politics

Chapter 53 Volume (E) Five (11)
At that time, Artebani hanged Darius without the consent of Chaxes. Afterwards, on the one hand, he felt that this happened when Chaxes was drinking and drunk. 40 On the other hand, because he was often worried that Taksi would blame Artebani (Aραπνη) for this matter, see "Theodorus" xi 69, Justinian: "History of the Rise and Fall of Macedonia" iii1, and Ctesia preserved in Phosius's "Book Records" 70: "Persia" (Ctesias, "Persica"): Artebani was the head of the bodyguard of the Persian king Taksi (reigned from 486 to 465 BC). Stealing the throne, he first harmed Taksi, and then seduced Taksi’s youngest son Artai Taksi [First] (Aραξερξη), killed his elder brother Darius (Δαρεοs) and seized the throne (464-424 BC reign).Later, he failed to murder Altai Chuokexi and was killed by Altai Chuokexi.According to the above-mentioned historical records, "Schneider School" "Tuo Kexi" is "Altai Chuoke Xi" (line 1131b38); "Su School" is from Schneider.According to "Diodorus" and other records, Artebani hanged Darius and killed him without authorization. The so-called "suspect" and "terror" here are inconsistent.Newman thought that there might be another version of Aristotle's German, so he didn't make corrections. , So I doubt and fear.

Yet another reason a monarch is killed is that what he has done is considered undignified. In 1312ɑSardanabalus, king of Syria, was seen by others because he was combing wool among women τιs, "someone" or "someone", according to "Athena" 528E, this "someone" It should be Albaki (Aρβκη), a Persian northern Median, who was a general of King Sardanabalu.There are two stories about his deeds, (69) the rebel assassinated his king at the place where the wool was combed, (3) Albaki led the army to drive away the king, and Sardanabalu committed suicide in defeat.Aristotle said this section before (from Duris); "Diodorus" xi 5 and Justinian: "History of the Rise and Fall of Macedonia" i 21 said later (from Ctesia). , Knowing that he was negligent, he stabbed him to death.Of course, this is just hearsay, but such a thing does not only happen to Saldanabalu, it may happen to other kings as well.The tyrant of Syracuse, Dionysius, was despised for similar reasons and was attacked by Dion.At that time, Dion saw that Dionysius lost his respect for him because of his drunkenness, so he despised him. See below 39-18.The motivation of Dion (Δων) to raise troops to expel Dionysius's successor should be his "contempt" for the tyrant and his personal "ambition".Plutarch: "Dion's Biography" 21, [-], said that although Dion saw that the emperor was weak, the direct reason for his uprising was that Dionysius confiscated his property and wife. .

... The ruler is too arbitrary, even his relatives and friends don't bother to get along with him. 10 Even if the ruler regards these relatives and friends as his confidantes, in their eyes, this kind of behavior of the ruler is extremely stupid, so they despise him even more, and plot rebellion even more brazenly.If the traitors despise the Lord, they will rise up when they feel confident that they can win.At this time, they will no longer consider any current dangers.This is generally the case when generals turn against their kings.For example, when Cyrus discovered that Astyeti was living in luxury and his energy was getting exhausted, he blatantly challenged him. According to "Herodotus" i 107 and other historical records, Cyrus should be Astyeti (Aσυγη )’s grandson; but Phosius: The record of Ketishia quoted in the Book of Records does not mention the relationship between the grandparents of the two.Judging from the passage Aristotle cites, Cyrus seems to have been a general of Astiegia. .The general of the King of Armedugo, the Thracian Huxes committed rebellion, and it was also due to similar reasons. See Xenophon: "Long March" (Anabasis) vii 232: Xenophon returns to Greece from Persia Mercenary, who en route helped Huxes restore his father's lands (400 BC). "History of Greece" iv 826, also said that Huxes was the "ruler of the seaside area" of Seleki, and was at odds with the Ortyrs (Οδρσαι) (about 390 BC), and Slashybulo was the two states mediate.

"Diodorus" xiii 1053, xiv 942 called Huxes "king".Here he is referred to as "the Seleki", which is different from the content in the above two books. .Incidents sometimes occur for a single cause,15 and sometimes for a cumulative outburst of many causes.For example, if one of the king's subordinates has excellent ability and is entrusted with important military tasks, there are often many reasons for his defection.People who are brave and want to make a difference, once they have power, are convinced that once they act, it will not be difficult to achieve great things. Add < > to this sentence in lines 17-20 of "New School", and move between lines 6-7.Sentences 1315a10-13 of the next chapter correspond to the section above line 17 here.

