politics

Chapter 62 Volume (Z) Six (5)
Provided that both the imposition and execution are within the same administrator's term of office, each institution's punishment can be executed by another institution.For example, the city guardianship should execute the punishments prescribed by the market superintendent, and the punishments imposed by the city guardianship should be carried out by the officers of some other agency. The administration and judiciary of the Greek states are often in practice imposed and fined by the same agency.Such is the case with the Senate (Chapter 45) and the Council (Buli) mentioned in Chapter 4 of "Athens Regime".The same is true of the Spartan Ombudsman, as recorded in Xenophon's Rageni Republic viii 15. . 20 If the resentment aroused during the execution of punishment can be reduced, the executor can handle it more seriously.If the officers of the same institution both determine the punishments and execute them, the punished will redouble their hatred of the institution.If all punishments were assigned to a certain group of people, then this group of people would undoubtedly become everyone's grievance.In some city-states, the supervision of prisoners and the execution of punishments are also divided between two parts. 11 For example, in Athens, the prison is the "eleven people" in charge of "Su School" thinks that the example given in this sentence is actually inconsistent with the above, add < >.

The νδεκα "11 people" prison in Athens carried out punishments at the same time, and was occasionally sent to confiscate property or collect fines. See page 257 of the English translation of Gilbert's "Greek Political System". .From this it follows that prisons should be divided into a separate business, which should then be shared by persons drawn from each institution, as in the execution of punishments.Like the execution of punishments, prisons are an indispensable function of every city-state.It’s just that good people try to avoid this kind of business and are unwilling to take on it, while bad people can’t be trusted—bad people themselves need someone to guard them, so naturally they can’t let him guard others.Thus, if the prisons of a state cannot be entrusted to a certain part of the people to perform this disgusting job for life, then they should be assigned to different parts of the people in succession. In Athens, a "citizen of age" or "young citizen" was a boy of seventeen years of age.The "crusade team" (κρυπεα) organized by the Spartans to punish serfs was mainly composed of young people.Most of those guarding prisons in Athens or other states belong to the reserve team for military training.If military and police training and organization are carried out, then some of these youths can be drawn, and the other part can be drawn and combined by various institutions to become the function of prison management. 25
These six functions are the most indispensable and must be at the forefront.Sequence and several other functions are also necessary for each city-state and its rank is higher.Naturally, these tasks require extensive experience and a devotion to service to the country.Here, first of all, we want to mention the functions of city defense and other military affairs.Whether it is wartime or peacetime, someone must be responsible for guarding the gates and walls. 35 Someone must be responsible for gathering the citizens of a state and giving them battle coaches.Some city-states set up multiple functions in the military to undertake various businesses separately, while other city-states only have a few military functions, and as for small states, only one function can govern everything.Officials of these functions are collectively referred to as "general" or "commander" (command) Commander-in-Chief (πολμαχο, "chief officer of war"), which is an ancient name, while the name "general" (σραηγ) is more common.The names of states such as Athens, Paros, and Leucas often co-exist.See Gilbert's "Greek Constitution" Volume II 329-330. .If there are cavalry, light troops, and archers in the state, the archers usually belong to the "light troops" like stone throwers and gun throwers. Therefore, only the official names of the light troops are listed below, and the official names of the archers are not listed. .

The original meaning of ψτλs is "naked animal" (those without feathers), which is used in the name of the arms. It is compared with "armored men" (πλη, heavy soldiers), and these private soldiers and their horses do not wear armor, so it is translated as "Lightly Armed Forces".And the navy, each established as an independent arm in 1322b, sometimes commanded by several people.These commanders are called "Admiral of the Navy" and "Admiral of the Navy" are names used by states such as Sparta, Rhodes, Achaia, and Apidos.The Athens navy and army have separate commanders, but both are called "generals". ("Fleet Commander") Taking Athens as an example, there are two cavalry regiments commanded by two cavalry generals.Each regiment governs ten tribal brigades, and each tribe recruits a brigade of soldiers, mounts, and armor, all led by a "big captain".

"General of the Light Army" and "General of the Cavalry". The General of the Light Army is the "commander of the battle array". The general of the light soldiers of Athens has ten tribes under his command. The soldiers, horses and equipment of each team are recruited by each tribe. compose. , the officials subordinate to these generals are called "captain" and "cavalry captain" Λοχαγó, and most history books call them "centurion", which is equivalent to the "company commander" in modern China. Here Continuing from the above, he should be the captain of the cavalry, and if he was in Athens, he would also be the "tribal captain" (φυλαρχó). "Big Captain", 5 and the officials subordinate to each smaller part of the command under them also have their own corresponding titles, and all these groups form a military command system.These are the main functions of the military establishment.

