politics

Chapter 80 Volume (Θ) Eight (6)
20 Questions about the various tones and meters (rhythms) remain for our study.Can all tones and rhythms be used, or should they be chosen separately?Can the general music arts rules be followed in an educational music program, or should alternative arrangements be made?These are questions that must be explored.We still need to study another topic,25 and that is: Music is composed of words and rhythms combined. What is the educational effect of each?Is it the lyrics or the rhythm that determine the superiority of the music? However, this topic is not elaborated on below.Plato's "Laws" 655A said that music tone (harmony) can make people's temperament good and get along with each other harmoniously, and rhythm can make people's behavior calm and orderly. "Park Lubo" iv 204 says that good rhythm (rhythm) is also helpful for military training. ?However, we believe that many contemporary musicians have made good discussions on these issues, and some thinkers who are proficient in music education have also explained them in terms of music theory.The interested scholar can read those works,30 and here we are like a legislator who takes only the main points of all things, and only outlines them.

根据某些哲学家的分析，我们将旋律分为三种基本音节《诗学》章一1447a28所列举的乐章“音节”（旋律）之三类则为“品德、行动以及情感”。《诗学》章十八1455b32又将悲剧分为四种，其中的两种叫做“品德之剧”和“情感之剧”。《斯特累波》15页中说，旋律的三分之说源自“古哲”。以上各书提到的“情感音节”，就是这里所说的“热忱音节”。 “热忱音节” 和品德音节可参见章五1340a11—30中说明图画和雕刻表现性格和情感的那一部分。1340a39—b4等节中提到的杜里调的乐章以品德音节为重点，而茀里季调则以热忱音节为重点（然而《集题》卷十九922b12中说，“拟茀里季调”合于“行动音节”）。以行动音节为基调的有农夫田间的劳歌，桡手划船的呼应（参见菲洛德谟的《音乐》iv 86）。号角之声能激励军队的行进及战斗（参见阿里安的《杂史》ii 44）。斯巴达尚武的曲谱和诗歌大部分采用行动音节（参见普鲁塔克的《拉根尼制度》14）。——培养品德、鼓励行动和激发热忱。

These thinkers also said that the classification of syllables such as 35 is the origin of the nature of the tones, and that each tones and their respective melodies are originally called μρο, that is, "parts". The school is changed to "μλο", that is, "syllable (melody)".match.On the other hand, see Chapter 1730, 1786b1339-11, as mentioned earlier. , we should still not favor any single interest, but should advocate that music take into account several interests at the same time.The interests of music are divided into three types: the first is education; Translate "release of emotion", or translate "purgation" (purgation), because religious music is like a cathartic medicine to eliminate food accumulated in the abdomen, it can arouse emotions and purify people's depression, Therefore, the above two translations seem to be different, but in fact they are interlinked.See 20a1341 and 24a1342 below.Our existing "Poetics" does not explain this word in detail.

Zeiler said in the second volume of "Xi Zhi Philosophy" in 2107 that the existing manuscripts of "Poetics" are not only incomplete, but also have been tampered with, and many of the proper topics have been lost. ; the third is the discipline of the mind,40 which in turn has to do with rest and relief from fatigue. The three effects enumerated in Chapter 1337 are (36) pleasing, (1338) cultivating emotions, and (3) cultivating reason. (a) Education is equivalent to (b) pottery, that is, the training of morality. (1342) Yiyue and (922) Cultivating reason and (C), Chapter 14 31b[-]-[-]a[-] also has a joint description of the two.The added item (b) here, dealing with religious sentiments, is likewise concerned with virtue or sentiment. .Clearly, therefore, various tones can be used, [-]ɑ but in order to make each play its own use, different tones should be used in different cases.If education is the ultimate goal, then we should choose the best Peide tunes. "Volume XIX [-]b[-]) and (iii) a tune discussed by educators skilled in music (see line [-] below in this chapter). .Listening to other people's performances can be included in programs such as the tune of action and the tune of enthusiasm. Some people are very sensitive to emotions such as pity, fear, enthusiasm, etc., and their telepathy is also very sensitive, and ordinary people must feel the same,
5 is only different in degree of strength.Some of them are particularly prone to religious inspiration for this reason.We can see that whenever these people are excited by the syllables of the chanting, and when they hear the singing of the excited soul, they can't help but become intoxicated and crazy. "Fourth Edition Ⅰ 1342, put it as a marginal note, add brackets. On pages 9-640 of "New School" III, it is stated that "syllables for worshiping odes" are not entirely "syllables that excite the soul", and this clause should be part of the main text, not a commentary on "syllables for sacrificing odes". , it seems that after taking a dose of potion, his disease was suddenly eliminated.

