politics

Chapter 79 Volume (Θ) Eight (5)
Also, in order to keep the children busy, 25 to ensure the physical and mental health of the children, and to prevent them from damaging the indoor items at will, they often play with them Achita's rattle τνΑρχον πλααγν, "Achita's rattle": Achita Tai was a Tarranton philosopher at the end of the fifth century BC, Arrian: "Miscellaneous History" xii 15 records that he likes to play and sing with children.This toy may have been made by Archie.But the name of the clapper was first seen by historians in the first half of the fifth century, in the Fragments of Hillanicus61 and the Fragments of Pherecydes32 (Müller's Fragments of Greek History). "Pian" Volume 53 78, 213), You Lai, Xi co-edited "Greek Proverbs" Volume 30 [-], it is said that Achita, who created children's toy rattles, was a carpenter. , this toy is simply a delightful creation.Children are seldom quiet all day long; in their infancy, a loudspeaker is just enough to attract their attention; and as the years grow older, when they are young, musical education is fit to serve as their loudspeaker. [-]
In view of this, it is obvious that in music education, teenagers should be allowed to play on stage.It is not difficult to make a choice as to how to arrange the right ones during the development period, and how to arrange them is inappropriate. Also, people often think that studying music and actually appearing on the stage, 35 is like a musician's profession and tends to be indecent. See 1339b5-10 above and 1341b14 below. , which is also easy to explain.We have previously admitted that the purpose of letting teenagers participate in the performance is only to cultivate their ability to judge others' performance: although they should be familiarized with the craft in the early stage, when they are old, they can appreciate music and judge elegance and vulgarity, so they don't need to appear again up.

After examining several aspects, let us answer the so-called playing the flute and playing the qin here is close to playing with things and making people feel vulgar. To what extent should it be limited? This question has been covered in Chapter 40 1337b15 before, and its answers are given in 1341a5-17 below. ? (1341) What songs and rhythms must they be familiar with in 398ɑ μλο ([-]) The original meaning is a song, or a section of a song (strain).Plato's "Ideal Map" [-]D, said that songs are "the combination of words, tunes and rhythms". ([-]) In terms of musical instruments, it is "tone".The tone is the "following syllable" and "basic syllable" composed of several tones.In addition to being translated into songs in this book, the word is sometimes interpreted as "time" and sometimes as "melody".

对这里所提到的歌曲问题的答复参见章七1341b19—1342b34；但对那些韵律的问题，下文没有答复。按照上文章五1340b7，亚里士多德用于儿童教育所选取的韵律是那些“性质较安静的韵律”。？（三）应该教他们演奏哪些乐器乐器问题的答复参见1341a17—b8。——因为乐器也是有尊卑之分的。这些问题我们如能辨明，也就可以消除那些谴责了。某些种类的乐艺可能是工匠性的薄技，但是我们必须先分辨各个种类的不同效果，然后才能评论这样的问题。5
We try to assume that the arrangements for the musical education of youngsters must not hinder their adult careers, nor allow them to develop those habits of artisans; 10 is even more harmful when it should be trained as warriors (military) and citizens (political) see Chapter 1337 8b11-[-] of this volume. .The progress of the music course should abide by the following rules: first, students should not be taught to learn the programs performed in professional competitions; It is actually introduced into the current educational curriculum. It is true that "competitions" should not be held in festivals. Here it refers to drama and music performance competitions in the competitions.The two rules proposed by Aristotle, first, "competition shows" are not suitable for children to learn, but should be performed by entertainers and musicians in the competition; second, "grotesque and strange shows" are professional actors. Nor should it be played.

Plato's "Laws" 812D-E, said that children's three-year music education should not require them to practice complex rhythms and esoteric tunes.Also, in 610A-B, it is said: The rulers (legislators) often encourage poets to write poems with noble and solemn rhythm, tone, and rhetoric, in order to praise brave warriors and people who are diligent in doing good.But now only Sparta and Athens have regulations on drama and music to prevent adultery.There are no regulations or restrictions in other countries. Artists and musicians often show off their novelty, perform absurd dances and weird music, so as to make the audience lose their temper. .According to these rules, 15 the courses we arrange should not only allow young people to get acquainted with certain animals. Bindar's "Remnants" 220 and Plato's "The Statesman" 268B both talk about birds and animals that can also listen to music.Plato's "Utopia" 620A said that "swan goose" is a musical animal.According to Aristotle's "Annals of the Animals", Chapter 611 27b52, deer like to listen to songs and flutes.Plutarch's "Collection of Conversations" vii 702 ([-]F), said that deer, horses, and dolphins all love music.and the ordinary melody that almost all slaves and young children can comprehend, but only so far as to appreciate the noble rhythms and words.

From the above arguments, we can also deduce what kind of instruments should be selected.The flute should not be introduced into children's music education; 20 we also have to avoid other instruments that require a high degree of skill, such as the gichaila etc.

λò is a general term for wind instruments that are pronounced by blowing air. It is often translated as "flute" (flute), but in fact it can also be "oboe" or "clarionet" or "clarion".Wind instruments in Greece are mostly made of reed stems, copper, wood, ivory, and bone.