Many institutions in a city-state, if not all of them, have to handle huge amounts of public funds. Therefore, an independent financial function should be set up. The financial function should be in charge of the income and expenditure accounts of each institution and audit them regardless of other things.The titles of officials in this function also vary from state to state, some are called "auditors",10 some are called "accountants", some are called "auditors", and still others are called "financial pickets". Taking Athens as an example, the financial auditing work is mainly based on "accountants", with each tribe electing one person, a total of ten people, and "auditing" as a supplement, also a total of ten people.At the end of the term of office of the administrator, the accountants and auditors will review their accounts. If there is fraud, they will immediately sue the public court; after conviction, they will be ordered to repay ten times the amount embezzled. See "Athens Regime" No.40. Chapter 54, the name of "Financial Picket" (Synegori) can also be found in Chapter 54 of "The Constitution of Athens". .

In addition to the various functions mentioned above, there is one function that stands above the others.This function is in charge of every government affairs in the whole state. In many city-states, all government affairs are proposed by them to the citizens' assembly, and they also obtain resolutions and implement them.In some city-states, the common people directly judge all government affairs, so in fact, these officials become the leaders of the citizens' assembly,15 that is, the presiding body. Although the citizens hold the highest power in the country, they must be convened by someone.In some city-states, officials in this function are called pre-trial officers because they "pre-deliberate bills" and preside over meetings.If the original state is dominated by the citizens' assembly, then this function belongs to the council. According to this section, it seems that in any city-state with a citizens' assembly, the members of the council will serve as the presidium of the citizens' assembly without setting up a separate review committee. .In practice, however, the Council is too numerous to preside over the Citizens' Assembly together.

Taking Athens as an example, each tribe has 50 people, and ten tribes have a total of 500 people. Each tribe is presumed to have five people each out of the 50 people, and the total 50 people form a council (πρυανεα, Plutania).Among the 50 people, a senator will be selected by drawing lots on a monthly basis, who will be the "chief" (πισαη) in turn, and another nine people will be selected as the "supreme seat" (πρóεδροι), and a "secretary" (γραμμαε) will be selected among the 50 people. Together, 11 people form the "Senate Bureau".The civic assembly is held by these 11-member groups.In the conference, 11 people sit in the front and must speak first.When the resolution passed by the citizens' assembly is implemented, the name of the chief on duty, the name of his tribe and the secretary are jointly signed and announced.Their tables were set in the council hall, and their meals were paid for by public money.In addition to the pre-trial work of the citizens' assembly, the council actually has other extensive functions and powers. For details, see chapters 21, 22, 41, 43, and 45 of "The Political System of Athens", and see the note to Chapter 1317 32b[-]. .

In general, these are the important political functions. 20 But there must be another department here, which is dedicated to the business of serving the gods. These businesses need "priests" and "temple directors."Such deacons and temple directors are responsible for maintaining and repairing altars and temples, and at the same time manage all public property related to sacrificial matters.Sometimes, for example, in a small state, all the business of this department belongs to a functional small state, and the temple repairs undertaken by the "temple directors" are undertaken by the "priests". , other city-states also set up several functions. In addition to priests, there is also the name "Diansi" and "Diansi" ('Iεροποιó). "No. 367), the city of Michrono (No. 373 in the Epitaph), and the city of Eleusis (No. 13 in the Epitaph). The "ceremonies" of these city-states were for priesthood and also managed temple property.Note 334 in No. 13 of Dietenberg's Epitaph pointed out that there were several "Dian Si" in Athens with different businesses. Chapter 54 of "Athens Political System" recorded a total of 11 Dian Si, who were selected by lottery at the Citizens' Assembly.

The priesthood of "Temple Guardian" and "Temple Property Broker" and "Temple Guardian" can also be found in Euripides' tragedy "Iphigenia in Taurus" (Iphigenia Taur) 1175.The name "ancestral property broker" refers to the brokers of the Temple of Athena and other temples in Athens, a total of ten people ("Zhendian Zhengzhi" 170), found near Miletus, the temple of the younger brother Apollo ( Apollo Didymaeus) was the broker of the temple (Branchidae) (Dietenberg's "Greek Tablet Collection" No. 252), and it was found in Cherosonesus Taurica in Taurus as "God Broker". "(Ibid. No. 53, No. 294), seen in Stirls and Ialyaus (Ibid. No. 357, No. [-]), called "Shensi Broker". .