Misrida attacked and killed his father, the governor of Persia, Aliou Bachanis, in the 1692 note of the second edition of "Soviet School" out of this personal greedy attempt, coupled with contemptuous thoughts in his mind. Ariobachanis (Aριοβαρζνη) was the governor of Persia on the south bank of Pangdu (Black Sea) (in office from 363 to 336 BC). After his death, his son Misridati succeeded him as the governor (see Xenophon: " The Infant Education of Cyrus, Cyropaedia, viii 84).Noltek: "Persian History" (Nldeke, Aufstze zur persische Gesch,) page 72, thinks that this Aliou Pachanis should be the successor of Fanabazu (Φαρναβζο), the governor of Greece, who rebelled against Persia in 367 BC , was executed, and died two years later. . 20
The nature of the turmoil caused by the name strife is very different from the situation mentioned above.Some people launch great events in order to gain a world-wide and immortal reputation.There are those who risk assassination in order to obtain great benefits and higher positions, 25 in order to take the lives of tyrants.These two kinds of people are very different.In the view of the former, killing a tyrant can wipe out the tyranny, which is a great cause that shocks the world. If such a reputation can last forever, it is far better than a city or a country.In fact, men who have been exceptionally brave from this motive have been rare.Those who can do this must have the spirit of sacrificing their lives for righteousness, so that they can pursue their ambitions regardless of success or failure.

A decisive character like Dion's is suitable for people with ambitions: when Dion led his small group of followers to set sail for the battle with Queen Dionysius, he said this: "We How far the party will go, 35 These can not be predicted; since we have raised the flag today; even if once our ships land, I will die on the beach of Syracuse, but this is also very good The land has fulfilled my wish.” The tyrant of Syracuse and the former Lord of Dionysius (reigned from 406 to 367 BC) defeated Carthage twice and ruled the Adriatic states with Sicily.After his death, his son succeeded him, so internal strife occurred many times. In 366 BC, the latter expelled his brother-in-law Dion.Carthage took the opportunity to attack Sicily and invade its western cities.Corinthian Timoleon brought in reinforcements.Carthage retreated, Syracuse was transformed into a civilian government, and then the main theme was to restore the tyrant regime.In 357 BC, Dion led the exiles to attack back. After the victory, the main defender took control of Syracuse, and was assassinated by Callipus soon after. Dionysius was forced to flee to City of Locri, Italy.In fact, such a determined temperament is rare.

Before that, we have talked about see Chapter VII 1307b19-24. , the external force is other various regimes "other regimes" (ν λλων κση πολιειν), "others" indicates that "tyranny" is also one of "regiments", which is the same as the two types of monarchy and tyranny in this chapter. The "[constitutional] regimes" are different from each other.See Note 1310b1.Juan 1286 lists the types of monarchs in the various regimes, but Chapter 8 13a40-1312 of the volume lists the monarchy outside the general regimes.One of the reasons for being destroyed, of course, external forces can also destroy the tyranny. [-] A city-state with the opposite form of government may be more powerful than a city-state of a tyrant.In principle, a city-state with the opposite government type would attempt to destroy another city-state with a tyrant. If [-]b has this kind of will, coupled with his own strength, he can put it into action.The principles against tyranny are contained in different types of regimes.

For example, those who take the form of mass tyranny in extreme civilian regimes often fight against personal tyranny.This situation is just like what Xixiwotu said: 5 "There is always a quarrel between the potter and the potter." Xixiuotu: "Work and Season" 25-28, said "the potter fights with the potter Woodcutters quarrel with woodcutters, singers are jealous of singers".This is the same meaning as the Chinese proverb "A peer must be jealous".Xenophon: "The Republic of Athens" (RepAth) iii 10 "Seek each other with the same spirit, respond to the same voice, and those who are similar will love each other", which means the opposite.Monarchy is against tyranny, and aristocracy is against tyranny, but for different reasons.This is because the purpose of the establishment of the two parties is different.It is for this reason that most of the tyrant city-states were destroyed by Lacedaemon, which was dominated by the royal family. In the era when Syracuse enjoyed a good political system, the rule of Syracuse since the tyrant of Gloo ended, and it was rebuilt into an aristocratic government or an aristocratic republic. The political system lasted for more than 50 years, about 465-412 BC.also follow the same policy.

Internal discord can also lead to the destruction of a tyranny. 10 People in tyrannical systems often have rifts.For example, the Gero family in Syracuse used to have many discord problems, and the second family of Dionysius in the present world also often has internal strife 1312~39 years.Here (line 357b356) is called "present world" (νν), just like the book "Politics", Aristotle has begun to be a manuscript in the Akatemi Academy (see Ross: "Aristotle" , Chapter 1312 "A Summary of Aristotle's Writings").However, judging from other evidences, Juan 10, 1, and [-] have been determined to be the works of Aristotle in his later years.The word "present world" here refers to the matter of ten years. .Thrashublu was the younger brother of Golo and his successor, the tyrant Hiero.

