politics

Chapter 52 Volume (E) Five (10)
It is the purpose of setting up the throne to arrange a patron for the society, because in this way, all the property of each family can be protected under the shadow of the king, so as to avoid all bullying or oppression. This view was held by philosophers in the 19th century, such as French Comte (1798-1857) and German Hegel (1770-1831).This view of Aristotle is also adopted in the appendix "Theory of Monarchy" of the "Congreve School Text" published in the 19th century. .Speaking of tyranny, we have repeatedly said see Book III 1279b6, Book IV 1295a19. , its role is exactly the opposite of the monarchy.A tyranny has no interest in the public good except its own.What the tyrant values ​​is only his own enjoyment, but the virtuous king in the royal system relies on goodness. 5 The interests of the two are different, so the goals they pursue are also different.For the tyrant, what he seeks every day is the accumulation of his wealth; for the virtuous king, what he seeks is the immortality of his fame.The virtuous king used his own citizens as his guard, while the tyrant used foreign mercenaries. Please refer to Volume III, Chapter 1285, 24b290-[-].for the guard.

Since tyranny is a combination of oligarchy and civilian government, it must have the disadvantages of both oligarchy and civilian government.On the one hand, it inherited from the oligarchy the purpose of accumulating wealth,10 in order to maintain the expenses of its guards, and to satisfy its luxurious life.Therefore, the tyrant, like the oligarchs, did not trust the common people, and did not allow them to obtain weapons. The Mytilene oligarch government did not allow the civilians to become heavily armed soldiers, see "Thucydides" iii 27.Athens also had the same situation, see Xenophon: "History of Greece) ii 320 It is more common for the tyrant not to allow civilians to be heavily armed soldiers, and Bishestrato once disarmed civilians ("Athens Regime" 41 ). .The tyranny oppressed the populace, expelled them from the city, and evacuated them to the countryside. When the Athens "Thirty" oligarchs were in power, they deported the populace in the city to the port of Bailieu and other suburbs (Xenophon's "History of Greece" ii [-] et al. ).When the Spartans occupied Mandineia, they carried out "evacuation" (διοικισμó), whose actual effect was to weaken the civilian power and consolidate the oligarchic regime.

The events of the tyrant expelling the poor from the city to the suburbs are recorded in the historical records of Gros of Syracuse ("Herodotus" vii 156) and Bishestrato of Athens ("Athens Regime" 68) , the tyrants of Sicyon (Plux: Lexicon, vii 15), etc. , which again is the same as oligarchy. 1312 On the other hand, the tyranny accepted the notion that the common people were hostile to the elite, and policies that undermined prominent figures, both overtly and covertly.Because if you are your opponent, staying in the country will hinder the development of your own power, so the tyrants often exile you to "compete", as if saying "rivals in the same industry"; see the note below 5b1284 "A colleague must be jealous". .In fact, nobles can indeed do many things that are not conducive to the tyrant. Some nobles want to govern by themselves, and some nobles are unwilling to become slaves under the tyranny, so they often unite to resist the activities of the tyrant.This is why Beliaander advised another tyrant, Thrashublu, by cutting off the tall ears of millet in the fields. See Volume 26, 33a20-[-]. , [-] The tall and big ears of millet he mentioned pointed directly to these nobles, implying that Thrashublu should get rid of outstanding people in the country at any time.

I have said before that refer to the beginning of this chapter 1310b1-3 language.The reasons for the change of the monarchy are the same as those of other regimes, so the eleven motivations listed in Chapter 1311 of this volume are also applicable to this chapter. II's 25b28-1302. , for the same reasons for coup d'etat in monarchical states as for coup d'état in other constitutional states. 1 The chief causes of a people's rebellion against their lord are injustice, terror, and contempt.Among these reasons, the unscrupulous abuse and confiscation of other people's property is the most likely to arouse civilian resistance.Revolutions in tyrants and monarchies have similar ends and causes (motives) as revolutions in other regimes.Fame and wealth are the hallmarks of arbitrary rulers,4 and fame and wealth are just the greatest desires of every man.So the point of the revolution is also different.There are revolutions against the person of the sovereign, and rebellions, in general, inspired by insults, often take their vengeance on men.Some revolutions are aimed at overthrowing the power of the monarch.

