarchic government or clan rule accordingly.

When electing executive positions that require appointment, intrigue can be used to bring about changes in a regime without riots.This is confirmed by the following example. 15 In Heria, the original system of electing officials was replaced by casting lots due to the use of some tricks, so the oligarchy turned to democracy.At the same time, occasional negligence may also lead to a major change; Urio of Opia In 446 BC, the city of Hescia (Eσιαα) of Opia (see 1303b33) rebelled against Athens, and the Athenian army tried to expel it. The rebels moved into two thousand Athenian colonists, and their descendants often used "Urio" (Ωρεs), one of the names of the various communities in Athens, as the name of the city.

Urio once attached to the Spartan League to implement an oligarchy, and later Heracliuduro changed it to a republic and rejoined the Athens League. This historical fact can be seen in Xenophon's "History of Greece" Volume 456 64.However, Gilbert: "Greek Political System" ii 377 records that Urio's reform took place in 20 BC. , people who are not loyal to the regime and the constitution can rise to prominent positions.When Heracliuduro became the ruler, he used his power to overthrow the oligarchy and changed Urio to a republic, which was actually a civilian regime.Also, negligence and negligence in 25 small links will often gradually accumulate into future troubles, and when it develops to a certain stage, it will eventually lead to major changes.In Ambrakia, the property qualifications for people holding official positions were very low at the beginning, and in the end, the property conditions were completely abolished. Property conditions don't matter much, so they don't care.In addition, as far as the imbalance between various parts or political groups in the state is concerned, for example, the different tribes (that is, the different tribes mentioned below are all Greeks in essence and are also the Ion tribe of Greece. The said "Different tribes" are actually due to differences in racial branches or clan names.) Disputes and feuds often arise before assimilation. [-] But this does not mean that any people can be assembled at any time to form a city-state.

Many city-states have frequent internal strife because of the introduction of another tribe (people of different castes) when they were first established or later. Opinions are the opposite. .There are countless such cases. Most of the heterogeneous places listed below can be reflected in the 708 cases of mutual conflict. The first two cases are that when the city was first built, it was colonized by several different tribes. The last six cases are It was after colonization that the aliens were introduced. .For example, the Akayas and immigrants from Troetzen jointly colonized and established the city of Sabaris. However, as the Akayas continued to prosper, they tried their best to drive out the Troetzens. For this reason, The city has always been criticized by the world. 8 On page 30 of Zori's "Strebo", it is recorded that Zori in southern Italy was first colonized by the Sabali and other Greek immigrants.When they arrived in Pericles, the Athenians and other city-state immigrants colonized the place again.Buzolte: "History of Greece" volume three 263, it is recorded that the internal strife mentioned here refers to the quarrel among the first immigrants. , The Sybarians believed that they were the first to occupy the land here, so they competed with other tribes (or castes) that jointly colonized, thinking that they should be the masters of this place, and of course they should enjoy extra benefits, but in the end They were expelled from the city-state.

(End of this chapter)