politics

Chapter 76 Volume (Θ) Eight (2)
It is evident, then, that there must be some subjects here devoted to the teaching and learning of rational activities in the management of leisure, but all subjects which have to do with leisure are self-sufficient and appropriate to the purpose of life, indeed to the purpose of teaching , As for those practical subjects that make people engage in hard work (business), they are certainly necessary, but because they are enslaved by foreign objects, they can only be regarded as a means of survival.Therefore, our ancestors did not intend to consider music as a necessity of life as part of their education—music is definitely not a necessity. 10 Likewise, they do not use it for other practical subjects, such as "reading and writing."Reading and writing (book arithmetic) can be applied in many ways: making money, housekeeping, researching academics, and many political businesses all depend on this homework.Drawings can also be used as examples of practical subjects - people who practice such subjects are generally better at identifying various arts and crafts, and thus can make smarter choices when buying utensils.

In these affairs music is neither at all useful nor as healthful as gymnastics, nor as an aid to combat strength—20 the influence of music on neither is evident Plutarch's Lyricus "21, "Music" (de Musica) 26, and "Shu Xue Yan Yu" 626f of Athena Russia.They all say that music inspires courage and is therefore good for battle. "Shu Xue Yan Yu" 624a, also known as Seurasto language, said that some diseases can be cured by letting patients listen to music quietly.Plutarch's "Music" 42 also tried his best to praise the effectiveness of music. According to his records, when Sparta was plagued by a plague, Thaletas, a famous Cretan musician, came here to play in person, and the plague subsided for a while.Here, Aristotle emphasizes the rational activity of music, thus underestimating its effectiveness. .The value of music is only in the management of leisure and rational activities. Article 385 shows that the educational effect of music is actually wider than this section. In addition to cultivating reason, music also helps to restrain emotions and train morality. People entertain and pay for rest. .It is obviously for this reason that music was included in the educational subjects in the first place. It is indeed a skill that free people practice at leisure.A leaf of Homer's poems The continuation of Homer's poem cited here can be found in the current "Odyssey" xvii 383, which is slightly different; the first sentence, according to the meaning of this section, should be [-] lines, but it is different from the current sentence no the same. , I saw such a meaning, its first sentence is:
25 "This is a feast for my guests,"

Then, after describing Jiji's good friend, its continuation sentence is:
"I love poets." οιδó, just like the bard of the Kerds (Gaul), or the minstrel of the Middle Ages in Europe, is a "string bard". It is very similar to Chinese quyi or tancijia.In ancient Greece, there were oral "epics" first, and then there were recorded poems, speeches, historical essays, drama lines, and various academic works. "Epic" is the summation of ancient Greek history and all the knowledge of ancestors, written in rhyme and recited in strings. After the "poet" is familiar with these chapters, he will hire and visit the Quartet and spread it among the people. In fact, he has become the forerunner of Western culture and the source of learning art.According to Aristotle's intention here, string bards emphasize the sound of the piano more than the lines, so they can be called "luthiers" or "musicians" to discuss their talents.

Also, see Odyssey ix 7 in another leaf. , Odysseus also said that after the gathering of heroes and virtuous people, there is nothing better than music for sharing joy and inspiration.

Hua Tang held a feast, and listened to the poet's chanting,

The 30 rows sit quietly without any noise, and the voiceless sounds are elegant.

The foregoing verses seem to us sufficient proof that the fathers should be pleased with their sons to receive an education which is neither necessary nor useless, but rather a liberty of nature, and which contains good in itself.Perhaps this education is limited to one subject, or perhaps it is a combination of several subjects.If there are several subjects, what subjects should these subjects be, and how should these subjects be studied--all these issues will be discussed later and will not be discussed again later. . 35 Here, the conclusions we have drawn do not violate the traditions of the sages. An impractical and unnecessary subject like music was included in the educational regulations by the ancients a long time ago.In addition, we can also say this: some subjects that are given to teenagers for practical purposes, such as reading and writing, are not entirely for practical reasons; Ability to engage in further education.Similarly, the purpose of teaching painting is not necessarily to prevent people from making mistakes when purchasing utensils, or to prevent people from being cheated in various transactions, but rather to cultivate their understanding of objects. There is also the aesthetic concept of image and the ability to identify.Everything must be practical, which is inconsistent with an open mind and a free spirit. See Plato's "Utopia" vii 40. .

When educating children, we should naturally focus on their habits first, and then on their rationality. We must first train their bodies, and then enlighten their intellects.Therefore, at the outset, we will teach the youngsters the physical education as well as the athletics teacher5—the physical education teacher will develop them the normal habits of the body, and the athletics teacher will teach them the skills of various sports Aristotle. Seven-year-old children should first learn from physical education teachers and sports teachers, and then start to learn "reading, writing" and "music songs" after the age of 14 (see 1336b39 in Chapter 1339 of the above chapter, and 4a17 in the next chapter of this volume). The educational procedure was probably similar to that practiced in Sparta.Spartan children were trained in sports and games from the age of seven to seventeen.For educational content, however, Aristotle did not take a Spartan overly strenuous exercise.Generally speaking, children in Athens learn to read and write between the ages of seven and 11, and learn to play the piano with musicians around the age of 11. As for when physical education begins, it is still unclear (Blumner's "Ancient The Family Life of the Greeks, English translation, pp. 111-115).From then on, young people in Athens were registered at the “Fangshe Registry” as “prepared citizens” (περπολοι), receiving military training, undertaking garrison tasks and dispatching in the field. At the age of 21, they officially became “citizens” (see "Athens "Political System" 42), according to Aristotle's educational procedures, young people start military service at the age of 21.

