politics

Chapter 75 Volume (Θ) Eight (1)
Chapter One
10 It should be agreed by all that the education of the youth should be the cause with which the legislator should be most concerned.There are two reasons for this assertion: one, that if a state neglects education, its constitution must be ruined.In order for citizens to adapt to their own political system and way of life, a city-state should always teach them to refer to volume 1310 12a36-15.The motive for establishing the regime in the first place, that is, for the subsequent maintenance of the strength of this regime,20 turns out to be the political character or (sentiment) of the public of the country in accordance with certain purposes.The character of populism establishes and maintains the civilian regime; the character of oligarchy establishes and maintains the oligarchy; the regime varies with the character of the people, and only with a higher character can a higher political system be created .The second is that if a person wants to use each function or technology to adapt to each other, he must first train and go through considerable review. [-] Then, they must also be trained and adapted before they can perform the good deeds that citizens should practice as a city-state member.

Since, as far as all (all citizens) are concerned, a city-state tends towards one end, it is clear that all citizens should follow the same system of education, and the planning of this system is of course the responsibility of the public. Three questions.1337a11-21 of this chapter answered the first question and stated two reasons. 21-33 answered the second question and stated two reasons.The third question is the content of the educational plan (this question is repeated in Chapter 1337 35a25), which should be described in detail below, but the following chapters of this volume do not discuss this topic in detail. .One is that according to the current situation, fathers take care of their own children and teach their children what they think is beneficial. Education is a private matter of each family. However, this is actually inappropriate. See Plato's "Laws" Volume VII 804C- d. .Since the goal of education (training) is shared by the whole state, everyone should adopt the same method of education and training.[-] Aristotle’s arguments for answering the second question of education are his commonly used ([-]) “means obey ends” theory and ([-]) “parts obey whole” theory.

Every citizen is a part of the city-state, and since education is a means to achieve the political and human life goals of the city-state, the education (training) of the children of each family should be run by the city-state.Yes, we should think that any citizen should be publicly owned by the city-state, instead of assuming that any citizen can privately own. 24, 25, Demosynes's "Golden Crown" [de Corona] 205 "Thucydides" i 706), also found in the works of political theorists (such as Plato's "Laws") 923A ).Plato said: "As your legislator, I hold that neither your persons nor your goods are your own: when they belong to your families, whether in the past or in the future; and your families belong to the whole state. "Aristotle's "Neilon" Volume Five Chapter Eleven, thinks that suicides damage the city-state and should be punished, and that "suicide" makes the city-state lose its citizens; its meaning is the same as that of citizens in this section. The argument is different. .Every citizen is a part of the city; therefore, any care given to the individual parts must correspond to the care received by the whole.Here, like some other things, the Lacedaemonians are to be commended for having made education a public business, for having organized collective measures, and for being particularly thoughtful about the training of children (youths). 30
Chapter Two
It has now been clearly established that education should be regulated (legal system) and that education should be administered by the city-state.Then we should think about the nature of this kind of public education and how to implement it.Today's various opinions on the content of education are inconsistent. 35 Either from the best life or from the general goodness, the meaning of the relative or difference between "best life" and ordinary "goodness" is not clear; it seems that the best life includes "mysterious" virtues , and the ordinary goodness is a "practical" virtue that belongs only to the rational part of the soul.See volume seven chapter fourteen 1333a21-30.When it comes to the subjects that children (juveniles) should learn, everyone has different ideas; whether education should focus on moral character (sentiment) or on reason, everyone is often vague.

Let's try to look at the seal cutting in the present world. Those who are teachers and guardians are confused and ignorant. Aiming to promote all superior intelligence Similar to the six arts taught to children in ancient China with "Ritual, Music, Shooting, and Calculation", the four subjects of ancient Greek primary schools (1337b25) are: ([-]) "Reading and Writing" (including elementary arithmetic), ( [-]) "Gymnastics" (the purpose is to train future soldiers, many of which are simulated military courses), ([-]) "Music", and ([-]) "Painting".Among these four subjects, painting and reading and writing belong to the "practical business" of life; gymnastics and music belong to the courses of "cultivating goodness", and gymnastics, which focuses on combat training, specializes in the virtue of "courage".

τπεριττ, "special things", or interpreted as advanced courses, such as debate, astronomy, philosophy, geometry, etc., or interpreted as "excellent intelligence", such as Cleophantus (Cleophantus) can use riding to make " Astonishing performance" (Plato's Mano 93D), Pericles received "excellent knowledge" in Anaxagoras (Plutarch's "Genius of Socrates" [de Gensocr] 3), and also Use the word in terms of "superior intellect."These excellent intelligences may be beneficial to morality or usefulness. . 1337b For various types of learning, people have their own admiration, but there is no definite concept of the classification of learning; if we ask what kind of homework is beneficial to the cultivation of virtue, everyone will never give the same answer.Even people with the same respect for goodness have different understandings of the meaning of goodness; in this case, there are naturally differences in the methods of cultivating goodness.

