politics

Chapter 49 Volume (E) Five (7)
However, the direction of change may be the opposite of what came before.For example, if the poorer populace in an aristocracy feel that they are being treated unjustly (equity), they may initiate changes that demand the interests of the common people; , can also turn a republic into an oligarchy.It was originally believed that only by seeking the corresponding equal rights based on the value of each person, can political stability be maintained for a long time. The changes that took place in the Zoriyi aristocratic government are this kind of change that tends in the opposite direction. Emphasis should be placed on talent and virtue. The official system of Zoriyi in southern Italy has a sign of oligarchic bias by setting high property conditions.In the early days of Zoriyi’s colonization, the Sybarians occupied too much land and were expelled by the other clans that co-colonized, namely the Athenians (25a1303). This matter can be seen in Diodorus xii31.Hiroser: The coup d'état listed in "Aristotle's Politics" I11 refers to this event.

The second edition of "Su Xiao", Note No. 1602, mentioned that after the defeat of Athens in the conquest of Syracuse, the pro-Athens populist faction of Zoriyi was expelled and a mixed oligarchy of "nobles and plutocrats" was established. Plutarch: "Lysias" (Pseudo-Plut, Decem OraVitae, Lysias), the second of "Ten Orators' Biographies" (Pseudo-Plut, Decem OraVitae, Lysias) 835 D This section of Aristotle should be about this kind of mixed oligarchy; At the beginning of the 4th century BC, the regime was overthrown by the populace.instance of .Initially, because of objections to the high property eligibility quota for office, the government lowered the quota and added several offices.Later, because the government had an oligarchic tendency, the aristocrats were indulged in their greed, and they went beyond their authority to buy land illegally,30 and civil war broke out immediately.The garrison force of the oligarchs is "the army guarding in the bunker" (ν φρουρν), hereby translated as "guard force".At that time, in order to prevent the invasion of the Lucanians, Zoriyi set up many "blockhouses" in various places in the territory. The garrison of the blockhouses may be young people from rich families or wealthy citizens' families (see 1307b9 of this chapter, and 1322a27 of Volume [-]).

Overwhelmed by the masses of the common people who have been tempered by struggle.In this way, the aristocratic class had to give up buying land that exceeded the limit, and the aristocratic government became a civilian government.We can also say that the oligarchic forces in all aristocratic regimes have a tendency to indulge the nobles, for example, in Lacedaemon, a few rich houses cf. volume II 1270a18.Manor fields are often concentrated in the hands.The aristocracy generally did whatever they wanted, marrying any woman they liked.The mistake of the city of Locrie in southern Italy was due to the marriage between Dionysius of Syracuse and the citizens of the city. The Syracusans later established a tyrant in Locrie.Therefore this situation cannot happen. 40 From the last sentence here, it appears that the city of Locri in Ebisuferry was "an unbalanced aristocracy".At that time, the Locri people voted to choose a woman from the civil family to marry the former Lord Dionysius of Syracuse. This event can be seen in "Theodorus" xiv446.According to Aristotle's argument here, this kind of marriage comes from the oligarchic bias. 40 years later, because of this marriage, the heir Dionysius was expelled from Syracuse (356 BC) and fled to the city of Locri, where he was a tyrant for six years. , and was finally abolished by the Locris, as seen in "Athena" page 541 and other books. .

We have mentioned see Chapter 1303 20a25-1302; again, 4b1303, 17b1307.One of the general rules of coups is that we have mentioned that the fuse of the revolution 5α is sometimes caused by various regimes not paying attention to details. For the aristocratic regime, this general rule is especially suitable.Often the aristocratic regime gradually declines due to small things, and finally changes the old regime unexpectedly.Of the various elements which constituted the original constitution, some were first accidentally abandoned, and some of the more important parts were easily destroyed. 10 In the end, the entire system of a state was transformed.This is the actual process of Zoriyi's transformation.It was originally stipulated that the post of general in the state could only be reappointed after five years.Some young men of military talent, who had always been popular among the soldiers of the garrison, wanted their generals to be re-elected, thinking that since the masses might be willing to choose successive generals, it would be possible to abolish this practice. [-] So regardless of the will of the ruler, the motion was made in this way.

