politics

Chapter 46 Volume (E) Five (4)
However, according to the records of "Theodorus" xiii346, after the defeat of the Athenian army, Syracuse switched to casting lots to select administrators. From this, it can be seen that Aristotle said in this section that Syracuse was originally a republic. It is reasonable to switch to a civilian government after the victory.In these three years of battle, the heavy armored army composed of Syracuse's middle class was far from the opponent of the Athenian army. Only by cooperating can we defeat the strong bandits repeatedly.In the Battle of Dagang, the annihilation of the Athenian navy by the Syracuse navy was the key to victory.The navy and light armed forces are civilian forces. .In Kalki it was a different story.The populace and the noble class united with each other, and 30 expelled the tyrant Fuchsus from Calchi's Fuchsus (Φóξοs) and Antilion (Aνιλονοs) in the following article 812. recorded. The word "Fox Shusi" means "pointed head top", according to Chapter 8 [-]a[-] of "Physiognomy", "people with pointed heads are so cheeky and arrogant". , by virtue of its merits in this struggle, the populists gained power in the new regime.

A coup d'état in Ambrachia was similar in that a conspiracy opposed the rule of the tyrant Periander. Cypselus, the tyrant of Corinth, sent his illegitimate son Gorgus A colonial city-state was established in Ambrakia, and later Golgus' youngest son, Periander, succeeded him and became the tyrant of Ambrakia, but he was later killed.This incident is recorded in Plutarch: Amat 23.See Chapter 1311, 39a35 of this volume. , riots were launched, and the common people also participated, so the old regime was replaced by a democratic regime.All these traces of history testify to a general truth: any person or group—whether an individual or a governing body, or a tribe,[-] or any part of a state—who can compete with others and establish itself People with political power will inevitably cause quarrels in future generations; people who occupy high positions by virtue of internal strife may incur internal strife. The status quo, but also greedy for higher power.Each of us should remember such lessons.

The wealthy and the common people are generally recognized as two hostile forces.Revolutions could break out if they were balanced in a city-state with no or very little middle class buffering between them.But if both sides know that their respective strengths are insufficient to contend, then the weaker side will definitely stop and dare not rashly fight with the stronger side.Therefore, due to the small number of people with excellent talents and virtues, they are usually unwilling to act rashly, because they will definitely lose if they compete with such a large number of civilians. 1304
These are, in general, the origin and cause of all strife and of all coup d'état.The success of the revolution is nothing more than two ways, one is through force, and the other is through fraud. In the tyranny it was by deceit, but in the third tyranny it was established by force. "Thucydides" iv 86 holds that usurpation by fraud is more abhorrent than violence. .Force is generally used at the beginning of a revolution, but it is also resorted to after the struggle has already been waged.Likewise, deceit can be employed at two different times in the course of the revolution.Sometimes deception is carried out at the very beginning of the incident.In this case, 10 everyone agrees to reform the system, and power falls into the hands of the reformers. Once they have real power, they will control it by trying to seize the institution despite all the opposition's revelations and protests. situation.The dictatorship of "400 people" that emerged in Athens was a coup d'etat launched in this way. "Athens Regime" 29-33 records the "dictatorship of 400 people" in detail.

After Athens’ defeat in Sicily in 413 BC, the oligarchs Melobins and others persuaded the people of the country to change their civil government into an oligarchic government, so that they could get assistance from Persia and continue to fight against the Spartan alliance.In the No.20 year of the Peloponnesian War, that is, in 411 BC, the Citizens' Assembly made a resolution that the number of citizens was limited to 5000, and the 500-member council was reduced to 400.Therefore, the "Council of 400" representing the oligarchic forces actually took control of the state power, and the 5000-member Citizens' Assembly representing democratic moderates was useless.But the "Council of 400" has only been in power for four months.By 410 BC, the "5000" assembly had taken back the power of political adjudication and restored the democratic system.See chapters viii67, 97 of Thucydides. : They first deceived the masses, assuring them that the king of Persia would provide them with military expenses, so that they could fight Lacedaemon, and when the masses had been deceived, they tried to maintain the system they had established forever. 15 Another situation is that after gaining the trust of the people by deceit, they can continue to use another deceit, so that they can confuse the people again and again, so as to preserve the political system they have reformed.Generally speaking, the reason for the coup is that the meaning of the opening sentence and the last sentence of this section are basically the same, and it should be the concluding sentence summarizing the above sections of the whole chapter 1304b5. The content mentioned below line 7 does not follow the above, and seems to be a fragment of another chapter.The last sentence is repeated and can be deleted. .

