politics

Chapter 45 Volume (E) Five (3)
Also, in Byzantium, the colonists who arrived later tried to expel the original colonists through a conspiracy. Later, this conspiracy was revealed, and the colonists who arrived later were expelled instead.Similarly, at Andesa, the original colonists had allowed thirty-five Kiva exiles to reside on their lands, but then tried to drive them out.But in Zankeri's "Herodotus" vi 35, the plot recorded in it is slightly different from this.There it is recorded that Zankeri was a colonial city built by the Kumai and Karki on the coast of Sicily. , the situation is quite the opposite.Instead, the original colonists were expelled by the Saimo Islanders who arrived later.

The city of Apollonia on the Eucine Sea (that is, the Black Sea) "Apolonia on the Black Sea" was a colonial city of the Milesians to distinguish it from the Adriatic Sea (that is, the Ionian Sea) ) Bay with its namesake city, where Apollonia refers to the colonial city of the Corinthians and Godilans (cf. 1306a7). , because of the intrusion of the new colonial clan, there was a riot; in Syracuse in the first century BC, the Sicilian historian Theodoro's "History" xi 1 recorded this incident.See Grot (Grot) "History of Greece" volume 72 page 318 and notes.At the end of the tyranny, since 1303b, due to the granting of civil rights to guest people and mercenary armies, quarrels have continued since [-]b, which eventually led to civil war.Similarly, in the city of Amphipur, because the descendants of the tribes who colonized in the early stage allowed the settlers from the city of Kalki in the later stage, the original owners (old sects) were almost taken away by the guests.

As mentioned earlier, in an oligarchic regime, the basis for booing is that they should belong to equal citizens, but they have been treated unfairly and have not obtained equal political rights.In a common government, however, the aristocrats, because they are superior to other citizens, but only have the same rights as ordinary people, because it seems to them that this is a violation of justice. The two sentences 5b1303-3, according to the "Susmere School Edition", should be wrong slips, and should be moved to Chapter 7 to take over 1301a39.Bakker's English translation was originally supposed to be a marginal note of a certain chapter, but it was wrongly included in the main text here because of a missing page line.add<>.

In addition, the chaotic borders can also become the source of discord and mutual struggle within the state. The land in some city-states is naturally scattered, which does not conform to the political unity.For example, in Klazomene, the chutro "chutro" (χρ) on the mainland, according to the revision of Sylburg in 1587, should be "chuto" (υυ), so that it is consistent with Booker: " Attica Epigraph Collection (ABoeckh, Corpus InscrAtt, 1825-1877) Volume 397, pages 423 and 76, Hicks: The place name of the No. 136 inscription of "Greek History Epigraph" is consistent; "Evro" 271 (edited by Mueller "Fragments of Greek History" i 645), also called "Chuto".However, the place name of "Chutri" (χριον) on page 10 of "Strebo" is consistent with this place.The inhabitants of the city often quarreled with the inhabitants of the island. [-] Similarly, there was a similar problem of disharmony between the inhabitants of Colophon and the inhabitants of its harbor, Cape Nodion. , often built partly on land and partly on adjacent islands.

Most of the residents on the island are engaged in sailing, business and fishing, while most of the residents on land are engaged in gardening and crafts; there are differences in life and thought among them, so their political orientation also diverges accordingly. "Thucydides" iii 34 said that the Colophon people on land generally tended to Persia, while the Nadion (South Cape) people in the port tended more to Athens, which had hegemony at sea. .The same situation also appeared in Athens: compared with the residents of the urban area of ​​Athens, the residents of the port of Bailius had a stronger democratic tendency.Suppose we take the battlefield as an analogy. If there is a ditch there, even if it is a very narrow ditch, when soldiers of a regiment cross it, the originally neat formation will be disordered by the ditch.So it is the various differences in the world that form various barriers, just like ditches.The deepest ditch15 refers first to the moral difference between good and evil, and secondly to the difference between wealth and poverty. Differences in other aspects will also be selected as barriers of various widths and depths.The topographic barrier mentioned above is actually only the smallest barrier among all the barriers that exist in the world.

