politics

Chapter 55 Volume (E) Five (13)
The tyrant must announce his income and expenditure to the people in the country. This is a policy of financial openness. Suo (Micythus) ("Diodorus" xi265) has disclosed finances. .If such measures are taken, then in the eyes of the people, he will not only look like a tyrant, but like a steward.The tyrant does not need to worry about his lack of wealth, because as long as the real power of the state is not left behind, all worries are unnecessary.If he must travel abroad, it is more advantageous to have a deficit than to have a hoard or stock. 66 Usually, when a tyrant goes to war, many citizens follow him and become his soldiers.In order to be stationed abroad, he has to consider the left-behind personnel and troops appointed; if the treasury is empty, the left-behind personnel will have nothing to covet.Secondly, mainly in the collection of taxes and other donations, to let the public understand that these funds are for legitimate purposes, and are collected for legitimate purposes of public works or urgent military needs.The tyrant must not regard the proceeds of the city-state as private savings, and should handle his finances as if he were a guardian or treasurer.

In terms of personal behavior and self-cultivation, 15 a tyrant should show his prestige, not his harshness; when others come into contact with him, they should naturally feel awe when they see his face, but But no feeling of fear.Awe-inspiring demeanor is not easy to achieve. α δ has two meanings: (53905) shame and (5) awe, which is interpreted as "awe" here.For the difference between awe and "terror" or "fear", please refer to Chapter 886a25 of Volume 2 of "Settings", Plato: "Laws" [-]A, etc.Most tyrants are used to harshness. For example, the Cyrene tyrant Arcesilaus II (Arcesilaus II) was titled "Severe One" (χαλεποs) (Plutarch: "Nvvirtue" [-]), Heraclea on the south coast of the Black Sea The patriarch of the city tyrant, Clearchus, was "violent and harsh" (Isocrates: "Book John", Epist, vii [-]).

Only kings can maintain their "prestige" (Plutarch: "The Biography of Demetrius", Demetrius, 2). .Therefore, if a tyrant cannot achieve success in other aspects of self-cultivation, he should at least cultivate his own good military morality ΓΠ manuscript and "Becker School Edition" as "political" morality (πολιικs). "Su Xiao" and "New School" were edited from Madvig: "Collection of Greek Classics" (Madvig, Adv Critica ad Scrip Graec, 1871) I468, and made "military" morality (πολεμικs). , Leave everyone with the impression that they know how to fight well. 20 The tyrant should never hurt anyone for the sake of lust; neither the tyrant himself nor his subordinates should avoid being suspected of hurting the chastity of anyone (whether they are virgins or maidens) under his rule, and do not allow themselves to be left in the folk. Obscene gossip.The women of the tyrants should follow the rules and not bother other women, because many tyrant regimes were eventually destroyed because of women's wantonness.

Some tyrants in the present world even feasted on "Athena" 435E, citing Aristotle: "Syracus Regime" (Συρακοσων Πολιεα) (the original book has been lost today), saying that the Empress Dionysius once even Ninety days of feasting and drinking. , Get up in the morning and set up a banquet, prepare all kinds of delicacies from mountains and seas, feast all night long, and even show off your extravagance to the outside world, thinking that this is the joy and happiness envied by the world. Nicocles, the tyrant of Salamis in Cyprus ) and King Strato of Tire (Strato) compared luxury with each other, taking feasting and debauchery as the joy and happiness of the world (Edited by Müller: "Fragments of Greek History" Volume 299 126 recorded by Seopangbo: "Philippe King of Macedonia Remnants of "History of Power" 25). . 30 In fact, a tyrant who wants to maintain his long-term rule should reverse this attitude of indulgence.A tyrant must abstain from self-denial, put an end to the thought of pleasure in life; even if his personal reason cannot reach this level, he must show to the world that he will never indulge in pleasure.When the people see a licentious fool, they will always have contempt, [-] and think that such a person is not difficult to attack; if they encounter a sober and vigilant person, they will not dare to despise him, and then act rashly.