Chapter five
What we have now to do is to study the different forms of government separately, and to examine the facts of each type of government individually, on the basis of the above-mentioned principles. 20
As far as civilian regimes are concerned, coups generally originate from the audacity of the mass leaders (demorogs).Sometimes, they accuse or falsely accuse individual rich people, and these rich people have to unite, you know, when people are in common danger, even if they are enemies, they still unite; sometimes they encourage the masses to attack See Chapter 1311, 15a1320 and Volume 4, Chapter 16, 25a336-6 for the entire wealthy class. . [-] Here, I can cite many examples. The notes on page iv[-] of "New School" indicate that the city-states listed below are all the colonial city-states of the Duri people in the coastal area of ​​Asia Minor, and Megara is the Duri people in the main part of Greece. The mother state, Heraclea on the south coast of the Black Sea was colonized by the Megara people in the [-]th century BC.To illustrate these two ways of causing internal strife.

在科斯岛，由于平民中出现了一些不好的群众领袖，贵族阶级最终不得不联合起来，彻底倾覆了平民政体；在罗得岛章三1302b23与32所指内讧跟此节所述者可能是同一事变。《苏校》二版第1511注，认为这里指的是公元前390年《狄奥多洛》xiv 97所记的政变，乘雅典派平民势力为人所轻蔑时，岛上的斯巴达派驱除了雅典派。查斐尔（《德谟叙尼及其时代》I 427）以及吉耳伯特（《希腊政制典实》ii 175）则认为亚里士多德本节指的应该是公元前357年罗得岛改变平民政体为寡头政体并且叛离雅典这一事件（见色诺芬《希腊史》iv 8、20—24；德谟叙尼《罗得岛人的自由》［De RhodLibert］章十四、十九）。

Each triple oar ship in the Athenian Navy was stipulated to be equipped and managed by a wealthy family, who was called the "Elder of the Ship", and the ship system of Rhodes was similar to that of Athens. , a similar thing happened, where the leaders of the masses had advocated and approved a system of allowances for the attendance of the citizens' assemblies and public courts, and thereupon, in order to raise this public expense, the leaders of the masses withheld 30 elders who should have been paid to the ships. The shipbuilding elders were outraged by the lawsuits of the shipyard owners, and they banded together to overthrow the civilian regime.Iboniz on the side of the Pontus Sea (Black Sea): "Index" 319b39 and "Su Xiao" second edition 1555 notes.Soon after the founding of the colonial city of Heraclea, its plebeian government was tragically ruined by the injustice of the leaders of the masses.They used illegal means to expel famous people, so the famous people in exile gathered and returned to their own country, and together they overthrew the civilian regime.

At Megara, the native state of Greece, the mother state of the colonized Heraclea, the plebeian government was destroyed by similar circumstances. 35 The local mass leaders tried to find various excuses to expel some famous figures in the state in order to confiscate their properties. However, the number of exiles increased and they finally returned home in groups. In 1305α, they defeated the civilian army through fierce battles and formed another Oligarchy Volume 1300 17a1302, this volume 3b1304, and 34b1365, three times pointed out that the exiled famous figures (noble class) in Megara overthrew the civilian government and changed the oligarchy to the oligarchy, and what they said was roughly the same. The second edition of "Su Xiao", Nos. 1513, 1556, and 6, said that the three references all referred to the coup in the era of the Megarian poet Theognis (the second half of the 59th century BC).Plutarch’s Quaest Graecae (Quaest Graecae) ​​[-], [-] mentioned that in the era of Theogony, the political order of the civilians in Megara was chaotic, and many rich houses were invaded. This coup can only be glimpsed from the posthumous poems of Theogony.

