politics

Chapter 47 Volume (E) Five (5)
Piscestrato became the tyrant after the uprising; Theagenes slaughtered the large herds of cattle and sheep that the landowners grazed outside their fields by the stream, and thus became the tyrant of Megara. Gala was the tyrant in the second half of the 7th century BC. The deeds described in this section are not recorded in other books. ; In Syracuse, the establishment of the tyranny of Dionysius, 25 began with Daphnao in the second half of the 5th century BC, Sicily was repeatedly attacked by Carthage, and Daphnao was Agrigendon (Agrigentum) The general who defended the city was defeated. The city was occupied by the Carthaginians. Dionysius was the leader of the mercenary army.Dionysius took advantage of the defeat of the generals, accused them of their faults at the citizens' assembly, deposed Daphnao, and replaced him as general.After the tyranny, Daphnaus, as one of the leaders of the wealthy oligarchs who opposed the tyranny, was killed by Dionysius, as detailed in Diodorus xiii 86-96.and other rich room accusations.Because of such hostility to the propertied families, the common people believed in this man as a true democrat.

At the same time, political changes can also follow the traditional "ancestral system of civilian government" and "ancestral system of civilian government" (παρα δημοκραα) refers to the Athenian government established by Solon, as seen in Volume II, Chapter 1273, 38b1292. "The most modern form of civil government", that is, the "fourth form" called by Juan IV, Chapter 41, 404b6.In 5 BC, the Spartan army repeatedly defeated the Athens navy and army. Pausanias led troops to surround Athens, and Athens sued for peace. The peace treaty stated that the extreme democratic system was abolished and the "ancestral system" was restored.Later, the various parties in Athens made different interpretations of the "ancestral system". Some took the Solon law practiced in the early 490th century BC as the ancestral system, and some took the 480th century BC ([-]-[-]) as the ancestral system. The regime practiced by Themistocles was patriarchal.

The populist faction praised Thermistoker's "ancestral system" and strived to ensure the supreme authority of the common people, while among the two factions of the noble class, the moderate middle faction led by Theramenes praised Solon's "ancestral system". Attempts to restore a middle class dominated regime.With the help of Spartan force, the extreme oligarchs established the "30" oligarchy (404 BC), killed Seramini, and suppressed the middle.However, soon (403 BC), the populists who were in exile and led the army returned to drive out the extremists of the oligarchs and restored the civilian government. After that, for more than 30 years, until Aristotle wrote this book, the Athenians Live in the so-called "most recent" form of democracy.carried on, and innovations in the most recent form. [-] Now, since public offices are all elected by the people, and there are no restrictions on property qualifications, all common people have the right to vote, so those who apply for public office must adopt the posture of common people's heroes (orators) to flatter the masses, so The authority of the common people is often exalted above the authority of the law.If this effect is to be prevented, or at least to check the excessive development of this tendency, the suffrage should be divided among the tribes, and the whole common people should be prevented from uniting in elections.

These are the main causes of the coups in the civilian regime.

Chapter Six
In oligarchy, there are two very obvious ways to bring about a coup or revolution: the first way is that the ruler mistreats the populace, so that the people will be willing to trust and obey the leader who opposes the ruler, if the leader is motivated by the power. 40 Rygdami of Naxos Island is an oligarch. He became the leader of the common people, overthrew the oligarchy, and then formed an autocratic rule on the whole island. He himself became the tyrant of Naxos in 1305b. For the deeds of Lygdammy on Xoss Island, see "Herodotus" I 61, 64 and Aristotle's "Economy" Volume II 1346b7, "Fragment" [-] (this fragment is also "Na Regime of Xosos, but the full text has been lost today).At first, relying on the power of the common people to overthrow the original regime, Rygdammy rebuilt a democratic regime, and later turned into an autocratic regime with the help of Athens Bishestrato. .Infighting can arise in several different ways from opponents outside the ruling group. If public affairs are in the hands of a very small number of people, a coup will take place and an oligarchy will be ruined by the rich who have been abandoned outside of public office. room hands.