For the inspiration and exorcism of poetry, see Butcher's "Aristotle's Poetics and Fine Arts Theory" (Butcher, As Theory of Poetry and Fine Arts).Likewise, 10 he then regained consciousness, and then regained his tranquility.A corresponding tune can produce the same effect on other persons who are especially susceptible to pity, fear, or any other emotion, and to a certain extent also affects the rest according to the degree of sensitivity of each individual. people.Music, then, arouses the emotions of all, and in a way exorcises their melancholy, and in turn gives them general joy. 15 Therefore, these syllables of worship, which are meant to dispel stagnation, actually bring us pure and innocent joy.

Therefore, in music competitions, all performers can adopt these tones and syllables.However, the audience is also divided into two categories: one is educated and free people, and the other is ordinary vulgar audiences, such as craftsmen and servants.Competitions and observation performances should not only be open to the first type of listeners, but also should be open to the second type of listeners, who just need these music to refresh themselves.Because of being trapped in labor, the soul of the latter audience has lost its naturalness, so they will like to listen to the syllables that are out of time and over-colored. Strings, too high and too low tunes refer to Lydian mixed tone, Lydian sharp tone and slow tone, Ion low tone, etc. "Colored" music is a variation of whole intervals, and "overcolored" is a variation of quarter (enharmonic) and chromatic (chromatic).and eccentric tunes. 20 Like-minded people will see it as a great joy, so they will be full of interest.Therefore, artists should be allowed to perform lesser and vulgar words and music before offering their skills to low-level audiences.

Just like 1342a2.It is said that in education, cultivating character is the core of choosing lyrics and tunes.We used to say 1340b3. , 30 Durie is one tune for moral development, but we should also incorporate other tunes that have been addressed by thinkers who have studied philosophy and music education. "Republic" See "Republic" by Plato) iii 399.The criticism of Plato's music education theory in this section is similar to the criticism of Plato's political theory in the following sections of Chapter 121316a1 at the end of Volume 519, which does not conform to the context of the original volume. "New School" (I569, III 1342) guessed that these texts were some fragments of Aristotle's criticism of "The Republic", and the editors of the book "Politics" also retrieved these texts according to their contents. Fragments are preserved at the end of these two volumes.In , Socrates only chose the Furi seasonal tune out of the Duli tune, which is wrong. In 5b, he first objected to the sound of the flute, and later recorded the Pili season tune. From this we can see that his fallacies are very serious.Fuli season tune is just like other musical instruments such as flute, as evidenced by the poetic style, both of which are famous for their sadness, agitation and moving emotion.The flute is the most harmonious with Bacia (βακχεα, Dionysus) and similar emotional impulses that enter the poems and make music, [-], and use other instruments to make it unnatural.

The tunes are also similar, and the syllables in the season tunes of Fuli are the ones that best express this kind of fanatical mood.The etymology of Ticirambu ("Fever Poetry") or Frenzy Poetry (διθνραμβο) has been lost. For the title of his liturgical psalm.The Duli writers initiated this style of poetry. "Herodotus" i23 says that this style of poetry was "first created by the lyric poet Arion" (Arion, heyday 624 BC).Later, it was introduced to Athens, and the movement sung at the Dionysus Festival was also a kind of dance music, so this poetic style was specially used to compose the score for the season tune of Fuli.This kind of music is very dissolute, and the flutes are used to play music. In order to show the frivolity of the crowd, everyone sings and dances.Plato said in "Laws" 700A-B, "The classification of ancient music and poetry, one is the "songs of prayer" (hymus) made for sacrifices to gods, and the other is "lamentations" (lamentations) made for mourning and mourning. ). In other words, one is "paeans" and the other is "dithrambs". Song "(citharoedics)". , which is compatible with the syllable of the season tone in Fuli, here can be cited as an example.