Chapter Four
Although the internal strife originated from only trivial motives, things often took advantage of the momentum to expand.Just involving the details of the ruling personnel, 20 is more likely to cause serious consequences due to minor disturbances.In ancient Syracuse, such a thing once happened. Plutarch: "Repairing the Right Way" (Reip Gerend Praec), 32, records this story and the Delphi story of 1303b37-1304a4.Buzolte: "History of Greece" Volume II 2785, verified that this event happened exactly in 485 BC, which was before Ge Luo established the tyrant regime.At that time, the two factions of the landlord and oligarchs had internal evidence, so the populist faction took the opportunity to contact the serfs and overturned the oligarchy; later Ge Luo cut off the populist faction (see note 1302b33). .The mutual hatred between two youths serving in the administration because of love eventually develops and expands to lead to a political revolution.One of the young people, 25, took advantage of the opportunity when his colleague (that is, another young man) went on a long trip to seduce his old friend.

The young man who had been bullied was furious, and retaliated by seducing the wife of his colleague and rival.As a result, the two men gathered those officials and citizens who sympathized with them to attack each other, and finally caused the entire citizen group to split into two incompatible parties.This story is a wake-up call and a lesson for every politician.For those who are in the leading position of a state, their words and deeds can affect people in various ways, so they should be especially cautious when these quarrels and revenges are in the bud,30 and take precautions in advance.The mistake stems from the "primitive (ρχ)" here at the beginning, which can also be understood as "the person in charge" (see "Xing Shang", Chapter [-], Chapter [-], "Primary" six meanings).If we use the pun meaning of this word to translate the whole sentence, it means: "The mistake lies in 'government', so the proverb says: 'The one who is in power is half of the career', and a small mistake of the one in power is equal to all the mistakes of the rest." , so the proverb says "a good start is half done", and a small mistake at the beginning can cause all kinds of big mistakes in the future.

Generally speaking, if there is a rift between famous figures, the consequences will often affect the whole country.The political situation of Hessia after the Persian War can be used as an example to illustrate this problem.Because of the division of inheritance, 35 brothers had a dispute. Among them, the poor brother accused his rich brother of concealing his father's hoard and the exact amount of property. Received assistance from wealthy people.As a result, what was originally a family struggle turned into a nationwide struggle.Newman's notes suggest that this event may have occurred between the battle of Plataea in 479 BC and the capture of Hesthia by Athens in 446 BC.Yet another instance can be traced to the source of a long-standing internal strife at Delphi, which arose out of a marital quarrel. This story is found in Plutarch: The Way of the Good and the Righteous 32 and Arian: Miscellaneous History ( Aelianus, VarHist), xi 5 are all recorded, but they have different names for the groom, one is called Ojilao (Οργλαυs), and the other is called Osilau (Ορσλαιs).

Delphi, a small state in the Phocis region, built an altar of Apollo at the foot of Parnassus (Parnassus), which has always been famous for its divine powers, and later it became the center of gods and rituals in various Greek states .Relying on the temple property and the gifts of believers and believers who asked for prophecy and incense from all directions, the people of Delphi benefited greatly, which led to mutual quarrels among the various sects in the state (see Buchheim: "Research on the Political History of Delphi" [Buchheim , Beitrge zur Geschichte des delphischen staatswesen] I 21 ff). .On the night of marrying the bride, the groom saw an ominous omen in the woman's home, so he hurried back and left the bride behind;Taking advantage of the opportunity of the groom offering sacrifices in the temple, they mixed some sacrificial vessels into his offering, framed him for stealing holy objects, and killed him on the spot under this pretext.

The same thing happened in Mytilene. 5 There was continuous disturbance in the state over the competition to marry the heir of a rich family, until the Athenians invaded and Bacchis captured the city, and the disturbance stopped. "Thucydides" iii 9: In the fourth year of the Peloponnesian War, except for Meshumna (Mεθμνα) which was still loyal to Athens, cities such as Mytilene on the island of Lesbo rebelled Athens.As the Metiumans, and some partisan men of Mytilene, had been the protectors of the Athenian émigrés, they tipped off the mutiny to Athens (428 B.C.).The Bacchis of Athens sent a navy to surround Mytilene, and in the second year (ie 427 BC) broke through the city wall of Mytilia.The Dexandre recorded by Aristotle in this verse fits what he calls "partisan people".However, Mytilene’s preference for Athens and Sparta’s division between the two factions had social and economic basis at the time in addition to personal grievances.

