politics

Chapter 77 Volume (Θ) Eight (3)
λυμπιονκοι) should be a list in scroll form.The list of winners cited by the chroniclers of Alexandria is in use from the end of the fifth century 776 BC, and was first published in volumes by the wise Hippias of Ellis , and then Aristotle made a sequel.See Buzolte's "History of Greece" volume 585 2109 and Zeiler's "Greek Philosophy" ii 1339. , first won the prize in the children's competition, and then won the prize in the adult competition. There are very few such people. There are only two or three cases in 21ɑ, and one of them is Milo (Mλων) of Cloton. Luo won the first prize in the children's wrestling class. In the following 532 years, that is, 512-439 BC, he won the first prize six times in a row. He was a famous athlete in ancient Greece. See Holm's "History of Greece" Volume 5 10 . .The reason is obvious: In effect, the strenuous exercise of the early coaches was debilitating the young athletes.Therefore, the physical protocol before the age of estrus can only be some light drills.Three years after the estrus can be properly taught other homework, such as reading and writing, music and painting. [-] Until youth are fit for vigorous exercise and strict dietary regulations.It is inappropriate to ask people to perform mental and physical activities at the same time.These two different types of work will naturally produce different, or opposite, effects on the human body: [-] When the limbs are working, the mental activities will stop, and when the mind is thinking, the limbs will be dull.

Chapter five
See Chapter 1337 27b1338-30a15 in the previous narrative. , we've already touched on some questions about music.We are now just in time to pick up the thread and reopen it, and those statements on the subject may serve as a wedge for any adequate account.Just as it is difficult to explain the efficacy of music, it is equally difficult to try to discuss the reasons why music should be studied. 337 Some people think that, like sleep and drinking, the function of music is only entertainment and rest (relaxation).Sleep and drinking are not noble things in themselves, but both are pleasant things anyway, so Euripides said: "This is what relieves sorrow." This sentence can be seen in Euripides' "Revelers" (Bacchae) 377 lines (edited by Dindorf).Sleep, drinking, and music juxtaposed see lines 381-19 of the above script, and also lines 21-636.Also, in Homer's "Iliad" xiii [-], the three things are also juxtaposed.Sometimes, music also juxtaposes both.

It is for this reason that people will sleep, drink and music, as well as dance. The music and dance mentioned here actually refer to listening to music and watching dance. 79, 81, said that dance can affect the psychology and morality of the audience. , can also be included as much as possible - 20 can be regarded as things that can relieve fatigue and relieve worries.Another view may be that, just like physical training can cultivate our body, music can cultivate our temperament, and it can make a correct response to the joy of life, so we regard music as a kind of homework for cultivating virtue.There is also a third possible view that music is good for the cultivation of the mind and it is enough to promote the intellect. This section describes the three functions of music, which is consistent with the psychoanalysis of Volume VII Chapter 1333 26a32-[-]: ) as entertainment and rest, the irrational part of the soul is its effect; ([-]) as the exercise of goodness, the practical reason of the rational part is its effect; ([-]) as the exercise of wisdom, the metaphysical reason is its effect. .

Clearly, entertaining teenagers is not what education is about.Learning must work hard, so fatigue is inevitable, and naturally it is not a kind of entertainment.On the other hand, it is really not a suitable thing to try to make people train their minds when they are young.Of course, the purpose of life lies in the attainment of the soul, but he is only in the initial stage of entering the world, and he can't talk about the ultimate.Perhaps we can say that children earnestly study various subjects, such as music, and although they are tired at first, they can be entertained when they grow up.In this way, we can ask again: Then, why teach children to play the "band" set up by the Persian court by themselves, see Xenophon's "Cyrus' Infant Education" iv 30. ?Why not, as the kings of Persia and Media did, let those skilled musicians play, and listen for your own pleasure and instruction? 611 Since they play professionally and are good at it, their skills must be much better than those who can only learn the tricks.And if, because of playing, it is thought necessary to practice music at an early age, it is for the same reason that youngsters should first learn to cook fine dishes as a man's pleasure, yet the Greeks did not teach their children to cook from an early age until they grew up. When you grow up, you can use a spoon to cook food.On the contrary, it is regarded as the slave's affairs (see volume 35, chapter 1255, 23b27-[-]). ,—but this is absurd.

If we believe that music has the function of cultivating temperament, 40 there is still the question of whether children should learn to play by themselves.Just ask: "Why do children play by themselves? Let them listen to music more, and eventually they can develop their ability to appreciate music and understand its true interest, right?" It is said that the Lacedaemonians are like this: 1339b They have never learned the orchestra themselves, but they are familiar with the rhythm, and can also distinguish the elegance and vulgarity of the tune. "Athena" 628b, it is said that the Spartans are not good at playing music but good at appreciating music, probably based on this section.Plutarch's "Biography of Lycagus" 21 said that everyone in Sparta learned to sing.Chapter 1341 33a184 of this book also mentions that the Spartans had people who were good at wind instruments. Aristotle and his son Chamaeleon (Chamaeleon) said in "Athena" [-]d that most Spartans can play flute.

After Aristotle, in the third century BC, musical education was more common in Sparta than in previous centuries. .According to the third view, music is used as a homework to promote our freedom and happiness in life. The problem is still the same: if we want to relax, why don't we listen to music instead of listening to music? What about advocacy?Here we can cite our knowledge of the gods: the poets By "the poets" we should mean Homer et al.Euripides' "Ion" 5 says that Apollo, the god of the sun, plays the harp and sings loudly, but Hicivato's "The Shield of Heracles" (ScutHerc) 905 says that Apollo plays the strings, and the group of artists (muses) sings, See Preller's "Greek Mythology" (Preller, Griech Mythologie) Volume 201 215.The chanted Zeus neither speaks nor plays the piano, but he just listens there quietly. 10 We often say that someone is drunk or used to being witty, and therefore sings and dances.If it weren't for getting drunk and making people stop being funny, such activities would be despised as the ability of musicians and maiko.