In order to explain the nature of fanatical poetry, famous musicians can also cite many anecdotes and chapters to illustrate. For example, Philox Xeno once used Duli tune as a score to fill in an article called "Misu People "The fanatical poem ΓΠ manuscript ο μθον ("Story" or "Legend") said that in Schneider's proofreading ο Mισο ("Misu People"), a poem was titled.In ancient times, the Mysians were known for their weakness. Both Sophocle and Eschelu once compiled a script called "Mysians" (Mysians) based on the stories told by Telephus.Based on this revision, Philox Xeno has another poem with the same title.In modern times, most of the books are from the school. . 10 And later he failed after all, and had to still use the past Fuli season tune to write.It is generally accepted that the most dignified is the Duli tune, which is especially suited to expressing courageous temperaments.In addition, we all believe that too much is too much, and we should follow the "golden mean" between the two extremes.Duli tune is exactly the middle tune between the other tunes, see Chapter 1340 40a4-b15. .Therefore, we should use the syllables and lyrics of Duli tune when we educate teenagers about music. This chapter 1341b37-41 lists three kinds of benefits of music. Cultivating wisdom has not been elaborated so far (see Note 1340b13 in Chapter [-]).Most suitable.

In order to make a difference, people must pay attention to these two goals, the possible goal and the appropriate goal.When people are struggling to deal with their own goals, 20 should pay special attention to whether the possibility and appropriateness of these goals are indeed in line with the old people's singing and "soft and soft tunes" mentioned in lines 13-34, which can also be used as educational , which is inconsistent with the arguments held in 1339b9, 1340b2, 1340b35-1341a9 above, and "Su School" adds brackets.My situation.In the case of music, these situations vary with the age of the person.The older a person is, the more difficult it is to sing high notes, so he can only croon softer lyrics.Socrates believes that the soft and soft notes can make people feel drunk. See Plato's "Utopia" iii 398E. , not suitable for educational use.However, drinking intoxication, 25 will make people feel excited at first, and then make people very tired.Therefore, some musicians think that Socrates' statement is wrong and criticize his comparison as nondescript.In fact, we should think of it this way, time flies by like a fleeting horse, anyone will grow old, and once a person gets old, he will hope to be accompanied by soft tunes and syllables. 30 Not only that, but this tone and melody must also be applied to the musical education of the young.

For children, any lessons with beneficial elements can cultivate a corresponding order "order" (κσμον), which can also be translated as "aesthetic sense" here.tune.And all tunes should be taught, and the Lydian tune is especially suitable for both.In this way, it is obvious that music education should conform to these three standards - the standard of the mean, the standard of possibility, and the standard of appropriateness. Duli is the so-called standard of the mean.The possible criterion is that the elderly can only sing soft tunes in a low voice, while young people can learn both high and low tunes.Appropriate standard imitation Lydian tone has both advantages, especially suitable for teenagers.Obviously, this volume and the whole book end here, which is a sign that the draft is not yet finished.As a whole, after the treatment of the early civic education, we hope to continue with the civic and private life of the later years, and other subjects which have been pre-formed "in detail" in earlier volumes.As far as this volume is concerned, since it is limited to the topic of education, relevant explanations should also be made on various subjects such as physical education and reason, but so far this volume is limited to music.Ross said in "Aristotle" (DRoss, Aristotle), fifth edition, 1956, viii 269, "Politics" is really "not only the discussion about education is not finished, but the Aristotle ideal country Many other things were also lacking.... Whether his imagination was lacking, or part of his speech was missing, we cannot ascertain now; perhaps he, like Plato, thought that with a good education, the city needs other things. All kinds of things will follow.” .

(End of this chapter)