politics

Chapter 48 Volume (E) Five (6)
If, in an oligarchy, smaller groups are formed within the ruling oligarchy, subversion will likewise be caused by internal strife.Originally, the number of people in the ruling group (those with qualifications for public office) was limited,15 and these few people were not all able to obtain the opportunity to be appointed to high positions.This was the case in Ellis at one time: the government was in the hands of a limited number of elders, the Senate, and only a very small number of people could be appointed elders. All ninety elders were lifelong, such as La Elders of Cydemonium, only certain families were eligible for election to this high office.

Both in wartime and in peacetime, 20 oligarchies are prone to coups caused by internal cajoling.In wartime, oligarchs in oligarchies who distrust the populace organize mercenaries.When such a mercenary army is commanded by a single man, he often uses it to steal the country and make himself a tyrant. In this way, Timophanes of Corinth established a tyrant. According to Diodorus xv 403, In 375 BC, a group of exiled civilians returned to Corinth from Alcas.Exenophon's "History of Greece" vii 44, Athens once plotted against Corinth, and the populace party may be the internal response of Athens, so the Corinthian oligarch government did not trust the civilian armed forces, and appointed Timophanes to recruit mercenaries in 366 BC.According to Theodorus xvi 653, Temophanes acted despotically, akin to a tyrant, but not really a tyrant.According to Plutarch's "Biography of Timofony" (Timol) 4, Timofony established a tyrant regime, which is consistent with what Aristotle said in this section. .If the mercenary army is led by several people, these generals can also form a warlord ruling combination. 1295 If the oligarchic government is wary of such consequences, they must pay attention to civilian force and allow the masses to share some political rights appropriately.

In normal times, if the members of an oligarchy divided into two factions, and the two factions did not trust each other, the task of maintaining law and order in the state would be given to mercenaries and a neutral person.If this neutral person happens to be a careerist, he can take the opportunity to overwhelm both parties, overthrow the original regime and establish a tyranny.In Larisa, Ximo of the Aleuan tribe was in charge of the city-state’s political power by virtue of its arbitration status, and when the various societies (parties) of Apidos were in dispute, they also defeated such a person. The person is Iphiadi. Here it is the same as 30b1305-29. The two cities of Larissa and Apidos are used as examples. "Thucydides" ii 33 said that when Larisa was in power under Simus of the Aleuean tribe, there were two opposing factions in the state (22 BC). According to the meaning of this section, Yi Fiatti was a neutral leader between the two parties and was thus promoted as an arbiter.The tactician Aeneas in "Aeneas, Poliorcetic" (Aeneas, Poliorcetic) 431, which records an Iphiadi who is proficient in tactics, Demosynes' "Anti-Aristocrates" 286-176, also Speaking of a character named Ifiadi, "Pu Lubo" xvi 177, said that there was another Ifiadhi in Apidus, but it is impossible to test who is the Ifiadhi mentioned here. .

Marital disputes or lawsuits can also lead to riots within an oligarchy, with one party attacking the other, leading to political infighting.Coups inspired by marital problems, 35 have already been given several examples see 1303b37-1304a17. , Here, we can also mention another thing: In Eletria, because of marriage problems, Diagora was wronged, so he resentfully overthrew the knightly oligarchy at that time. , it was mentioned that the restoration of tyranny by Bishestrato in Athens was assisted by the Eiletria oligarchic government.The overthrow of the oligarchy by Diagolla is now unknown. In Gilbert's "Greek Political System" ii 66, it is believed that this happened before the Hippo-Persian War.