This kind of thing happened in Massarea, Estero, Heraclea. Massarea, which is now Marseille in France, was colonized by Greek immigrants in the 7th century BC. The lower reaches of the Danube River were called the Isidro River in ancient times. , The city of Isidro is on the south bank of the river. This should refer to the city of Isidro, which was developed by the Milesians. Heraclea is on the south bank of the Black Sea. The three cities belonged to the outlying colonial cities of the so-called "Greek world" at that time. .It happened in other city-states as well. 5 In all these oligarchies, those who do not have office are always quarreling until they share in it as well.At first, the eldest sons of each family took part in politics, and later the youngest sons also joined in politics.It should be noted that in some countries the system prevents father and son from holding office at the same time; in others even brothers do not hold office at the same time.Finally, the oligarchy of Massarea was transformed into a republic-like system, see 1321a29-32 of Volume VI, Chapter VII.

Dietenberg's "Greek Epistles" No. 200 records that Massarea uses the council of six hundred family citizens (timuchi) as the governing body, and the people must be citizens for three generations and have children themselves.Dittenberg determined that the inscription was recorded in 196 BC, and it was more than a hundred years later when Aristotle wrote the book.The other two cases are currently unknown. , Estero's oligarchy was eventually replaced by a civilian regime.In Heraclea, oligarchy ruled by a few people opened up the regime, and the number of 10 councils was expanded to 600 people.In Cnidus, where the oligarchy was also undergoing changes, first of all from within the nobility, there were strict regulations, as mentioned above, that if the father was already in office, the sons could not They can be appointed again. If there are several brothers in a family, only the eldest brother is allowed to be elected to public office. Therefore, only a few of the nobles in the state can be appointed to public office. 15 When the nobles were fighting among the officials and the unemployed, the common people found a leader from among the nobles and took advantage of the opportunity to rise up. This leader led the common people to overthrow the divided oligarchy, and the oligarchs The regime thus split and withered.Similar incidents also took place at Elusile.

In ancient times, this city-state was composed of the Basilu tribe. The "Basilu" tribe (ν βασιλιδν) should be the descendants of the ancient kings ("Basilu"), just like China uses "Wang" as the surname, and the Basilu tribe is also found in Ephesus ("Strebo" p. 633) and Kaiwo Island, see Toepffer, "Attische Genealogie" (Toepffer, Attische Genealogie) p. 240.According to the governance of the oligarchy, the Basilians are cautious and governed well, but the common people are dissatisfied with the status quo of power being manipulated by a few people, and finally overthrow the old system and switch to the people's government. Anti-government forces occur outside the ruler, and this path is divided in two, (a) the out-of-power figures in the ruling class initiate changes (20b1305-1), (b) out-of-power dignitaries cause internal strife, and the common people take the opportunity The overthrow of the oligarchy, or the populist overthrow of the oligarchy directly (12b1305-12).In the last case, the ruler did not abuse the people, and a revolution also occurred (22b1305-19). This is an exception to the general theory of revolution mentioned in 22a1305. The second way is the coup d’état after 37b1305—the coup d’état is caused by the ruler’s internal conflicts. caused by. .

The second way is to fight among the ruling groups.In order to suppress dissidents, they did not hesitate to pretend to be civilian heroes, but in fact they ultimately destroyed their own regime.There are two ways of internal strife among oligarchic orators. One is to use the trick of "civilian heroes" within the ruler's group.Although this kind of group has a limited number of people, it is not impossible to be a hero in it.In the "30s" in Athens, 25 Galikli and his followers won their support by currying favor with the "30s", and finally achieved the goal of developing their own power.In the "Age of the 400", the method adopted by Frunico and his followers is similar to that of Galilee's "Thirty" tyranny (30-404 BC), note 403a1305, "29" oligarchy (400-411 BC), note 410b1304.General history books regard Critia (Kρια) as the leader of the "Thirty" oligarchs, but here only Galikli (Xαρικλ) is cited. Chapters 13-34 of "The Political System of Athens" mentioned the deeds of the "30s" in great detail, but did not mention Galicles, but Lysias' "Anti-Eratosthyne" (Lysias, CEratosth) Put the two together again.