Although there are many kinds of insults, no matter what the situation, the consequences of insults are the anger of the insulted. The following examples of transformation are described in the order of the causes listed in 1311a25-27.Injustice is the most provoking incident of the form of 'insult', examples of which are found in 1311a33-b35.Due to the Terror, in 1311b36-40.Due to the despicable, in 1312a1-22.Next, the reason for the monarch being despised is transferred to the personal "ambition" of the revolutionaries, etc., which goes beyond the three ends listed in 1311a25-27. .The insulted person directly offends the monarch himself when he is angry and fanatical, and the reason is only because he has been insulted. 35 It is not because of any ambition, but because of revenge.In Athens, the attack by Hamdious and Aristogeydon on the brother of the Pythestratian tyrant was caused by the insult of Hamdious's sister and the bullying himself.Since the two are friends, when Hamedio fought for his sister, Aristogeydon also sacrificed himself for friendship. After the death of Sestrato, his sons Hippias and Hibagu Hipparchus succeeded as the tyrant of Athens.

Hippagus wooed Harmodius, who was known for his beauty, but failed, so he insulted his weak sister, so that she could not be a basket girl in the procession of the Pan-Athena Festival, and he also criticized Harmodius. Di Russia.Aristogeiton (Aristogeiton) and Hamodio were good friends, and the two partnered to attack the tyrant brother on this festival, killing Hippagos, Hamodio died on the spot, and Hippia captured Aristo Guyton, Aristotle Guyton died under torture.This incident happened in 514 BC, see "Thucydides" vi 54-59 and Aristotle's "Government of Athens" XVIII for details. It is recorded in "Athens Regime" that the youngest son of Thessalus (Thessalus, Hippia, etc.) Half brother.1312b30 below in this chapter, it is said that the tyranny of Bishestrato was destroyed because of this. According to "Athensic Government" XIX and "Thucydides" vi 59, Hippias was the Spartan army and the common people of the Athens anti-tyrant regime Trapped, finally expelled, four years later (510 BC) Athens re-established a civilian government. .In addition, Beliander, the tyrant of Umbrakia, was also murdered for insult.

40 When Beleander was making out with his favorite boy, he jokingly asked if the boy would become pregnant.The insult humiliated the boy.The reason why Pausanias of Macedonia attempted to assassinate King Philip was detailed in Diodorus xvi 93 (see Glote: History of Greece ii 90).King Philip died in 336 BC. Based on this, both the prefaces of the Congreve School Version and the Larkhorn Translation believe that Volume 336 was written by Aristotle in his later years, that is, after 1311 BC. . , [-]b, the reason is that King Philip allowed his favored minister Attalus and his followers to be rude to him; the reason why Delda murdered the little Aminta "Little Aminta" (Aμνοs ò μικρó) should be a king name, but the circumstances stated in this verse do not correspond to the biography of the Macedonian kings Amintai II and III (father of King Philip).Perhaps this man was of the royal family of Elymia.Still not sure. The reason is that little Amintai once said that Delda had been loved by him when he was young.

The reason why Ovangora of Cyprus was killed was because his son raped and occupied the wife of a servant. 5 The servant did the above behavior out of shame and anger. Le edited "Greek History Fragments" i 295) described the event in more detail and slightly differently: the eunuch Thrasydaeus killed Evagóra, and his son Bonitago Ra (Pnytagóras) (cf. Glote: History of Greece ii 76). .It can be seen from this that the occurrence of many rebellious incidents was inspired by the monarchs' personal insults to their subjects.Clataeus and King Acelaus of Macedon had a rift. Although the rift was small, it aroused resentment over time. 10 The reason is that Archelaus had promised Crateus to choose one of his two daughters as a wife, but then he broke his promise.This caused the Crateus uprising.At that time, because it was related to Thalas and Arapey, "Aripeo" (Aρρβαιο) should be "Aripeo" ( Aρρβαιοs òλυγκσηs).According to page 79 of "Strebo", Arapaeus had a son named Thuras, and a grandson named Alabaeus. It may be his son and grandson who fought with Achelaus.