In Heraclea and Thebes by the sea of ​​Pontus, there were also coups caused by dissatisfaction with the judgment of the lawsuit. The disputes in these two places were all cases of adultery, and the role of party strife was mixed up in the legal judgment. 1306b Using legal judgment, the political opponents of the losing party, Eurydishon of Heraclea and Achias of Thebes, ordered the person who deserved to be punished to be sold in the market place, causing him great shame, and The two events described here are very succinct, and it seems that everyone knows the historical facts of Aristotle's time, but now it is impossible to find out the actual situation of the coup d'état it caused.In all Greek states, if the "adultery" case is arrested on the spot by the husband or the woman's father and brother, they can be severely punished.However, the punishment imposed on thieves by wearing a flail to the public cannot be applied to nobles.See Meier and Schomann, Der attische Process, et, Lipsius, pp. 402ff.Canil (κφων), added to the neck to make the head bow forward, made of wood, see Suidas. .Because of the excesses of tyranny, it is not uncommon for an oligarchy to be overthrown by members of the ruling group who oppose the tyranny, as was the case with the Knidu and Kivao oligarchy. 5
Sometimes coups can also be caused by unexpected luck.The so-called republic, as well as the type of oligarchs who must have a fixed amount of assets to serve as council members, court jurors, and other functions, often encounter this kind of luck in various regimes.According to the situation when the regime was first established, only a small number of people in the oligarchy met the daily quota, and in the republic only those so-called middle classes met the daily quota. 10 Then, either because of a long peace, or for other reasons, an age of prosperity comes. Peace promotes economic prosperity, see Theodorus xi 72; Ed: Fragments of Greek Comedy, iv 259). , Therefore, the people's originally small family businesses have multiplied many times.As a result, many people are qualified to hold official positions, and the political system has to be changed accordingly.Sometimes the change develops gradually and goes unnoticed, however, at other times the change comes quickly and may even change suddenly. 15
Such are the causes of infighting and coup d'état in oligarchy, that, according to the common practice, the revolutions of plebeians and oligarchy sometimes do not become of the opposite type, but only of some variation of their own existing type. Chapter 1316 18a1273: It is more common for all regimes to become of the opposite type than of the original type. , For example, when a law-abiding civilian government becomes an authoritarian system, see Chapter 35 1274b15-1305a21 of Volume II and Chapter 28 1302a15-1306 of this volume.For law-abiding oligarchy and law-abiding oligarchy becoming authoritarian system, see 24b1308, 18a1309, 123a20, and [-]a[-] of this volume. [-] It can be transformed into a system of dictatorship of the common people and dictatorship of the oligarchs. Of course, it may also evolve in the opposite direction.

Chapter Seven
One of the reasons for the turmoil and change of the aristocracy is that the name and position are limited to a narrow range. See the previous chapter 1305b1-5. .This cause, as we have already mentioned, also produces disturbances in oligarchies; and since aristocracy is in a certain sense oligarchic, it naturally has the same effect. 25 Although the ruling classes of the two regimes were of different origins, they were equally small in number.From this common character, therefore, one may also say that aristocracy is contained in the varieties of oligarchy.When talents (characters) as noble as those of the ruling class appear among the common people, people's ideas of equality will be aroused, and riots for the above reasons will inevitably occur. Lacedaemon's so-called "Barseni" is an example . 30 The Balseni were the illegitimate sons of real citizens (noble families) of Sparta. Because they did not receive equal civil rights, they formed a party and plotted rebellion.After the rebellion was leaked, they were forcibly sent out to colonize Tarranton. Aristotle called Tarranton’s paternal lineage of Greek colonial ancestors “full citizens” (ο μοιοι), that is, both parents have been citizens for all generations. This is translated as "Noble Family").But their matriarchal marriage is not legal, not the official wife.

The political status of these mothers is not explained in this book.Other historical books say that "Barsini" (παρθεναι) was the illegitimate son of a Spartan citizen (78) "Strebo" on page 279 quotes Antiochus, the ancient historian of Syracuse, as saying that it was during the Messinian War After the Spartans who did not participate in the war were deprived of their citizenship, they were reduced to serfs, and their descendants were called "Barceni". (26) On page [-] of "Strebo", the author of "History of the World" is quoted by Evro, saying that at the beginning of the Messinian War, the soldiers who went to the expedition first made an oath, "Whoever does not conquer will never return home."By the tenth year of the war, the population had dropped sharply, so those soldiers who did not take this oath were sent back to their hometowns to have children; ([-]) Heraclitus of the Black Sea: "Republic of Cities and States" [-], which is different from other books: Barceni was born to a Spartan woman, and his father is unknown, or he is a serf (Helu too). .