Also, in Isocrates' "De Bigis" (de Bigis) 42, it is said that Galicles is an oligarch who returned from exile, flattering the "Thirty" oligarchs to enslave the people and seeking favor from Sparta Da, the internal language spoken in this section is consistent with the Isocratic language. .The other is that oligarchs perform such roles in front of the common people.This can be taken as an example in Larisa, where the internal affairs function (guard officer) "guard officer" was first seen in Volume 1268 21a1322, and should also be the officials in charge of city defense mentioned in Volume 33 30a62. They guard the city wall and manage the city gate In normal times, this is powerful. According to this section, the eligibility of Larisa police officers is limited to oligarchs with high wealth, but the electors are all citizens.) It is elected by the people produced, so they must learn to brag and learn how to please the masses.In fact, in all oligarchic states,[-] if the right to elect office is not among the citizens qualified to be elected to such office, but the electees are limited to citizens of great wealth or members of political societies The term "political society" (αιρεα), also found in Thucydides viii[-]; also in the speeches of Lysias and Isocrates, is the group in which the Athenian oligarchs were active.

This group combines friends to engage in political struggles. Officials in the oligarchy are limited to members of parties or clubs. Chapters 5-6 of Volume 15 do not mention it. Only Chapter 1300 15a411 has such a special case.In 20 BC, Apidos rebelled against the Athens Alliance. After that, he practiced oligarchy for 62 years, and he was loyal to Sparta. "viii [-]).Apidos' official system and party affiliation are now untestable. , but there are no restrictions on electors, all heavily armed militias and all naturalized citizens are included, as is the electoral system of Apidos.This happens generally.

At the same time, the organization of the oligarchy courts does not include 35 members of the ruling group (with official qualifications). Such courts are similar to the public courts of civilian regimes and do not conform to oligarchy regimes.There may be omissions in the original text of this sentence. Perhaps the original intention is to say that in addition to the members of the ruling group, there are also civilians who join as jurors. aristocracy). , similar political unrest would occur.In such a city-state, in order to obtain a verdict in their favor, people would not hesitate to pretend to the jury the appearance and tone of a commoner hero.Thus, in Heraclea by the sea of ​​Pontus, internal strife and coup d'état would ensue.In the same way, if some of the oligarchs want to limit the power to a smaller circle, they will also cause riots. Then they will throw themselves into the arms of the common people and join forces with them to launch an attack.

40 That certain oligarchs in an oligarchy squander their wealth on extravagance, such as banquets, is also a sign of things to come within it.They must have a plan for doing this, 1306a either wants to be a tyrant themselves, or wants to support others to be a tyrant.Syracuse did this before Hipparino Dionysius.In Amphiporia again, Cleodimus exhausted his wealth to bring in immigrants from Calchi. Most of these cities are not in harmony with it.Its purpose of introducing Kalki immigrants is to seek to compete with Athens' colonization.See 1303b2.Was Amphipli originally an oligarchy?What was the purpose of Cleodimus instigating internal strife, and what was the success or failure of his coup?The original text is unknown, and there is no way to examine it in detail now. , Waiting for these immigrants to settle and incite them to attack the wealthy class.There is also a similar incident of spreading wealth and making friends on the island of Aegina. 5 The case cited here by that person and Gareth is not found in other books, and the original text is so brief that it is impossible to examine it in detail. Gareth seems to refer to an Athenian general who was stationed in Corinth in 367 BC (see Glote’s "History of Greece" vol. 372 379 and [-]).

At that time, Athens and Sparta joined forces to resist Thebes, and Aegina had always been at odds with Athens, and might join forces with Thebes. The dissidents in it planned to launch a coup with the help of Gareth's mercenaries, and Gareth Si is also happy to establish a regime in Aegean that is inclined to Athens.Secretly passed the song, intending to launch a coup.

Such people sometimes try to seize power directly, but sometimes they only want to embezzle or steal public funds. Even the latter behavior will affect the political situation. Dodd’s Notes on the Politics of A (Postgate Notes on the Politics of A) on page 22, believes that the theft of the public treasury and the launch of a civil war are in line with the fourth cause of the revolution. Because of fear and hope to escape punishment, they dare to rebel, see 1302b21. , or started by others who objected to their misdeeds, as in the coup d'état at Apollonia on the Pontus.Once these immigrants start to fight, 10 internal strife will immediately expand, and any united oligarchic regime is not easy to be overthrown through internal strife. The political system of the city-state of Farsaro can be used as an example.Although the number of this ruling group is small, they work together Xenophon's "History of Greece" vi 1, 18, 34, etc., Falsallo guarded the city of Polydamas before 375 BC, managed Finances won the trust of the public, and the whole country was peaceful. Later, Polydamus was killed, and internal strife increased. , so you can manage those prosperous civilians.

(End of this chapter)