Similar to these functions but separated separately, 25 there may also be a function of administering the public sacrifices of the whole country. This kind of sacrifice is not held in individual altars and temples, but in the sacred fire of the public niches in the city. The "Goddess of Fire" (Eσα), the public shrines of each state are located in the council hall. Greece regards cities as states, and the council hall is similar to the current city hall and the Capitol.The bonfire in front of the shrine is guarded by virgins, and it will never be extinguished forever.The niche fires in the colonial cities were all kindled in the Shan mother country, and then passed on to Simpang.The Greeks took it as a symbol of national life and city-state vitality.

The Senate Hall is where the Presidium of the Citizens' Assembly is located. Foreign envoys are also received and entertained by the "ruling" here. Those who have made great contributions to the state and the martyrs who died in the war, etc., are celebrated every year. Dining in this hall.Therefore, all states have stipulated that such ceremonies do not belong to the duties of priests.As for the title of the officiant of this ceremony, some city-states are called Yargong (οιαρχονταs in power),30 while others are called Basil (οι βασιλειs, king) βασιλυ, Basil (chief or king): the ancient capital also Lead the sacrificial offering and military administration, serve as the chief priest, and also serve as the commander-in-chief.Later, the civil government took its place, and the royal system was rarely popular. However, in some common people or oligarchic city-states, although the royal power had been reduced, they still retained "Basilu" as the officiant of some sacrifices.See volume 1285 13b18-1322. , and some are called Plutany (οι πρυτνειs, Senator) see note 18b[-]. .

The functions of each state can be classified according to their responsibilities (roles).The first category is responsible for gods (sacrifices), military affairs, financial income and expenditure; the second category is responsible for markets, urban areas, ports, and countryside; the third category is responsible for courts, execution of punishment, supervision Prisoners, deed registration and inspection, auditing, and inspection of the accounts of various administrative agencies; 35 the last category is responsible for the deliberative functions related to government affairs. Echigo.However, this section summarizes the various functions and classifies the business under management, which is different from the original order.According to the analysis made on page iv566 of "New York School", it is divided into four categories.Sacrificial warfare is listed as one category, see Volume Three Chapter Fourteen 1285a5-7, b9. .In addition, some city-states, in their prosperous era, also specially set up some more leisurely tasks to engage in education, such as "women's guardianship" and "legal (ceremony) guardianship". Guessing from the two names, here The "legal guardianship" (νομοφλαξ) should be the task of teaching adults to abide by the etiquette law, which can also be translated as "etiquette teaching".

The "legal guardianship" in line 7 below should be different from this function and have the same name as that mentioned in 1298b29. "Child Supervision" and "Physical Instruction". In the category of 1323ɑ, we can also include the management of sports competitions and drama competitions (Dionysian festival competitions) and other similar cultural activities as functions. There will be one "sports committee member" each, ten in total; they will be appointed after passing the examination for a term of four years, and they will preside over sports, music, horse racing and other competitions at the Pan-Athena Festival.Also Chapter 56: "Argon epónymous" (argon epónymous or translated "Title Governance") hosts the drama competition of the Dionysius Festival, and Chapter 57: "The King's Administration" hosts the drama competition of the Dionysius Festival. .These functions are completely unnecessary, like the guardianship of women and children, which is completely unnecessary in the common city-states-the poor people there have no slaves, and have to make their wives and children do the chores of slaves. "New School" iv 5 said that many historians believe that the civilian governments of the Greek states are actually mostly aristocratic or oligarchy - the reason is that every citizen owns at least one slave.According to the "poor people" mentioned in this section without slaves, since the poor people who do not keep slaves make up the majority of the civilian government, it cannot be said that they are essentially a minority government.

In fact, the function of "women's guardianship" (γυναικονομα) was established not only in larger and richer city-states, such as Themos Island and Syracuse. (See Gilbert's "Greek Political System" Volume II 337 and below). Those with poor financial resources, such as Gambreium, also had this kind of function (Dietenberg's "Greek Epistle Collection" 470). The function of "child guardianship" (παιδονομια) was more common in states after Aristotle's death than before his death. , so that they would have no time to come and listen to the teachings of their wards.

Moreover, the functions of leading the electoral group to select the officials of the highest governing body can be divided into three types: the first is the "Legal Guardian Council", the second is the "Preliminary Review Committee", and the third is the "Parliament Council".The first is suitable for an aristocracy, the second for an oligarchy, and the third for a common people.

Although we have now made concise descriptions of almost all the various functions, 10 However...lines 6-9 are relatively brief, and seem to be occasional notes, which have not yet formed a chapter. Beginning with line 10, only one clause is written, It's actually an unfinished draft.

(End of this chapter)