35 In fact, a tyrant should almost abandon the various characteristics of tyrants we mentioned earlier see 1313a35-1314a29. .He should learn to beautify his city, and establish in everyone's minds that he is the guardian of the city's public interests, rather than a despotic master.In the ceremony of offering sacrifices to the gods, he should show enough piety; so people think that since he can be so respectful to the gods, 40ɑ will naturally treat the people even more.Moreover, people feel that the gods will bless the pious person, and they will feel awe of him from the heart, so they are unwilling to go against him lightly.The tyrant must also pay attention to his piety and not be regarded as ignorant and use "Shinto to teach" as a law against the people. Machiavelli's religious concept is similar to this.Aristotle's own theological thoughts can be found in Volume 1315 of "Metatopia", and there is a saying that "the universe is all, and one god takes the initiative". However, he still respects the traditional Greek customs and rituals of polytheism. .

The tyrant should respect and honor those who have achieved merit and virtue in any respect, and of course, the respect and honor bestowed on them must be appropriate, 5 even if these people privately estimate that they are of the same rank or Citizens in the same industry talk about merits and virtues when they are in power, and their income is normal.When it comes to rewards for meritorious deeds, the tyrant should personally implement them; but all punishments for crimes should be judged by officials or courts.Careful attention must be paid to all forms of monarchy, including tyranny, so that no one single person is promoted to a particularly high position; A situation of mutual restraint will be formed between them.If a certain hero must be promoted, his temperament must be carefully examined. As long as this person is not of the Haojian school, he can be given a heavy responsibility.If this person is a strong and healthy person, it is inevitable that there will be unreasonable actions.On the other hand, if the tyrant decides to remove a person from power, the removal should be carried out gradually, and should not be taken away suddenly from all power cf. chapter 10 1308b15. .

A tyrant should put an end to any form of violence, 15 inflicting corporal punishment on people (personal abuse) the same chapter 1311b28-35 and the corresponding part of the line 21-22 below.As well as the two acts of harming the chastity of men and women, it is especially necessary to refrain from it.The tyrant should be especially cautious when meeting people who cherish honor.Those who are miserly are bound to be indignant when they injure their property; noble and well-known people cherish their honor, and are bound to hate if their honor is desecrated.Therefore the tyrant must refrain from insulting people; and when he has to punish them, he should make it clear to everyone that he is only exercising the teachings of his strict father, and the purpose is to educate, not to insult. 20 If he sometimes spends too much time with young men and women, he should make it known that he has a good heart, and has no desire to rely on power to carry out his loose thoughts. See 1311b1-20 etc. . 25 In general, in all these things, he should give greater honor to those who are considered insulted, and thus compensate them for the injury or loss of honour.

For a tyrant, the most dangerous conspiracy is an assassination. If an assassin does not hesitate to sacrifice his life, he should be more cautious.Therefore, the tyrant should be especially wary of those who humiliate themselves and those who feel deeply wronged because of their usual friendship with the humiliated.You must know that when people are agitated by anger and deliberately try their best, 30 will definitely be desperate, so Heraclito said: "If a person has a desperate ambition, blood boils, and stands up to avenge his hatred, there is no one. Those who can fight him.” Diels: Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker 85.

As regards society, a tyrant will keep in mind that the whole city is composed of two classes, the poor and the rich. 35 To prevent these two parts from interfering with each other is what he must do his best to do.Failing this, let every part feel that the tyrant is useful to them and their security.If some of the two are stronger, the tyrant should win this part of the power for his own use (see Chapter 1309, 16b567). .For once he has won the support of the stronger part of the city-state, if events happen, he does not have to take liberated slaves or disarm citizens. .

Examples of this are numerous: Aristodemus of Cymae (Dionysius of Halicarnissus: Anecdotes from Rome vii 8), former Lord Dionysius of Syracuse (Theodore Luo "xiv581), Keriagu of Heraclea on the Black Sea (Justinian: "History of the Rise and Fall of Macedonia" xvi 52), all used slaves to expand their force.Xenophon: "Hielo" vi5, said that when the tyrant urgently needs to strengthen his strength to cope with the war situation, there is no other way to obtain soldiers except slaves.The "citizen's armed forces" (heavy armed forces) mentioned here are used as "anti-tyrant armed forces", as opposed to the means of emancipating slaves that increase "pro-tyrant armed forces".Wait for the means.Of course, if a tyrant already had strength and was later joined by either the poor or the rich, he would be able to defeat any rebellion against him.

(End of this chapter)