politics

Chapter 56 Volume (E) Five (14)
For the details of these policies, we will not go into details one by one, because the general means of tyranny have already been explained. 1315b A tyrant should present himself to the people as a member of the masses, not as an autocratic tyrant.He should show his disinterestedness as the guardian of the common good of the people.He should not go too far in everything, and regard self-denial and return to courtesy as his habit.He should make friends with famous people, and he should also make the common people feel good about him.If these methods are used, 5 he will not only have to suppress the spiritual will of the people, but also can preserve the quality of those ruled masses, and his rule can also become a nobler and enviable system; Nor will it be the target of terror and hatred by the people.Of course, his rule will therefore last for a long time; his own habits will also become more and more good, 10 if not easy to achieve total good, at least half good.If the habits of a tyrant have reached the level of half good and half evil, at least it means that he is no longer all evil.

In Chapter 63 of Spengel's "Aristotle Studies" (Spengel, AristStudien) volume 40, page 57, it is said that the first sentence of this section puts "oligarchy" and tyranny side by side, not Continuing from the previous chapter’s specific talk about tyranny, he also included “tyranny” in “all kinds of government”, which is also different from the previous chapter and the following 352 lines of this chapter, which put tyranny in the (other) four other than those with a (constitutional) regime.Susmere also said that the succession of tyrants mentioned here does not include the tyrants of Lygoperon in Pherae and the tyrants of Dionysius in Syracuse.The Dionysian family existed for 50 years. At the end of the 1745th century BC, Lygobulon began to serve as the tyrant. In 477 BC, his heir passed on the throne for more than [-] years. Compared with the third longest tyrant ruled in this section , these two nations have ruled for a longer period of time, and Aristotle has always been familiar with the historical facts of these two nations, which shows the reason for the omission of this section.In addition, oligarchy (such as in Corinth and other states) usually lasts for a long time. Here, it is juxtaposed with tyranny, and the mixed claim that its history is short does not fully conform to historical facts.The following also does not list examples of the length of the oligarchic city-state. The second edition of "Su Xiao" (note No. [-]) and "New School" (page iv [-]) all believe that this is actually a forgery, adding < >.

In terms of durability, however, oligarchy and tyranny are supposed to be the shortest of all forms of government.Osagora of Sikhion and his descendants were the longest-lived tyrants, and their rule lasted for a hundred years.The reason why this tyrant can exist for such a long time is that they govern the people moderately, are good at temperance, and generally follow the law in their administration.Among the Osagolans, Cressyni was especially recognized for his general talent; 15 other lords also loved their people, and thus won the favor of the masses.In the competition, the legendary Klessony was repeatedly judged as a loser by the referee, but he presented a flower crown to the referee and praised his justice.According to some people, a seated statue existing in Xijixiong Square has been confirmed to be the story. Xijixiong is adjacent to Corinth, both of which are coastal cities with relatively developed industries and commerce.According to "Herodotus" vi126, Antreas (Aνδρα) (Aνδρα), the ancestor of the tyrant of Xijixiong (Osagora mentioned in 1315b13 of this book), Klessoni is the fourth descendant of Osagora . "Diodorus" viii24 said that Delphi's spiritual consciousness had predicted that the Osagoras would have a future of a hundred years.In Volume 6614 665 of "History of Greece" written by Buzolte, he made a relevant research on the tyrant regime of Sikichon, saying that it began in 576 BC and died after 20 BC.The referee sculpture in.There is a similar legend about the Athenian tyrant Pixestrato, [-].Summoned by the Areubagus (Senate), he respectfully answered the questioned case as a defendant.

The nation known for its long history of tyranny should be the Corinthian Cybeselu, which lasted for 73 and a half years. Among them, Cypselu reigned for 30 years, 25 Periander reigned for 40 and a half years, The third year of the "Fragments of Greek History" written by Müller and edited by Müller, the "Fragments of Nicholas the Damascus" 3, which records the tyrant family The third generation is the son of Golgus (Γóργο) "Cubeselu", which is different from the "Persamidegu" mentioned here.Volume 394 59-638 of "History of Greece" written by Buzort calculated the chronology of Corinth's tyranny.Jubeselu was from 639 to 657 BC, Beliaander was from 627 to 627 BC, and Besamidegu was from 586 to 586 BC. .The reason why Corinth’s tyranny has lasted for a long time is the same as that of Sijixiong’s tyranny: Cybesel has won the hearts of the people, and during his 583 years in power, he has never brought guards when he came in and out; At that time, there was no one who could match him.