People with outstanding talents who are suppressed or insulted by the superiors may also initiate riots. For example, Lysander, who was humiliated by the kings of Sparta, the Athens oligarchs relied on the "Thirty" oligarch tyranny established by the Spartan general Lysander, and were defeated by the populace. After the overthrow, Pausanias, king of Sparta, suppressed Lysander and stopped letting him lead troops to attack Athens (Xenophon: "History of Greece" ii 429).Later, when he went to conquer the states of Asia Minor, King Agesilaus humiliated Lysander again (Plutarch: "Biography of Lysander" 23).Therefore, Lu Sande had planned to abolish the hereditary system of the Spartan throne in order to depose the contemporary kings. .In addition, brave people will gather together to rebel if they don’t get fame. 35 For example, when King Aji Xuelao was in power, Jinatun conspired to kill the Spartan dignitaries and established himself as a “brave man” (νδρδη ), according to "Rhetoric" Volume 1391 Chapter 22 399a4, they are all "people who love fame and status" (people with good names).Jinatun gathered a crowd to revolt and established himself as the leader. Many of them died in battle and were defeated immediately. This happened in 11 BC (Xenophon: "History of Greece" iii 1307-7). .Again, if the disparity between the rich and the poor in a state is so great that some are reduced to poverty while others grow richer, this will also lead to misfortune.This was especially prevalent in times of war, exemplified by the social division of Sparta at the time of the Messinian Wars, [-]b, while Dortaeus, the ancient poet of Athens, arrived in Las Vegas in the early seventh century BC. Cydimon, who became a citizen of Sparta, was famous for being good at battle songs.

Sparta conquered Messinia, the first war was in the second half of the 8th century BC, and the second was in the early 7th century BC (see Volume II 1269b3, 1270a3).Pausanias: It was mentioned in "Greek Customs" iv 181-3 that during this war, the farmlands in the border areas were all abandoned, and the places that were not destroyed by the war were richer.Evidence can be found in a poem titled Zhizhi (Eνομαs): it speaks of the people trapped by war and demanded redistribution of land.Also, a disgruntled man in a high position may seek change in order to rule arbitrary.For the commander-in-chief during the Persian War, Pausanias, please refer to 1301b20 above this volume and 1333b32 and notes in Volume 370 below. , Hanno of Carthage, "Newman's Annotation" (page IV 5), said that Hanno (Aννων) here seems to be Justinian: Carthage's conquest of Sicily and One of the Carthaginian generals who fought Dionysios first was also Hanno.Melza: "History of Carthage" (Metlzer, GeschdKarthager) Volume 504, page 1316, says that here and Chapter 34 5a[-], Hanno mentioned by Aristotle should be another earlier figure.are examples. [-]
Deviation from the founding justice should be the main reason for the overthrow of the aristocracy and the republic.A proper reconciliation of the various parts (elements) that make up the city-state is necessary, otherwise neither is safe from peril.And those elements that should be reconciled are the common people and the oligarchs in the republic; in the aristocracy, there is an additional element of virtue.But in fact, for the two regimes, it is the first two elements that really need to be reconciled. As far as the aristocratic regime is concerned, it is those two elements that are really difficult to reconcile.The only difference between an aristocracy and a so-called republic is the method of reconciling these two elements cf. Book IV, Chapter VII. , which is why the former is not as stable as the latter.In the coordination of regimes, aristocratic regimes focus on the element of oligarchs and elites, while republican regimes focus on the element of common people.So the latter is often more stable than the former.

As long as civilians can share the same political rights,15 they are willing to obey the government that grants them such rights, and the government will get the support of the majority of the people. The larger the number of civilians, the stronger the support for the government.But rich and famous people are different.Even if a polity bestows upon them a privileged position, they may be indulged in other, higher aspirations.However, as is customary, if a regime does not properly balance the various elements and favors a certain direction,20 in that biased direction, a coup d'état may occur.The part (element) that receives special benefits will continue to strengthen its own advantages: so the common government will replace the republican government, and the oligarchy will replace the aristocratic government. Changes into its corresponding metamorphosis type, that is, monarchy becomes tyranny, aristocracy becomes oligarchy, and meritorious government (ie republic) becomes civilian government.The general rule established by the "anti" element contained in it is consistent with it.But this is inconsistent with the general rule cited in Chapter 1160 16a1316. .

(End of this chapter)