布佐耳特《希腊史》ii2395认为，1300a17与1304b34所说的指的是公元前6世纪下半叶的政变，而1302b30所说的则指的是《修昔底德》iv 66—74叙述的梅加拉政局。公元前424年，该城邦推翻平民政体，改建为极端寡头制度。

Other historians and researchers of Aristotelian works, such as Schlsser, As "Politik" (Schlsser, As "Politik") ii169 note, and Meyer's "Ancient History" (ie Greco-Roman History) (EMeyer, Geschde Alterth) ii633 page, it is believed that Aristotle's three lists are all changes in 424 BC. .There is the city of Kumei (Kμη) in Aeolis, and the colonial city of Kumai (Kμαη) built by the Kumei people in Compania, southern Italy. The historical facts cited (see Note 1269a1 of Volume II).The same was the fate of the plebeian regime in China, which was overthrown by Thrashmagus.Most coups in other Greek city-states were of this nature.In order to please the masses, civilian leaders did not hesitate to harm famous people. On the one hand, they punished them through heavy lessons or donations, which made them bankrupt and eventually reduced them to poor families; on the other hand, they falsely accused rich families and confiscated their assets.In this way, the noble class will often unite as a resistance cf. 5a1309-14. .

In ancient times, if the leader of the masses also served as a general, the civilian government would be usurped and become a tyrant. Therefore, most of the tyrants in ancient times were leaders of the masses or heroes of the common people. Utopia, Volume 1310, 14D. .However, today’s situation is different. Commoner heroes can no longer be tyrants. The reason is that due to the limitation of commoner leaders’ debating skills, the previous oratory skills are still in their infancy. 565 Commoner leaders are often born in the army and thus do not have this ability .This science has been developed in modern times. Therefore, only those who are good at speech and debate can become leaders of the masses. Two exceptions. 10 Another reason why tyranny was more popular in ancient times was that important functions often fell into private hands. Now this situation will not happen again. In the contemporary civilian regime mentioned by Germany, administrative power is dispersed among various agencies and cannot be held for a long time. Therefore, the ruler cannot monopolize power for a long time and form personal influence. .

For example, in Miletus, the establishment of the tyranny of Thrashublu was because he had been the head of the senate. According to Gilbert's "Greek Constitution" ii 1392, it was said that the tyrant mentioned in this section was the Sublu, see "Herodotus" I 20. "Plutany" (πρανι) is the chairman of the Senate in Athens, see Volume VI 1322b26, which refers to the highest administrative office. Corinth has a one-year term of office for Plutany, who once exercised the royal power on his behalf.Rhodes has a "Senate" composed of six Plutannes. The Plutanius of the Senate of Miletus can use this position to establish a tyranny. He has great power and is held by one person for a long time, so it is translated as "Principal Officer". , this official position holds several important powers, and another reason is that the land of the ancient city-states was small, and the people lived scattered in the countryside and engaged in farming, so their leaders were all good at fighting. Government provides an opportunity. 20 Generally speaking, tyrants expressed their hostility to rich families in order to win the trust of the common people.

In Athens, it was because of the leadership of the mountain and seaside poor people against the plains (rich households) "Athens Regime" 23, in the 6th century BC, shortly after the promulgation of Solon's legal system, the Athenians were divided into three factions: the seaside faction advocated Moderate civilian regime, the plains advocate oligarchic rule, while the mountain faction (or translated as the highland faction), that is, the faction led by Bishestrato, advocates an extreme civilian regime.By virtue of his position as the leader of the populace, Bishestrato became the tyrant three times in 33 years (560-527 BC). For details, see chapters such as "Herodotus" I 59 and "Government of Athens" thirteen to Seventeen chapters.

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