politics

Chapter 61 Volume (Z) Six (4)
The construction of the second type of oligarchy is roughly the same as the first type, except that the qualifications for office are slightly increased. 30 Gradually strengthening the conditions of property in this way, the last oligarchy we end up with should correspond to the extreme plebeian government, which has become a narrow patriarchy and more closely resembles a tyranny, since it is One of the worst breeds is in danger of overturning from time to time, so it needs to be on high alert.A strong physique can withstand frost and dew, and a strong and fit ship, with a good helmsman and sailors, will not sink even in rough seas.A sickly man, or a poorly constructed ship without a good pilot cannot stand the slightest risk.As far as the regime is concerned, the same is true for 1321ɑ.The worst regimes are the least defendable.Civilian government is based on numbers—the exact opposite of a system that distributes power by function.A large population is often the factor for the preservation of a commonwealth.It is evident that the oligarchy seeks its maintenance from the opposite element, which consists in building a good organization on the basis of quality.

Chapter Seven 5
Just as the people (masses) were divided into four main sections—peasants, artisans, merchants, and mercenaries, so the fighting forces (armed forces) were divided into four—cavalry, light infantry, hoplites, and navy.Any city-state that is suitable for cavalry to fight in Kawahara within the territory can build a powerful oligarchy; residents living in these areas need cavalry to defend them, and only wealthy households with abundant assets can breed horses for riding. 10 It is only natural that any city-state whose hills are suitable for hoplites can form an oligarchy of the second type.Generally speaking, soldiers in armor and shields are taken from well-to-do families, and the poor are not included. The general theory of the relationship between society, military and politics has been found in Volume 1289, Chapter 27, 40b15-[-]. .In contrast, the light armed forces and the navy are recruited from the civilian population. It can be said that they are actually civilian forces.In modern states, if the number of light troops and navies is very large, they are often able to defeat the power of oligarchs in case of internal strife.

The remedy may be to arrange a considerable number of light troops among the cavalry and heavy troops, as some generals have done.In a civil war, the reason why the masses can defeat the wealthy forces is that the lightly armed soldiers are easy to move, easy to assemble and disperse, relying on their flexibility,20 they can break through the tight formation of cavalry and heavy armor.If the oligarchic city-state consists entirely of civilians into lightly armed troops, it will undoubtedly ambush an enemy soldier for itself in advance.Therefore, the recruitment and coaching system for military service should be changed.The age of military service should be divided into two grades, high and low. During the low service age, rich children should practice light weapons and some light activities like poor children.In this way, when they reached their senior service years, they were actually acquainted with the light combat cavalry and the heavy armor, because riding and armor were not available to the poor, so they all belonged to the rich and oligarchic forces.If some of the oligarchs' children participate and are familiar with lightly armed arms, then in the event of a civil war, the oligarch camp will use the combined force of the three arms to fight. Although the number of people is small, it is still possible to defeat the civilian force. Thin light troops. .

There are many ways for the oligarchy to allow the common people to obtain a certain status in the citizen group 25 (ruling group), which has been covered in the previous chapter 1320b23-27.The discussion of various oligarchy systems in the context of military formations in the preceding paragraphs of this chapter seems purely cross-cutting.The establishment of the oligarchy discussed below follows the previous chapter.One way is that all people can enter the register with official qualifications as long as they have a certain amount of property.The method implemented by Thebes can be cited as an example of another way. Anyone who originally belonged to lowly industries (artisans and merchants) can obtain the right to participate in public affairs after a few years of inactivity. See Volume III, Chapter 1278, 25a30 . . [-] Another way that was practiced in Massarea is to record people in the reserve list of appointments according to their abilities, regardless of whether they are already qualified to participate in public service at that time.

For some important official positions that must be held by full citizens, they should be allowed to undertake certain public welfare obligations (donation).In this way, the common people will naturally not have the extravagant hope of being a high-ranking official, and they will feel that there is nothing to envy when they see that the important task of the moment has to pay such a high price. 35 On the day when these dignitaries arrive, rich sacrifices should be made, and some public buildings should be built during their tenure.In this way, the people can not only share the happiness, but also see that their city is full of god-rewarding decorations and magnificent square towers (buildings). To commemorate, the wishes of these dignitaries should also be fulfilled. 40 However, what the oligarchs are doing today is not like this. They are walking the opposite path.As well as being famous, Athenagoras of Lysyracuse ("Thucydides" vi 392) and Thrashublu of Athens (Xenophon's "History of Greece" ii 4, 40) There have been statements condemning oligarchs who are greedy for fame and fortune. , Judging from the perspective of Shangli, such an oligarchy can only be a "little civilian regime".