"Gichaila" (κιθáρα), the original word of Latin cithara and English guitar (pipa), and λρα ("Lula") and óρμιγξ ("Fumingus") are also found in Homer's epic.Euripides' "Ion" 881 tells that during the period of the famous musician Terpander (Termander) in the seventh century BC, Gichaila was a triangular lyre.Later gradually increase to nine strings or eleven strings.There should be no difference in making various harps in ancient times.Plato's "Utopia" 339D also mentioned that both Lula and Gichaila can be used as music education for teenagers.At the time of Aristotle, Jichala was already quite different from the ancient style, so it is not suitable to choose. .The instruments awarded to the students should be musical and other academically beneficial.Also, the sound of the flute can only arouse the spirit and cannot express its moral quality; therefore, it can only be played during the ritual to arouse the religious feelings of the priests. Trebo" pp. 25 and 466; Plato's "Crito" (Crito) 468D, Plutarch's "Collection of Conversations" iii 54, etc. ; this is not educationally appropriate.

Another objection against children playing the flute is that they cannot sing or speak while using the instrument.Though flute-playing flourished in antiquity, our ancestors soon forbade youth and freemen from this art, the Greek custom, which venerated singing in childhood. "Antizoology" Volume II Chapter Sixteen 659b30 discusses that human lips and tongues are unique from other animals and are good at speaking; Aristotle focused on this.The flute depends on the strings and must use the lips and tongue, so it is not good for speech and singing.The sound of the flute is not suitable for waka. .In the early days, every family was rich and had leisure, so people tended to be good at various talents; during the Persian War and after the war, 30 was full of vigor because of the victory of everyone, so they tried to spread all new learning, even without selection, Even the flute is included in the curriculum of music education.In Lacedaemon, a chorus leader actually played the flute for him while his team members were dancing choregus) is a flute master himself, so it is a special case.

; and in Athens, where it had become the fashion of the moment, almost any free man could play the instrument—see the monument erected by Slasippus, who managed in earnest and formed an orchestra35, in which the band is especially praised. The flute master Ekfandite (Ekανδη), according to "New School" Ⅲ 555, is an early comedy writer in Athens. His works can be found in the "Compilation of Fragments of Greek Comedy" edited by Meinac; According to Bakr's English translation, it is interpreted here as the flute master in the team.This section of the anecdote may come from the "Didascaliai" compiled by the Lyceum Academy. .

Since then, the skill of playing the flute has improved day by day, and when the listening to the sound of the music has become more refined, and finally one can distinguish whether the instrument is beneficial or not beneficial to virtue, everyone no longer pays attention to this art. 40 Many of the older productions, such as the zither, the lute doser, and such instruments intended only to please the audience, as well as the harpsichord, lyre, sabiki, and various other instruments which were devoted to the hand, 1341b Since then, the world has also despised the "Pikedi" (π ηκ), or translated "four-corner and eight-stringed zither", which began to circulate in Lydia. According to legend, it was a musical instrument introduced to Greece by Saf ("Athena" 635E) , and its production is similar to the octagonal twelve-string "Meccadi" (μαγαδι) zither, both of which belong to foreign instruments, such as the "huqin" called in China.The Chinese Qin Zheng has 23 strings, the Hanse (箜篌) has 25 or 25 strings; the ancient Seer has [-] or [-] strings; the Greek zither or harp was also increased to [-] or [-] strings in the Middle Ages.

"Papido" (Bρβιο) is a kind of "multi-string instrument", which also spread from Asia to Greece.This instrument began to be seen in the poems of the lyric poet Anacreon (Anacreon) in the sixth century BC (Belke's "Fragments" 113).

"Sapiki" (σαμβκη) is a triangular ukulele, which originated in Syria and was originally named "Sabka" ("Athena" 115D, 633F, "Strebo" p. 471).Sapika has a high-pitched sound, and few players play it (the ukulele is called "pipa" in China and uses Hu's name).

The lyre (πλωνα) and the triangular piano (ρλωνα) are both multi-string guqins.For the grand piano, see Chapter 23919, Chapter 13b399 of "Ji Ti", the length of the strings varies greatly.Plato's "Utopia" iii 2C said that the zither and the grand piano have multiple strings and multiple tunes, which are not suitable for education.Here, Aristotle criticizes these ancient instruments and foreign instruments as difficult to practice and not beneficial to the mind, so they can only be practiced by professional artists, and teenagers and free citizens generally do not need to learn such talents .For musical instruments, Aristotle singled out the lyre (Lyra).According to ancient Greek legends, Apollo, the god of the sun, created it for Lula. It is an authentic musical instrument with a smooth sound and a neutral temperament. It cannot be used for sad or carnival performances. .According to ancient legends, there is a lot of wisdom in the myth about the flute pipe.It is said that Athena first created a flute, and then she abandoned it. .According to the story, she abandoned the instrument because she lost her grace by puffing her cheeks while playing it.But Athena was the goddess of wisdom, 5 to whom we have attributed all learning; and perhaps the reason why she plays the flute is because the sound of the flute does not help mental cultivation.

Thus, in the case of musical instruments and the skills they require, we should indeed abandon all professional training. 10 The so-called professional training means that apprentices can participate in playing competitions.In public performances, the operation of the musicians does not mean the cultivation of their own body and mind, but concentrates on pleasing the vulgar audience in front of them. See Plato's "Gorgias" 501B-502A. , in fact, these audiences are chasing after some scornful hilarity.So we think that performing on stage is always the ability of those servants (musicians), not the duty of free people others. "Rhetoric" Volume 982 Chapter 25 1367a31, the intention is almost the same. .Moreover, the performers themselves will gradually become vulgar in the theater. 15 For the purpose of their entertainment to please the audience is low, and often the vulgarity of the audience degrades the art; and the entertainers, in order to please the audience, do not hesitate to drown their minds and even their bodies. I have to be coy in accordance with the fashion trend.

Chapter Seven
(End of this chapter)