Of course, the education of children includes those subjects which are really necessary and useful.But there is no need for 5 to concentrate all practical subjects such as "cooking" is also useful, but free people don't need to learn cooking.See Chapter V 1339a 39. .Businesses should be divided into those fit and unfit for free men; practical knowledge should be imparted to children according to this sort, and should not form "artisan (humble)" habits.All professions, studies, or trades,10 which affect a free man's body, mind, or soul, and degrade him from being fit for good practices, are "base"; Techniques or crafts that are harmful to the body, and all work that is employed, earns money, wears down, and corrupts the will,15 We call "vile" trades Bναυσο usually interpreted as "craftsman"; the ancient meaning is "Furnace", so it is used to refer to "people at the furnace", that is, "blacksmith".Greek craftsmen were either servants or slaves, or came from foreign countries, so it is common to use craftsmen as an adjective, which becomes "humble". "Ecclesiasticus" (Ecclesiasticus) 3828, said that "the blacksmiths who wait at the anvil, whose bodies are consumed by the flames of the furnace every day" always lack wisdom. These concepts actually come from Greek society.The ancient Greeks were regarded as "untouchables" because the craftsmen worked day and night, and never had a day's leisure in the endless cycle of "work and rest" for many years.

And because the dyer's hands turn yellow when put into a yellow vat, and green when put into a green vat, he uses his body to obey his work, and has no autonomy, so he regards craftsmanship as a hindrance to the body and mind. .Among the various subjects (academics) which are suitable for a free man, some should also be restricted to a certain extent; if these subjects are deliberately overstretched in order to become good at it, they will be as hindering to the body and mind as the above-mentioned crafts.People have learned or practiced something, and we should talk about their superiority and inferiority according to their functions (purposes).If what people learn or do is for their own needs, or for the cultivation of virtue, or for the sake of friends, this cannot be said to be the work of a non-free person; but the same work, 20 if it is performed repeatedly at the request of others According to the purpose of this section, the arts learned by free people, such as painting, literature and art, and music, should only be cultivated and appreciated in their spare time, and should not be used to show off, nor should they Depend on for a living.The ancient Chinese despised various arts as "playing with things and losing one's ambition", or called it "a small skill that a strong man can't do", which means the same thing.In the 1478th century, Britain still regarded various arts as "gentleman" amateurs and despised the specialization of actors and painters.During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Italy also had a similar trend; Castiglione (BCastiglione, 1529-[-]) wrote "Court Figures" (II Cortigiano), mentioning that the rate of art and literature attendants was known as "Hongbo", But they don't understand the essentials of the hundred schools of thought, and even tend to be contemptuous and disdainful, and it is even more common to deny skills. .

Chapter three
As mentioned above, please refer to Chapter 1337a 39-42 and the commentary on the practice of virtue and practical business. , the various subjects of the current educational regulations generally contain two concepts.Usually there are four basic subjects, that is, reading and writing, gymnastics and music, and some people add painting to it. "Protagoras") 325D-326C, it is said that children first learn to read and write from a literature teacher, then learn music from a luthier, and finally learn gymnastics from a physical education teacher, but never mention painting.Another example is "Laws" 810A-B. From the age of ten, children have to learn to read and write, so that they can understand the arts; Painting, a skill that was also quite popular in Greek society.

Arithmetic is not mentioned here. According to the fourth edition of "Su School", arithmetic is considered to be included in the "reading and writing" curriculum.The English translation of Blümner, Home Life of the Ancient Greeks, on page 111, says that Athenian children learn arithmetic in their own families, so there is no need for it to be taught in schools .

"Protagoras", 325E, pointed out that children recite ancient epic poems in the "reading and writing" class. In the piano class, if the chapters that are recited before are played, then they will be sung to match them.In this way, in fact, reading and writing has become a very comprehensive course. .Everyone believes that reading and painting can be used in many practical aspects of life, and gymnastics are usually used to cultivate a character of courage.As for the purpose of music training, it is quite puzzling, and there are many disputes about it.Nowadays, most people study music for the purpose of entertainment, but in the past, the reason why music was listed as a subject of education was based on some relatively noble meanings.We have made many representations, see volume seven chapter fourteen 25a30-1334, chapter fifteen 2a10-1334. , human beings have the gift of seeking hard work and service, and at the same time have the good nature of wanting to be at ease.Here we should reaffirm that the purpose of our whole life should be to manage leisure. Indeed, both industry and leisure are necessary, but at the same time, it is also true that leisure is more noble than industry, and the reason why life is not hesitant to be busy is its purpose. It is an effort to gain leisure.

So, let me ask, what will we do in our spare time?We shouldn't spend our leisure time playing games!If it really becomes like this, then "playing" has become the purpose (purpose) of our life.Naturally, this is impossible.In fact, in the role of life, play is associated with hard work. ——People are engaged in work, after intense and hard work, 40 need a rest (relaxation), and playing just allows hardworking people to rest.Therefore, in our city-states, entertainment such as games and games should be held at the right season and at the right time, as a medicine to relieve everyone's fatigue.Playing can give a tense (life) body and mind a sense of relaxation, 1338ɑ thus arousing a feeling of lightness and joy, which leads to rest.However, leisure is another matter: leisure has its own inner joy and happiness and happiness in life, and these inner happiness can only be experienced by leisure people.If he worked hard all his life, he would never be able to experience such happiness.When people are busy, they are always chasing some unfinished business. 5 However, happiness is actually the end (ultimate) of life. Only leisurely happiness comes from self-satisfaction rather than external seeking. This is happiness without pain at all.For the essence of happiness that is in harmony with happiness, everyone has a different understanding. People evaluate the essence of happiness with their own characters. Only the most virtuous people can feel the most noble source, so that they can have it. The noblest pleasure.

(End of this chapter)