The Piscestratos of Athens were the third tyrannical family with a longer history,30 but their rule was interrupted for some years.Bishestrato was expelled from the country twice, so he actually reigned for only 33 of the 17 years before and after.His sons have been in power for another 18 years, so the actual time limit for usurping the throne should be 35 years. "Athens Regime" Chapter 19 and 17 states that Pixstrato reigned for 36 years. His son reigned for about 65 years, a total of 30 years, which is consistent with what is recorded in "Herodotus" v 49.Chapter 33 says that the time from Bixie Strato to his death is 18 years, which is also consistent with what is said in this section.Chapter 51 says that Bishestrato was expelled twice since he became the tyrant, and later restored, and his sons overthrew him, which lasted a total of 53383 years. According to this section, it should be a total of [-] plus [-], that is, [-] years.The difference probably comes from the double counting of the year of the heir (see RheinMus [RheinMus] page [-] and below, Kirchner [Kirchner] article). .

其他僭主政体中为期较长的还包括叙拉古的希厄洛和葛洛。35但毕竟僭族的寿命有限，这一家只历18年根据《狄奥多洛》xi 387的记载，葛洛在位七年，希厄洛在位11年零八个月（xi 664），司拉绪布卢在位仅一年（xi 765），这三兄弟在位共计19年零八个月。司拉绪布卢在公元前466年覆亡（参见《苏校》二版1760注，《纽校》iv 480页注）。就消失了：葛洛在位7年，在位第8年时不幸逝世；希厄洛在位10年；司拉绪布卢在位参见章十1312b10—16并注。10个月便被驱逐了出去。

In fact, tyranny generally cannot last for a long time.

We have now accounted for all, or almost all, the causes of the destruction and preservation of polities and monarchical systems. 1316ɑFinally, we have to mention that from the following to the end of the chapter is a criticism of Plato’s “Utopia” Volume 3’s discussion on the cycle of destiny and political changes. From the writing, it seems to be connected, but the content is actually the same as the above. The chapters are inconsistent.But just as the collationists (such as Newman) said, the literary theory and analysis of the article, as well as the investigation of Plato's thoughts, are obviously written by Aristotle.The broken sentence at the end of this chapter may be due to the fact that the original chapter was not finished, or it was missing from the copying of later generations.In Plato's "Utopia", Socrates once discussed the change of political system, but unfortunately his thesis is somewhat lacking.First of all, he did not additionally explain the possible changes of the first ideal regime he mentioned.He was just talking in general terms, saying that things in the world ebb and flow, there is no eternal system in the world, and everything has its own cycle of birth and death.Then, he further described: the general changes can be deduced through "mathematics (numerical formula)", the "tripartite root" (4:5) in this mathematical formula, 546 "matches with five" to form "two According to his meaning, this kind of law can produce the "evolution (birth and death) cycle" of all things when it is converted into "three-dimensional", see volume [-] [-]B-C of "Utopia" written by Plato.

Aristotle criticized Plato's thought, saying that it was often taken out of context, and that it was biased, so it didn't have to be true.Plato's original purpose is to say that the change of regimes is like the evolution of organisms, each with its own "cycle" of natural birth and death. "Circular" decision (see note on page 263 of Corniord's English translation of "The Republic").Plato believed in Pythagoras' number theory, so he tended to force the world into numbers.The ancients who used the theory of numbers are often like Yuantong and Miaowu. As for the so-called real number calculation, it is still far-fetched after all.The "three-point root" mentioned in this section can also be translated as "triangular root", which is the so-called "Pi's principle"-take the three-fold four as the ratio, and the five strings to form an equilateral triangle. The equation between them is (5) 2 = (3) 2 + (4) 2.Add up the three times (cubic numbers) of these three sides, then there are (3) 3 + (4) 3 + (5) 3 = 216.After calculation, the area of ​​this equilateral triangle is (3×4)/2=6, and the three-time multiplication of (6)3 is also 216.This number is the shortest number of days a baby survived during pregnancy in ancient Greek medicine.Plato deduced from this that since the creation day of living things is fixed, the day of their death must also be fixed.

And the world formed by the aggregation of many creatures, including the political system formed by the aggregation of many people, can of course use more complex and extensive mathematical formulas to calculate the cycle of its birth and death.The so-called two "harmonic laws", one of which refers to the above-mentioned number "216", and the other refers to 3*4*5=60, and the quaternary multiplier of 60 is 12960000.By taking the square root of this number, you can get the side length of 3600, and another rectangle such as the long and short sides are 4800 and 2700 respectively, multiplying the two together, the result is 12960000.Plato's original text did not explain these numbers in detail, so later generations called them "numerical puzzles", or tentatively called "nuptial numbers".The modern works "JAdams" (JAdams) (Utopia) Annotated Edition, Volume 201, pages 209-264, 312-423, and Zeiler's "Plato" (Note 110, page [-] of the English translation), have tried to correct This is a general explanation, and later scholars have also conducted more in-depth research on this, but so far they have still not been able to fully interpret its actual meaning. .

(End of this chapter)