When the tug-of-war came to a critical point, Archelaus ignored the agreement he had made, and directly married the eldest daughter to King Elymia, and married the youngest daughter to the son born to King Elymia's ex-wife.He thought that in this way, because of the relationship between the sisters, the eldest son would love each other with the son of the king's second wife Cleopaja.Of course, this is just an excuse for Klatae to launch an attack. In fact, 15 Klatae has resentment towards Archelaus for treating him as a bichen, and has long since harbored a different ambition.The reason for the Hiranokra rebellion in Larissa was similar to the reason for the Clataeus rebellion.It was a good fortune for Hiranocrates to enter the court of Archelaus. Although Archelaus had verbally promised to help him return to his hometown, he had never fulfilled his promise. Deeply insulted and played with by Clataeus, Hiranocrates, and Decanigu (1130b30) conspired to attack and kill Achelaus (Aργλαο), which happened in 399 BC, see Erian: Miscellaneous Histories viii 9 and Theodorus xiv 375.Thras and Arapeu are the chiefs of the Lyncestae tribe, and Elymeia is the southern neighbor of Lyncestae, who can restrain the troops of Thras and Arapeu, so Achilau Si is eager to make a friendly country with him by marrying him. , 20 hated Archelaus for his hypocrisy.There is another example based on the same reason.

It was for the same reason that Kötis, king of Seleki, was killed. The assassination of Kóυ took place in 359 BC (see Glote: "History of Greece" ii80). The one who killed him was Baron Ⅱ2, and the manuscripts of Becker's proofreading were all called Baron (II ρρων), and ΓM5P1 was called "Peron" (II ρρων).Demosynes: "Anti-Aristocrates" 119, 127, and 163 all say that the murderer who killed Gottis was "Bishu" (Ⅱθων). "Victory School" is from Benevolentius (Fabius, Benevolentius), and the school is "Peishu"; "Su School" is from Victoria.Zeller: Note on page 30 of the English translation of "Plato" (Zeller: Plato), saying that it should be "Balong".and Heraclitus of Hainault.The two were out to avenge the enmity that Gottis had insulted their father.The reason why Adamai rebelled against King Gotis was because Gosti ordered someone to castrate him when he was young, which caused him to be permanently disabled. The six events mentioned in 1311a39-b23 were all inspired by marriage or homosexual entanglements; city-state.These stories seem to come from barnyard official and unofficial history, which can be used as talking material and not suitable for political science research materials. Generally, more < > are added in school textbooks. "Bakker's Translation" deletes the main text, and translates it separately and saves it in the long note at the end of the chapter.

Corporal punishment can also be abusive to many.Those who were tortured by the flogging would also be angry for a moment because they could not bear the humiliation, so they went forward to attack. 25 Some even killed the royal officials who tortured them, and directed their revenge against the members of the royal family.For example, Megakri of Mytilene, because I saw the Pencilu tribe on the road during the Greek immigration period, the Aioli colonists who came to Lesbo Island, and their leader was Pencilu (Ⅱενθλο); Xilu is the illegitimate son of Olesti (Ορεσ), see "Pausanias" iii 2, 1, "Strabo" p. 582.The Pencilu family later became the ruling family in the oligarchic city-state of Mytilene, which is called the royal family in this section, just like the Basilu family in Elusile (note 1305b18), and the Neleidae family in Miletus. The descendants of the ancestors in various places are often called the descendants of the royal family.

He beat the people of the country with sticks, so he summoned his friends to kill the person who provoked him; Using stick punishment, he attacked and killed the Peng Xilu tribe in a fit of rage.It is the same reason why Decanigus was able to murder King Acelaus,30 and was the leader of this murder.Once he was humiliated, he gathered the equally frustrated Craters and Hiranocrates to prepare for a rebellion.The poet Euripides was offended that De Canigus had criticized his own masterpiece for being stale.So King Acelaus handed over Decanigus to Euripides to have him flogged.As a result, Decanig held a grudge in his heart. Euripide died in 406 BC, Acelaus was murdered in 399 BC, and Decanig and others went from deliberate rebellion to crime, and planned for six years (Glotte: History of Greece ii 76). , eventually leading to the occurrence of the event.The history of murder and mutiny caused by reasons similar to the above can be said to be too numerous to mention. 35
Earlier, we have said that terror can also lead to rebellion.This is most evident in constitutional city-states (other regimes) and monarchy city-states.For example, Artebani murdered his Lord Shangshaxi out of terror.

(End of this chapter)