After Hiero's death, the position of tyrant was passed on to Gero's heir "Glo's heir", and the name of this heir cannot be found in any ancient books.According to "Theodorus" xi664, Thrashublu succeeds his brother Hiero as the tyrant; according to Chapter 1315 38b15 of this volume, it is also said that the three Geluo brothers successively became the tyrant.This section may not be Aristotle's original work. .Slaxub seduced the young master with his licentious life and made him fall into it, while he actually took charge of the state affairs.Then the kinsmen of the heir master joined forces with his followers in an attempt to cut off Thrashublu,[-] and restore the lost power of the heir;In the end, Thrashublu destroyed the tyranny created by Gro.The overthrow of the tyrant regime of Dionysius was due to his relatives belonging to Dion.At that time, Dion received the help of civilian forces.An army was raised against the Queen, and at last he was defeated and expelled, but Dion himself died soon after.

Hatred and contempt are often the two principal motives that inspire attacks on tyranny. 20 To be a tyrant is to be hated by others; but this hatred can only be overthrown when the tyrant is despised.Therefore, those tyrants who established their rule through their own hard work can generally maintain their regime, but after the tyrant's position is passed on to future generations, their predecessors are often easily lost. See Plato: "Laws" Volume III 695. .This is because, because the successor tyrant grew up in luxury, 25 he forgot all difficulties, and it was natural for the public to despise him, which gave people who could attack the tyrant at any time an opportunity to take advantage of.The emotion of hatred contains anger, and anger inspires fighting spirit.

As an effective stimulus, anger irritates people, and the irritated people often fight bravely regardless of the stakes.Insults are very easy to disturb people's emotions; 30 this is the reason for the downfall of the tyrant regime of Bishestrato and other tyrant regimes.Hatred of the enemy does not necessarily make people feel distressed. At this time, people can still consider the stakes.When the two emotions of anger and distress are intertwined, people who are both angry and annoyed are prone to lose their minds. See "Rhetoric" Volume II 1382a12.This section cites "hatred" (òμσο) as the special reason for destroying tyranny, which is equivalent to Chapter 1304 19b24-1305 for civilian regimes, Chapter 37 41a1307-5 for oligarchy, and Chapter 12 [-]a[-]-[-] for nobles and republics. After discussing the general reasons, give another individual reason. .

In short, 35 see 1302b25-33, 1304b20-1306b21 as mentioned above. , the reasons for the overthrow of unreconciled extreme oligarchies and extreme civilian regimes are also the reasons for the overthrow of tyranny: in fact, for these regimes and collective tyranny, see Volume IV, Chapter 1292, 15a1293, and Chapter VI, 30a40.It's no different.The least easily destroyed by external factors is the monarchy, so the monarchy can last for a long time; generally it is due to internal factors that lead to the demise of the kingdom.There are two reasons for internal strife in the monarchy: one is that people within the royal family fight for power among themselves; 1313 the other is that the king himself exceeds the law, is not satisfied with the duties of the royal family, and tries in vain to obtain greater and more privileges, and even wants to obtain The tyrant's expertise. [-]ɑOf course, in the present world, the monarchy has long been outdated; the regimes in the present world that are called kings and orphans are actually the personal autocracy of the monarch or tyrant.

Rule by the public will is the hallmark of a monarchy in which the king presides over the principal affairs of the state.At present, under the situation that all countries are advocating equality, there are almost no people who are capable of governing the important affairs of the state, have outstanding talents, and are capable of bearing the honor of the royal family.Therefore, the existence of the king has generally not obtained people's consent.If anyone tried to impose his own dominion over many by cunning or force, he was immediately denounced as a tyrant. 5 Of course, a hereditary monarchy has another reason to overthrow.The hereditary kings of this family are despised by the people; or they forget that they only enjoy the dignity of the royal family, but they do not have the authority of a tyrant, and they damage or insult others at will.In this way, their demise is just around the corner.Of course, the tyrant can continue to implement his tyrant regardless of whether the people agree with him as a tyrant.But as far as the throne is concerned, if the governed is not willing to be his subjects, then this person cannot be called a king. 10
It is for these reasons, and reasons like these, that monarchy (a long system) leads to ruin.Next, we can further discuss the methods of preserving this form of domination.

Chapter Eleven
(End of this chapter)