Chapter Eight 1321b
Enough has been said here about how the plebeian government and the oligarchy should be established. According to Chapter 1317 14a16-5 of this volume, in addition to the plebeian and oligarchy, the best establishment of other regimes should also be discussed. However, According to this sentence, the establishment of other political systems will be ignored. .On this basis, we should naturally go on to consider the arrangement, number, and nature of the various administrative functions, and the respective functions that they should have in various political systems, that is, responsibilities-this topic, we have already touched on this topic before. A topic first appeared in Volume Four, Chapter Fifteen.Compared with the arguments in the previous chapters, the arguments in this chapter are different.What this chapter describes is based on the actual situation of the Greek city-states, and the content is more intimate in comparison.

Among them, for example, the separation of military and civil administration functions, the establishment of inspections and assessments of public funds spent by various institutions, and the appointment of executive staff in the council to review and prepare bills, etc., are mostly common systems in contemporary civilian regimes and oligarchy regimes.Therefore, this chapter, following several chapters, can be said to be a relatively detailed plan for the establishment of these two regimes (emphasis on civilian regimes). .It cannot be called a city-state without some indispensable functions, and it cannot be called a city-state without certain institutions to ensure social security and coordinate people's lives.This is one of the laws of establishing a city-state.As for the other law, we have already mentioned it before, see Volume 1299, Chapter 34, 10a[-] and below. ——A small state should have fewer tasks, while a large state should have more.We must therefore also consider which functions can be combined and which functions can exist separately. [-]
Among those indispensable functions, the first was responsible for the management of the market, which required an official ("market supervisor") to maintain market order and check commercial contracts at all times.In order to supply people's daily needs, buying and selling has become an indispensable business for all city-states.This is the most convenient way for human beings to achieve economic self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency,15 and self-sufficiency is the main purpose of people forming political groups. Most Greek city-states market management and urban management are divided into two functions, but Sometimes they are also merged into the same function.Xiaobang's market supervision is light.

In a large country, such as Athens, the business is very prosperous, and the people's life must be adjusted by the heavy trade of handicraft products and agricultural products, domestic and foreign. Naturally, commercial officials have become the most important tasks.According to "Athens Political System" 51, there are five "market supervisors" recorded in the city of Athens and the port of Barius, and these five people are in charge of commodity inspection.There are also "measurement supervision" (metronomi), also five people each, who specialize in the inspection of measuring instruments.There are also "grain (grain) guardians" (sitophylǎces), each with five people, who specialize in controlling the quality and price of flour, bread, grain, etc. Wait.All of the above are selected by lottery and are appointed in turn.The "market supervisor" (agoranomi) mentioned by Aristotle in this section must be the general term used to denote such commercial officials.For the purpose of self-sufficiency in forming political associations for human beings, see Volume 1252, Chapter 34, [-]b[-]. .

20 behind and associated with the first
Another essential function is to guard public and private property in urban areas, maintain and repair damaged buildings and streets, inspect fields, resolve civil disputes, and other similar tasks. The two functions of "market supervision" and "urban guardianship" (astynomi) mentioned here by "city guardianship" are completely different. "City guardianship", according to line 20, is in charge of municipal affairs (Plato's "Laws" 21E, 758C, etc. are similar), according to line 763, it focuses on defense work, and belongs to military or police affairs .According to general historical records, most of the defense responsibilities of the major cities in Greece belonged to the consuls with higher powers, not to the "city guardians".According to the "Athens Regime" 25, the city guardianship officials, five in Athens and five in the Port of Bailies, are responsible for managing the architectural style of houses, sewers, burying exposed corpses, and prosecuting geisha. These businesses are related to 20— Line 21 matches what it says.

As for city functions, this chapter also records ten "temple maintenance" officials. There is no indication here that the city guardian has this business. The following 1322b20 classifies this business into the scope of priesthood.A general term for officials in charge of this function; in a more populous city-state, this function can be divided among multiple people, each responsible for a part of the specific responsibilities, such as one person maintaining the city wall, another managing the public water source, and one person specializing in "Public Water Management" (krenn epimeletés), the Department of Harbor Affairs, the official name can be found in "Athens Regime" 43.The city of Athens lacks fresh water, so this position is highly valued by the whole city, so it is elected by vote for a one-year term. The name "port administration" (limenophlax) is found in Carystus (Dietenberg, Greek Tablets, No. 343), and also in The Siege of the Tactician Aeneas Chapter 2912. The name "moat" (teixonoioí) is found in Athens (Eschines, Anti-Ctysias 14), and also in Cyzicus (Gilbert's Greek Constitution Reality "Volume II 333). .