The body responsible for the consideration of such motions is the "Collegiate Officers" of the so-called "Collegal House", who at first tried their best to protect the rules, but then, seeing that the motions wishing to be amended were limited to this one matter, allowed this amendment, thinking that Other conventions that can preserve the original government.But once the door of modification is opened,15 other changes follow; and at this point the tide, despite their best efforts, cannot be stopped.Since then, the political system of this city-state has become ruled by elites (oligarchs-nobility), and the reformers who created this system have seized the right to set up "collegiate officers" to maintain the rules, which should be a measure of the aristocratic government; but after five years, Only generals can serve as generals again. In a civilian regime, this is a measure to prevent the emergence of tyrants or oligarchs in the country.The Greek colonial city-states in southern Italy, such as Tarenton, also had this restriction (see Diogenes Laertius: "Biographies of Scholars" Vol. 79:4).According to this section, Zoriyi was originally a mixed regime of "nobles and commoners" at that time.Textual research generally believes that this change occurred in the 373th century BC: at that time, the Lukans and the Bruttians (Bruttians) often attacked Zoriyi. Long-serving generals will develop oligarchic forces, so the Zoriyi regime actually becomes a "nobility-oligarch (plutocrat)" rule (see "New School" IV pp. 377, [-]). .

Since all regimes can be destroyed by internal accidents,20 in general they can also be destroyed by external forces.If the immediate neighbors of each city-state implement a hostile regime, or the city-states that implement the opposite regime are far away, but both sides happen to be strong enemies, and its strength is strong enough to reach far away, they will be difficult to maintain their inherent regime. .This was the case in the era when Athens and Lacedaemon were fighting for hegemony: the Athenians destroyed the oligarchic city-states everywhere; the Spartans suppressed the civilian city-states everywhere, see Volume IV 1296a32. .

Chapter 1301 According to the program at the beginning of this volume, 20a25-569, the two topics of the method of protecting the regime and the reasons for the coup should be discussed separately.Here, Chapter Eight and Chapter Nine, after describing the various reasons for the change of the civilian and oligarchic regimes in the previous chapters, then describe how to remedy it, just like a doctor prescribes after a pathological diagnosis. "New School" (TV "Appendix" pages A570-[-]) has compared the various treatments listed in these two chapters with the lists of various political cases (pulse cases) listed in the previous chapters.In the following chapter ten, Aristotle continues the pathological analysis in chapter seven, and continues to discuss monarchy, including tyranny and the causes of change; the remedial method described in chapter eleven is consistent with the cases in chapter ten.Chapter [-] discusses the reasons why tyranny is difficult to survive for a long time, and then criticizes Plato's discussion of revolution and coup d'état, which can be said to return to the main topic of Volume [-].

25 The various causes of revolution and internal strife in various regimes have been largely explained.Next we examine general methods of protecting various polities and individual methods of maintaining individual polities.First of all, it must be understood that only by investigating the reasons for destroying the regime can we find a way to preserve it.Because opposite effects are caused by opposite causes, destruction and preservation are opposite effects caused by opposite effects.From this point of view, (30) First, 35 For a political system in which various elements have been partially reconciled, the most important thing is to prohibit all illegal (breaking the rules) actions, and pay special attention to all details that are easily overlooked.Because things are so trivial, transgressions are often overlooked, and it's like continually wasting small fees, and finally exhausting all the wealth because of indifference.Because people don't spend a lot of money at the same time, people feel that there is no need to care about the small amount of money; sometimes it causes sophistical and absurd (deceitful words) wrong words, 401307 so people often happen unexpectedly in these cases.For example, it is true in a certain sense that "all small things gather together, and their product is small", but in another sense it is not suitable. "Although what is accumulated belongs to the small, but once the small is accumulated, the accumulated is not small."Therefore, everyone should pay attention to the deviant behavior in the section, so as not to make them the beginning of illegal actions Rakia's transformation. .

1308α (ii) Secondly, we must remember that all methods of deceiving the people are not to be trusted.These tricks have been proved by previous experience to be ineffective.Before this, we have said the nature of some tricks in the political system 1307b40-1308a3 section, see Volume 1297 14a[-]-bl. .

(5) Also, in states with oligarchy and aristocracy, the long-term stability of the government is not necessarily because the political system is particularly stable. 10 It may be that their officials can gain good opinion between the masses and the ruling class who are not official related.As long as the city-state is politically stable, the officials must treat the foreign people with justice (justice), let the leaders of the foreign people take up the duties of governance, let the brave and brave get the honor (name) they deserve, and never invade the common people. The property of the masses; officials and other members of the ruling class must also be able to help each other, 15 they all have a democratic concept of equality.Populists always try to extend the principle of equality until all the masses are included in the polity.The practice of equal treatment among peoples who are in fact equal is indeed just, and because it is just, it is good for the state.Therefore, it is a beneficial and reasonable measure to limit the term of office of officials to six months, so that equal people may have the opportunity to serve in office in turn.