Athletic teachers (παιδορβη) teach young people (soldiers) various martial arts such as armor stomach, combat techniques, and mastering weapons. Of course, they will also teach them how to use stone throwers (cannons) and battering rams.As far as juveniles (children) are concerned, military competitions should be light martial arts such as projectiles, bows and arrows. .

Chapter Four
Among the city-states that have always been known for their emphasis on juvenile (children) training, there are some city-states that specialize in cultivating the sportsmanship and skills of youngsters to train youngsters to become athletes as the purpose of physical education, referring to the Thebes (Pluta Syrmposiaca (Syrmposiaca, ii 52) and the Argians (Aristophon, latr, Fragments of Greek Comedy, edited by Meynac, iii 357) .The cynic Diogenes also believed that exercise was unfavorable to physical growth and posture (Diogenes Laertius, Biographies vi 30). , 10 Actually doing this kind of training often does some damage to their physical development and posture.The Lacedaemonians did not adopt this false policy of sports, but they also exercised severe discipline on the youth, and they believed that nothing was more effective in cultivating the virtue of courage than the implementation of these barbaric (brutal) measures "Thucy Dides" ii 39 contains Pericles' "Speech for the Funeral of the State", saying that the Spartans cultivated the courage of their citizens by means of severe training (discipline).Athens was free as long as it was, and our citizens went to trouble, and there will be no descendants. .However, as we have said many times, to teach young people to specialize in such a virtue, or to put special emphasis on such a virtue see volume II 1271a41-b10, volume VII 1333b5, 1334a40.

, 15 In fact, this is also a mistake. Besides, even in terms of specifically training the character of Yongde, their method is absurd.In the animal kingdom and some barbaric peoples, if we observe carefully, we can easily find that, generally speaking, the most ferocious ones are often not the real brave ones, and those who are really brave and ferocious beasts generally have a milder disposition ( Docile) or "Annals of the Animals" Volume Nine Chapter 44629b8, which is more similar to the temper of a male lion, says that there is a difference between courage and cowardice and violence in animals. Lions are violent when they are hungry, and quite docile when they are full.See also, Vol. 488:16 231b589, that the lion is proud and brave.For other animals known both as docile and brave, Plato mentions dogs in 20A of The Sophist, and lions in 1146B of Utopia. .It is true that there are many savage peoples in the world who are accustomed to killing,21 and what is more, butchering the living.Among the tribes along the Pondu Sea (Black Sea), the Akaya tribe and the Henniwochi tribe are such ferocious and cannibalistic peoples by the Black Sea, which can also be seen in Volume VII 496b[-] of Neilon. On page [-] of "Strebo", it is said that the Henniwochi people were originally descendants of the Ragenni people. , In addition, some inland tribes are the same, even to some extent, more brutal.However, among these bandit tribes, who often make a living by plundering, there is no real bravery.

From the historical point of view, as far as the Lageni (Sparta) themselves are concerned,25 in the past period, they were the only city-states that were diligent in strict training and able to observe discipline, and only at that time, compared with other They are stronger than tribes.Today, whether it is sports competitions or duels on the battlefield, they have failed. Until the beginning of the fourth century BC, the Spartans were not as competitive and fighting as the youth and soldiers of Thebes; see Diodorus' " History xv 871 and Plutarch's Pelopidas 7. .In the past, they often won the championship not because of their specialties in training methods, but simply because their opponents did not train the teenagers even a little bit, so they were able to be unique in the past.

Ferocity is always inferior, and only a noble and strong heart can win. 30 Only those who are truly courageous can face danger without flinching. See "Niron" Volume III 1115a29. , wolves, or other ferocious beasts will never fight generously in the face of threat.If youth are driven to those savage pursuits, and given no necessary training, they will, no doubt, tend to be mean.As long as they develop a unique character so that they can serve the decisions or measures of politicians in the future, in fact, historical facts have proved that their ability to develop later is far inferior to those young people who have been trained in many aspects. 35 Now, instead of judging the past achievements of the Spartans, we should measure their training work by the present situation.In the past, they had no rivals.Today's Spartan training is going to be pitted against other educational procedures.

The importance of physical training and the manner in which it is carried out are now generally recognized.In children before the age of estrus, 40 should be taught some light gymnastics (competition), and any strenuous exercise that hinders physiological development, such as "heavy sports" (βαρ ερα θλα) in sports competitions, "pentathlon "Contests" and "Gladiatorial fights" are not for children (Pausanias vi 241).In the Panathenaic Festival, there was originally a children's pentathlon program, but it was later deleted (Blumner's "The Family Life of the Ancient Greeks" p. 373).In addition, strict dietary restrictions will also be detrimental to the growth of children.The legacy of early excessive exercise is profound.In the "List of Titles of Winners of the Olympia Games Over the Years", there used to be inscription stones in the Olympic competition field.
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