However, let’s leave this issue for later, and refer to the next article six for details. .Here, let us first examine whether music should be included as a subject of education.From this, I asked: Among the three ends that have been analyzed before—education, that is, to cultivate one’s temperament, or to entertain, or to cultivate one’s soul—in which aspect does music play its role?Since music contains the common factors of the three, it can be said that it can exert its effect for each of the three. 15 Please take one of the elements, namely, the pleasure effect as an example: the reason for entertainment to seek rest (relaxation).Since rest is used to relieve fatigue caused by tension, it must have a pleasurable effect.And, similarly, generally speaking, it is believed that the cultivation of the mind should combine the elements of pleasure and nobility, and a happy mind is a mind composed of these two elements. 20 Now, we all agree that music, whether uttered by the orchestra or sung by the voice Plato's Laws 669D, says that the flute (orchestra) must sing to it, and the singing must be in rhythm, about which A. Aristotle's point of view is different, that musical instruments can be played a cappella, and the human voice can also be sung solo. , is always the greatest joy in the world.Here, we can quote the poet Museo Museo, an ancient poet, is said to be a Thracian hero, the son of Orpheus ('Ορφε), the Greek musician.The poem as evidence:
"There is nothing more pleasing than singing."

We can therefore understand why, for social intercourse and leisure, people in the world often take pleasure in music--music can indeed move the heart and make people happy.Here, we may take the pleasing effect of music as a reason,25 and therefore maintain that children should learn music as a lesson.All pleasure without trouble "Pleasure without trouble" (βλαβν δεν), or "innocent pleasure", first seen in Plato's Laws ii 667E, 670D), says that music does not cause any other damage.It not only complements the ultimate of life, that is, happiness, but also can be used as a daily rest.Of course, it is not easy to experience the fruits of life, but even if we do not pursue lifelong happiness deeply, we are happy to rest and express ourselves, which is always a temporary joy in daily life.Therefore, it is very beneficial to quiet the young people, let music stimulate entertainment, and let people have a moment of relaxation. Yu Yu's creation (cf. Philodemus de Musica [Philodemus de Musica] iv 30).The Cynics held that the study of music was neither necessary nor beneficial (Diogenes Laertius, Biographies vi 36, 73).Here Aristotle says that although music is not "necessary," it is actually "beneficial." .

It is true that people sometimes play in the world, making entertainment the sole purpose of their life, and the end of life should have some pleasing effect.However, this kind of pleasure is not an occasional pleasure, but they mistake the ordinary pleasure for the pleasure of the heart in the pursuit of lifelong happiness. Plato's "Laws" 658 says that music can entertain people by its reason The degree of its superiority or inferiority.Children love puppet shows, teenagers love comedies, adults prefer tragedies, and old people prefer epic poetry.As a judgment, it is better to depend on a virtuous and good man than on a common man who occasionally entertains. .Generally speaking, all kinds of ordinary activities of human beings only seek to achieve temporary goals,35 and never care about whether they can achieve long-term results in life. See "Niron" Volume VII 1153b33. .Ordinary and occasional pleasures are very similar to this, they only consider the present pleasure, and don’t need to think about tomorrow’s funeral. The weariness that comes down is what confuses those who seek happiness and make them chase common pleasures. 40
However, for people, music is not only a pleasure, but also beneficial to the three functions of music mentioned above in terms of relieving fatigue: entertainment, temperance and spiritual training.As far as entertainment is concerned, the above confuses it as entertainment and rest (relief from fatigue). Here, entertainment is regarded as the usual function of music, while relief from fatigue is a special function after fatigue. .It seems that the utility of music is also here.However, we still need to study these attributes, that is, whether the 1340ɑ music has any other more noble natural attributes and natural differences than the previously mentioned in terms of the effects of joy and fatigue. Chapter Four 1007a22-b2 and Volume Five Chapter Eight Chapter Thirty. .No matter how big the age difference is, how far the personality difference is, when it comes to music, people do feel joy naturally.Of course, there may be other personal feelings about this same joy—5 Perhaps, the question of whether music has any influence on our character and soul is what we should consider.If music can affect sentiment, it is obvious that its effect will also affect character.Many different tunes will arouse people's different feelings, Olympus Olympus, the legend is the ancient musician of Chiluji.

This is especially true of the songs of , which proves the influence of music on people's character. 10 All the world knows that the songs of Olympus can inspire the soul and make it enthusiastic;The rise of the soul is sufficient to show that the soul is affected emotionally. "The part of the soul corresponding to the temperament" is opposed and compared with its corresponding part of the body and its intellectual part.The touching or influence of music lies in the rational part (Plato's "Ion Chapter" 534B), here, Aristotle said that music can arouse emotions and make people dance unconsciously, so its influence in the temperament part. "Niron" Volume 1173 Chapter 8 [-]b[-] also said that its influence is on the body or the (physiological) part. .Also, no matter who they are, when they hear only some simulated voices, although there is no rhythm or meaning in them, but they also show sympathy because they are moved. Touching people's hearts, for example, wailing makes people feel sad, while laughter makes people feel lighthearted, so melodious and rhythmic music can not only relieve fatigue and make people happy, but also affect people's character. .

(End of this chapter)