一邦之内拥有充分政治权利的公民或统治阶级即为同等的人，如果这些人的数目众多，则本身就能成为一种民主性质的团体，所以，前面我们曾经说见于1305b23—33。过，“平民英雄”就是在这种团体内产生的。这种团体构建的寡头和贵族政体，倘若在本阶级内采用这样民主性质的措施，20就不会轻易变革为门阀统治。短期执政的为害总比不上长期执政那么大；寡头和平民政体变成僭主政体，大概是因为权力长期掌握在某些人手中的原因。那些终于成为僭主的人，最初往往是著名人物，比如寡头城邦中的世家巨子或平民城邦中的群众领袖，历任要职的文物官员，以及久掌国政的文武官员1308a3—24与1302b6—14、1305a7—28、1305b2—22、36—39、1306a12—19、31—b5、1306b31—36对照。。

25 (30) A government can be preserved because it is far from the danger of the enemy, and sometimes everyone is cheered up because of the imminent danger.Because adversity lies ahead, everyone must do their best to defend their political system.Therefore, if the people in power love the state, they must carefully consider the enemy's harm, regard distant disasters as near-term worries, and make alarms (danger) in time, so that the people of the whole country can always be on alert, and 1308 people are like night watch patrols. , paying attention to any movement around the night. Section 24a30-1303, Newman believes that it is in contrast to the "lax" bad governance mentioned in 16a25-1307.In the note of Bakker’s translation, this section is compared with the “enemy’s foreign invasion” mentioned in 19b23-[-] at the end of the previous chapter. .

（五）凭自己的行动和城邦的法度，执政者应防止贵族阶级间发生内讧和争吵；对还没牵扯进党派气息的人们最好及时隔离，不使他们陷入私斗的旋涡。唯有真正的政治家才拥有远见1308a31—35与1303b19—1304a17、1305b22—39对照。，普通人常常不会注意那些显示变乱的预兆。

35(40) In oligarchies and republics, the role of property qualifications (quotas) also leads to changes.For example, the property quota for being an official has not been changed in currency terms, but if the amount of money in circulation in a state has increased a lot, the change will occur among public officials in the state.To deal with such changes, we can regularly re-evaluate all industries in the state based on the currency value assessed in previous years.All city-states that register their citizens' property once a year also conduct valuations every year; because large states re-register every three or five years, they can be implemented at corresponding intervals. Most of the Greek city-states have "property registration" (μυημα ).Oligarchs and republican city-states used this register as a basis for office qualifications and citizenship.

Although the civilian government does not regard property as a necessary condition for public office and citizenship, it also handles this kind of registration as a base book for "public welfare donations" in peacetime and "collection" (property tax) in wartime.valuation.If it is found that the total monetary value of the property has decreased by several times or increased by several times compared with the value appraised in the previous year, such a regulation should be formulated, and the quota of property qualifications made by the government should be adjusted accordingly at any time according to the revaluation of the year.Without this policy, changes in the oligarchy and republic would be inevitable.If the currency in circulation is reduced without changing the quota, 1308 then the coup d'etat will be from the republic to the oligarchy, and from the oligarchy to the patriarchal government; on the contrary, if the currency is increased, the coup will be carried out in the other direction, from the republic to the civilian government, An oligarchy becomes either a republic or a populace 5a1308-b35 contrast with 10b1306-6. .

(1) In the oligarchy and democracies π1 manuscript, the following has the number "and in the monarchy", the P2 manuscript has these words smeared with red pen, and the Π1301 manuscript and the "Becker Collation" are deleted. "New School" and "Su School" both add <>, but Newman's annotations indicate that according to 13b[-], "oligarchy" can also be linked to "monarchy" here.Henceforth the whole of the above chapter and the last section of this chapter refer exclusively to oligarchy and aristocratic regimes; henceforth the treatment of political diseases in the next two sections applies generally to regimes of all kinds.Such conventions can be established; in politics no one is allowed to attain a superior position out of ordinary proportions.In fact, this convention can be applied to all polities.It is not appropriate for the ruler to bestow grace too suddenly, but to grant it to people one after another with small honors (names) at quite long intervals.Not everyone in the world is content with honor; pride often degrades the general character.

(End of this chapter)