The third and related indispensable function, after the second,25 has similar responsibilities as the former, but the jurisdiction is in the suburbs outside the city.The title of officials of this function is sometimes "rural guardianship" and sometimes "forest guardianship", see volume seven chapter twelve 1331b15. "Rural guardianship" (agronǒmi) mainly manages bunker roads and public buildings in the suburbs, and its duties focus on military defense. The official title of "Forest Guardian" (hyloroí) is not common. It may be that there are many mountain forests in the colonial city-states of the Kalki Peninsula, and they supplied the Mediterranean ports with timber for shipbuilding, so some city-states had such mountain forest officials.The above three functions all have judicial power within their scope, such as punishing violators with fines and other punishments. .

In addition to these three kinds of officials with their own responsibilities,30 there is also a fourth function, which is in charge of collecting and preserving public financial benefits. "Public financial benefits" include public fees, fines, public property benefits, taxes, donations, and other public funds. , and distribute the levied proceeds to various departments in accordance with the regulations, "Jingzhengsi" or "treasurer" is the title of officials of this function.

The fifth function is to handle civil contracts and the registration of court judgments. 35 All litigation and judicial preparatory procedures must first be registered here.In some city-states, this function is like a city guardian, which is divided into several departments, but there is still one person above each department, or several people are combined into a government office, called the general manager.The officers of this function are either called the Registrar of Integrity or the Registrar,40 or are directly called the Registrar or other similar titles. The "registrants" mentioned in this section should belong to the judicial business, so the following 1322b34 is jointly narrated with various courts.This kind of official is scattered in the historical records of the dowry registry of the city of Myconos (Dietenberg's "Greek Tablets" No. 433, Dareste, etc. "Greek Judicial Tablets" [Dareste, Haussoullier and Reinach, Inscriptions Jurisdiques Grecques 48st p. 64), Tenos' register of real estate sales and dowries (ibid. 1347st p. 35), the debt register of the Isle of Chavaud (pseudo-Aristotle "Economics" Volume II 77b[-]), the number of transactions and price registrations of Yeso (lasus) (Dietenberg's "Greek Epistales" No. [-]), etc. .

Therefore, the function second only to the fifth is actually not only indispensable among all functions, but also the most difficult. Regarding the word χαλεπωαη, Sepulveda, Victory, Heinsius and others Latin The translations are all molestissimus ("the most disturbing"), and the Star German translation überaus bescbwerlich has the same meaning; the Latin translation of Lambino is difficillimus ("the most difficult"), and the English translations of Welton, Zhou Yite, etc. are most difficult, The meaning is also the same.a kind of business.This (sixth) 1322ɑ function specializes in the execution of various punishments that have been judged and registered in the register. They must replace the city-state to recover the fines or debts that should be paid, and they must also guard the criminals for the city-state.Since these things are deeply abhorred by those who are punished, it is a nasty job.If there is no heavy remuneration, people will avoid such errands, and even if they accept them reluctantly, they will not necessarily be willing to perform them as strictly as the law requires.

However, such functions are always indispensable in every city-state. 5 It is in vain for men to sue in order to protect their rights if they often fail to obtain results.There is no need for people to participate in a social system that cannot judge right and wrong, and it is also unnecessary for people to participate in a social system that makes judgments but does not enforce their judgments.In view of these difficulties, this responsibility cannot be entirely delegated to the personnel of a single agency.Each court should select a number of personnel to execute all the judgments together. 10 The preparation of the list of outstanding public funds and the recourse should also be handled in a similar way. For this kind of list of fines imposed by courts or administrative agencies and execution This section does not name the function of recovery, but it is called "conscript official" (πρáκωρ) or "punishment officer" in Athens (see page 432 of Herman's "Greek Stories" Volume [-]). .Moreover, the various administrative agencies should all help to carry out the punishments that have been decided by law.Also, punishments imposed on previous administrators leave as much as possible the responsibility for implementation to the successor.

(End of this chapter)