politics

Chapter 78 Volume (Θ) Eight (4)
15Since music is pleasing and goodness is the formation of joyful feelings and proper loves and dislikes, we may infer from this that the lessons and moods that are urgently needed to be learned and cultivated by all are goodness and excellence, In order to create correct judgment and happy induction, see Plato's "Ideal Map" iii 401-2 and "Laws" ii 659C-E. .The rhythm and melody of music can reflect the truth of character, such as the image of anger and meekness, the image of temperance and courage, and all the opposite images of these. "Justice" and so on; Aristotle's music education for children paid great attention to the cultivation of the two virtues of "temperance" and "justice". See 20a1334 of this book, see also Plato's "Utopia" iii 24. The image of - in music, these images are expressed most vividly. Knowing that as these images seep into our hearing, actually stirs and evolves our soul.

Here, in fact, the mood of joy and sorrow induced by the original corresponds to the mood of joy and sorrow fostered by the image of music in Plato's Republic iii 395. . 25 For example, if a man takes pleasure in looking at a statue of something—if indeed it is the image that gives him pleasure, and not the nobility or beauty of the material—then, when he sees the original, It must be very happy.However, other senses, such as taste and touch, cannot create the character or moral image of a character. Nothing that expresses its character. .The image involved in the vision may also show the personality of the character. In fact, some graphics are imitating the mood of things, but the personality that the graphics can reflect is narrow and superficial. See Xenophon's "Memoirs" iii 919, mentioning And the painter Parrhasius said that painting cannot express "the part of the soul corresponding to the temperament". Socrates explained that painting can also express the spirit.Plato's "Utopia" 26D-29920D said that in addition to music, there are other arts such as painting, architecture, weaving and embroidery, which can also imitate the character and sentiment of characters).In this section, Aristotle emphasizes the sense of voice, which is slightly different.

Nettleship, RL Nettleship, Hellenica, p. 117, says that Aristotle is inferior to poets and musicians in assessing the legacy of sculptors and architects on the national character.Synthesize the relevant chapters of Plato's dialogues and deduce their essence. Plato also pays attention to the sense of sound.However, in Schmidt's "Ethics of Ancient Greece", Volume 207, 30, he said that the psychology of the Greeks was heavily influenced by vision. . 1341 At the same time, we must also know that the vision of all people is somewhat the same as "all people", including children, slaves and other people who are not worthy of wisdom (see next chapter 15a[-]), which means that color and figure Although the resulting portrait may have a slight reflection of personality, it is still easy for the public to understand, without any advanced appreciation. .Also, in fact, the visual impression formed by color and shape is not the expression of character, but only the hint of character.They only depict a character in a certain emotion, so the sentiment that shows that object, such as a painting or a statue, can only describe or shape a "brave character" in danger, so as to show the "brave" attitude, visual image A brave character cannot be expressed directly like music. .

However, in the case of 35 kinds of works in the visual aspect, the identification of these meager hints or representations should not teach children to watch Paussang Paussang why Riestaophant is at the same time, see his play "The Akanais" (Acharn) 854 (Brünn, Geschichte der Grkünstler, Vol. II 49).Instead, they should be directed to Polygnotho, the Athenian painter of the fifth century BC, who differed from Paussant's art.See also "Poetics" Chapter 1448 1a[-], which says that good and evil are the dividing line for all human beings. Actors use their movements and expressions to play ordinary people, or to play those typical characters who are better or worse than ordinary people, just like The painter's choice of subject matter is similar.

The themes taken by Polygonotto are generally super-good people, but on the contrary, most of the paintings by Paussang are evil and extravagant people, and Dionysius (Διονσιο) is usually drawn from common people public. Chapter VI 1450a26 of "Poetics" also talks about Polygonotto's artistic competition with Zεξιδο.Aristotle praised Poirot's works for their sentimentality. When he was in Aristotle, the Athens Gallery kept Pokot's "Marathon Battle Picture", and the murals in the Temple of Anaqi (Aνκειον) were also Bosch's paintings. (Herman's "Greek Stories" volume III 41).Plutarch's "Biography of Jimon" 4 said that Boshi never received remuneration for his paintings of the altars and temples of Athens.See Brunn ibid. Vol. 40:[-].and the achievements of other painters or sculptors who are good at imitating sentiments and (moral characters).

However, in the case of music (composition), the situation is very different, which is basically an expression of sentiment, that is, (moral character).This is obvious: the nature of the tones is different, 40 and the listener will be aroused differently by listening to different tones.Some tunes can make people feel sad, such as the so-called Lydian mixed tune, 1340b is known for its melancholy; while others, more gentle tunes, people tend to feel relieved when listening to such tunes ; There is another kind of tune that can make people calm, which is the unique charm of Duli tune; as for the season tune of Fuli, it is different; the listener will feel the meaning of enthusiasm and enthusiasm before reaching the end For "combination" or "harmony", if it is used to explain world affairs, it can express many special meanings.In terms of music, it has several different meanings: (834) as the "god of music", it can also be said to be the daughter of the gods of arts (Euripid's "Medea" [Medea] 937), or the god of war The daughter of the couple with Eros (Xixiwotu's "Theogony" 56), the god of music and the goddess Xibai (cHβη) representing "youth" are companions, and the Lord is "harmonious"; ([-]) "Music rhythm", Such as Pythagoras' "octave". ([-]) "Melody", such as the following tunes; ([-]) "Music score", the lyrics and music that can be sung according to the movement.See Monro, The Modes of Ancient GrMusic, page [-].