At that time, the Greek city-states with well-developed international commerce generally gave preferential treatment to foreigners, and established a "protection system" (πρóξενια), in which protectors (i.e., consuls of foreigners) took care of the board and lodging of foreigners and acted as guides for them.Regarding the marriage of heirs and daughters, see Note 1270a30 in Volume II. .Among the rich and wealthy there, a man named Timofani died and left two daughters.There was a rich man named Dexander.According to the law, his son was eligible to marry the heir daughter of the Timofani family, so he made a request for marriage.But his request was unsuccessful, so Dexande incited the people to riot.As he had been consul to the Athenian diaspora,10 he also encouraged the Athenians to intervene in the civil strife belonging to their own state.This incident eventually led to the disaster of war.In addition, in Phocis, there is another dispute over the marriage of heirs and daughters that has a great impact. Monasias, the father of Menasun, and Oshcrates, the father of Onomagus, are two parties. Pleader, this case led to the beginning of the "holy war" of the whole people of Phocis.

Menasun was one of Aristotle's friends (see "Athena" 264a), and this matter may have been heard by Aristotle from Menasun (cf. Demosynes and his Age, i 445). .Such examples are really countless, and the cause of a political revolution in Epidano was also a marriage case.A family betrothed their daughter to another person. 15 The father of the bridegroom’s family was the new consul. Because the bride’s father committed a crime, he punished the bride’s father, but the bride’s father thought it was punished by the in-laws. It was a great shame, so he contacted the people in the city who were not on the citizen's name (called untouchables at the time) to attack and overthrow the regime at that time. Chapter [-] listed eleven causes of internal strife or revolution, and Chapter [-] respectively Narrated the historical facts.In the above sections of this chapter, there are many examples of small causes causing major disasters, all of which seem to be caused by the "arbitrary" (the third item of the eleven items) of the ruling personnel (arbitrary Self-expression as "arrogance", inflicting on others is regarded as "insulting").In the following sections of this chapter there are additional examples of coups resulting from the "unbalanced expansion of a certain part of a state". .

Another reason why the various forms of government tend towards oligarchic, plebeian, or republican institutions may also be the increasing honor or power of one or other of the various offices within the state. 20 For example, during the Persian War, the Senate in Athens made outstanding achievements, and the elders controlled the political power of the country, which gradually led to the regime becoming an oligarchy.But when the situation changed, the navy won the Battle of Salamis, which established Athens' maritime hegemony, and most of these soldiers were recruited from civilians (poor people), so these meritorious civilians ( The poor) further strengthened the power of democracy, because most of the hands of the Athenian navy were originally city and port mercenaries, and they could be naturalized as citizens after serving in the army. Populism flourished.Sea power here is closely related to the civilian regime, see Volume II 480a1274, Volume VII 12a1327-b40, Volume VIII 17a1341; Chapter 29 of "The Political System of Athens". . 27 But because of the noble class of Alcas, the "noble class" of Alcas mentioned here actually refers to the thousand soldiers equipped and organized by the rich houses in the state; in 25 BC After the victory in the Battle of Mandinea, they returned home triumphantly and overthrew the existing civilian government, formed another oligarchy government, and maintained their rule for eight months (for details, see Diodorus xii418, 79; see Revised Sydides" v80, 67).

Because the oligarch leader Bryas (Bryas) was brutal in government, the common people later overthrew the oligarch government (see Pausanias' "Greek Customs" ii 20).They fought with particular valor against the Lacedaemonian army at the Battle of Mantinea, and by virtue of this victory they repressed the plebeians on their return.On the contrary, in the war against the invasion of the Athenians by the Syracusans, civilian force was the key to victory, so the populists used this to transform the then republic into a civilian government. From 415 BC to 413 BC, the Athenian army crossed Hai went to conquer Sicily and besieged Syracuse. Detailed records can be found in chapters vii6, 41, 55, 81, and 84 of Thucydides.According to the records of "Thucydides", Syracuse was originally a civilian government at that time.

(End of this chapter)