"Lydian mixed tone" (μιξολυδισ
), according to Plutarch's "On Music" 16, citing Aristocratic Xeno language, saying that this tune comes from the ancient poetess Sappho, whose voice is desolate and depressed, similar to the Chinese "Haoli"" "Scallion dew" is used for mourning and mourning.See Fragments 5 (Edited by Berke) of the lyric poet Pratina of the sixth and fifth centuries BC.

"Roumi tune" (ι μαλακωρω) refers to the low tone of "Ion tone" and "Lydian tone", see Platina's "fragment" 5 (the "fragment" is from "Athena Russian "524F).Chapter VII 1342b29 of the main volume of this book says that although the Lydian tune is quiet and slow, it is suitable for children's education, and children can lead to this tune when they sing.

"Duri Tune" (Δωρισι ρμονα), see also Plutarch's "On Music" 16, which called this tune "majestic and solemn".Volume 48 of Pseudo-Aristotle's "Jitti" is titled "On Music", and Chapter 922 is "Music Tune" 14b[-].
) "Majestic and stable".Platina's "Residual" 5, said that "Aioλισ" (Aιoλισ) is the middle tone between the high tone and the low tone of Ionle, and the middle tone is also the "simulation tone" in Aristotle's book. inside tone".The ancient Greek philosophers believed that if life is joyful, one's mind will be broad-minded, while sadness will lead to depression, and the joys and sorrows of music will depress one's mind.Aristotle advocates the middle way. He believes that people in the world should be neither lenient nor tight, and be accustomed to peace.

"Fili Season Tune" (Φριγιστ ρ) is a tune praised by Plato ("Utopia" 399A).However, Aristotle thought the tune was too exciting and would lead people into carnival, and it was not suitable for education. .Here, regarding the identification and selection of tunes, we try our best to follow those who are well-versed in music education research. For details, please refer to the following article VII 1341b27 and 1342a30. Some of these people refer to music philosophers, such as Damon (see Plato's "Utopia" 400B, 424C, etc., some refer to philosophers, such as Plato's "Utopia" 398D-399A and other chapters have discussed various aspects before Aristotle. A tune), Plato's disciple Heraclitus (Plutarch's "On Music" 3).Eaton said that it can also refer to the Pythagorean school of number theory, see page 596 of the fourth edition of "Su School" and page 544 of "New School" III.5 They have exhaustively collected facts and synthesized their music theory.

The principles just mentioned about the tone are also suitable for all kinds of rhythms and (rhythms).Some rhymes are quieter in nature, while others are quite turbulent.As for the rhythm of turmoil, there is a difference between the common sense and the behavior of free people, which is what we call the difference between the humble and the noble. Regarding the rhythm (rhythm) (ρ'νθμο) high and low, see " Rhetoric, Volume 1408, Chapter 32, [-]b[-], which says: "Among various rhythms, the rhyme of chanting history (heroic character ρ
ο) Solemn but a little less friendly, iambic (ι μβο) is as friendly as ordinary Chinese, while iambic (τροχαο) tends to be frivolous and frivolous, and this rhythm is often used in four-step sentences. "Also, see "Poetics" chapter 241450b34 said: "Generally speaking, the epic style adopts the most stable and solemn meter, while the iambic style and the four-step iambic style win by their fluency. One of the two expresses life. Everyday fun, while the other is exciting, with a singing and dancing beat. "(The heroic grid is used as an iambic rhythm, which is a hexameter, and the ancient poets used it as an "epic". After the epic, Ion writers prevailed in the iambic tripartite, which is used as an "ironic poem").. Through the above Argumentation, we clarified that music does have the function of cultivating temperament. 1339a14-25 cited three functions of music. So far, we have only elaborated on the first two functions of pleasing fatigue and cultivating sentiment. As for the effect of music on cultivating reason The function of this aspect has not been clarified so far. 10 Since it has such a function, it is obvious that it should be included in the educational curriculum and taught to teenagers. Furthermore, music education is indeed suitable for the true interests of teenagers. When Children are reluctant to learn when they are young, and it is easier to obtain results only out of their own will.

This purpose first appeared in the Pythagorean school ("Aristocracy Xeno Fragments" 22, Muller's "Greek History Fragments" Volume II 279), Plato's "Utopia" 536E and Isocrates The "Senate Debate" 43, which is similar to it.Accept things that are bitter but cannot cause happiness. As for music, 15 basically contains the nature of sweetness and joy. See "Poetics" Chapter VI 1449b28 and 1450b15. .According to "Su School", the sentence 17-19 is moved up, and 10 lines are followed to explain the difference between high and low rhythm. , the melody and rhythm of music are pleasing, and music can penetrate the soul.Therefore, many thinkers combine the soul with the tune.Some simply say that the soul itself is a melody: while others hold that the quality soul which contains the melody in the soul is itself a melody, this is the Pythagorean view, cf. Volume 407, Chapter 27, 436b93.Among the disciples of Aristotle, Aristotle Xeno and Dicaearchus (cf. Zeiler, Aristotle and the Early Peripatetics) Vol. II 268 Page).It is Plato's statement that the soul contains music, see Phaedo 4.For the parallelism of the two theories, please refer to Chapter [-] [-]a[-] of Volume [-] of "On Heaven". .

Chapter Six
Now, we still have to answer the question carefully mentioned earlier in Chapter 1339a33-b10. : 20 Whether teaching music can make children realize playing and performing on their own.Whether they have ever performed on stage or not is of course a major difference in the attainment of people's talents.Although it is possible for people who have never appeared on the stage, it is difficult to become a good judge (connoisseur) of that talent after all. Most are professional entertainers.Greek custom despises entertainers, so Juan III, Chapter 1282, 17a1339, says that entertainers (writers) are not the best judges and laymen can be good connoisseurs.This is different from what was said before.See Chapter 42, 10a[-]-b[-] of this volume. .

(End of this chapter)