politics
Chapter 92 Index 2 Topics
Chapter 92 Index Two Topics (5)
βριinsolence, insult unbridled, humiliation is one of the causes of riots and coup d'etat 2b15, 11a26-38, b23-35, 15a-14.
φλαξcitizenguardian“卫国之士”柏拉图:《理想国》中的卫国之士62b1,27,64a10,27b39。
φσιnature naturally sees the term "philosophy".
ψηφσμαα,decrees,edicts命令“命令”有似“诏敕”92a20;“命令代替法律”92a6、35。
ψφον φρεινvote, (casting of the pebble) election "voting (pebble)" 98b32, 36; election of officials by voting method 66a9, 0a9—b5.
5 law
Aδικαcrime犯罪犯罪原因63b22,66b38—67a17、39,71a16。
βλβηassault伤害罪62a27,b31,67b38。
δμευσιconfiscation“充公”“没收财产”,即“充公”81a14—26,4b20—5a7,11a27,20a4—22。
δκαι,αsuits诉讼财物诉讼63b19,64a28;希朴达摩分刑事诉讼为三类67b38;贵族政体和寡头政体处理各种讼案各有不同机构和程序73a19,75b8—17;民间契约纠纷诉讼75b9,0b23。
πιορκαperjury伪誓伪誓罪68a7,b17;伪证罪63b21,74b5。
πιχερησιassasination assassination 15a25.
κληρονομαinheritance遗产遗产应禁止出售66b18;斯巴达流行“遗赠”的风气70a19;“凭遗嘱(私意)”处分财产不合于“凭亲属继承”的习俗,法律应予禁止9a23;曾有因争夺遗产而引致政变的事情3b33。
κóλασμα, ópunishment penalty 22a5, 32a12.
κσει,σα equalization of the property“均产法”法勒亚等立法家制定公民“均产法”以求减少罪辜,消弭内乱66a39—b27,74b9。菲洛劳斯均产法的要旨在维持“份地”和子嗣数的平衡74b4。实行均产的城邦如何制定公民的适中资产定额66b21—27,67a18—37。
λωποδυενrobbery theft 67a4.
μθηdrunkenness Alcoholism Plato's law of warning against alcoholism 74b11; Pythagous severely punishes drunks 74b19.
μοιχεα adultery 6a36, 35b38.
νóμοthe law法律法律因人民守法的习惯而见到实效69a20;法律为“各人权利的相互保证”(吕哥茀隆法意)80b10;法律有好坏,未必能免于偏向82b8;法律无感情,不为偏徇81a35,86a18;强者不受法律的束缚84a11,87a18;统治者须以权力济助法律86b31;城邦应制良法,公民都应守法92a32,94a3;城邦应尊重法律为至上权威,除执政者外,不得任意解释82b1,87a25,b15—31,92a32。
法律一经订定,可变还是不可再变?68b26—69a27(参看86a20—31,87a27);法律不能概括世事的万变69a9,82a4,86a9—35,87a20—b35;所以不能不有所更张,守旧安常则社会政治无从进步68b39—69a13,但轻率的变革往往得不偿失69a13—24。
法律和政制82b10,89b13—20;法治和神治87a28(参看53a29—39);法治和人治81a11—38;法治和王治86a7—b7,87a1—b36。
“不成文法”:古代由积习而通行的“惯例”比“成文法”为广87b5—9,19b40;战俘没为奴隶的成例55a5,22。
各家“法制”和各邦“律例”:(一)奥克须卢律19a12;安德洛达马律74b23;嘉隆达斯律74a23—31,b5,97a23;德拉科律74b15;莱喀古士律69a29—71b18;米诺斯王律71b31,29b4;法勒亚律66a39—67b19,74b9;菲洛劳斯律74a31—b5;毕达库斯律74b18;梭伦律66b17,73b34—74a21,81b32;札琉科斯律74a22。柏拉图所拟法制,见“人名”索引“柏拉图”和“社会”索引“妇孺公育”“财产公有”条;希朴达摩法制67b37。(二)亚菲底有保全农民耕地的法规19a14;雅典有抚养阵亡将士子女的法规68a10;库梅的杀人律69a1;埃及的医师处方规则86a13;爱庇丹诺有关奴隶工匠的法规67b18;忒拜法制禁止经商者在十年内任官78a25,21a28。关于禁售份地,以杜绝兼并的法规66b14—24,70a19,19a6—19;寡头政体中禁止公民经商的律例16b3。希腊各邦的律例大多很混乱24b5。
νóμο θεικólaw of adoption (Jialongdas law) 74b4.
ξενηλασαxenelasia prohibits aliens statute 72b17.
σρακισμóostracism陶片放逐律84a3—b34,88a25,2b18,8b19。
προξdowry dowry Falea with dowry law average property 66b2.
προσηpatron Patron Legal Patron of Aliens 75a11.
ψον(θον)homicide杀人杀人罪为希朴达摩刑法三类之一67b37;安德洛达马的杀人律74b23;斯巴达由长老院审理杀人案75b10;“专审杀人案的法庭”0b24。
6 military
Aκονισα light armed soldiers Light infantry, including archers and snipers for civilian forces 4a28.
κροπóλιacropolis Acropolis "Hilltop Fortress" 30b19.
γυμνασικηgymnastics physical training is military technical training, see "education" term.
ρυμαο,òfortification防御工事城市和海港应该设防27a35,30b17—32;防御方法和设施逐渐改进31a16。
ππσαhorsemanship All children of the royal family learn riding 77a18.
κραυμνα, κα πóλεμονcaptives of war Prisoners of war Should prisoners of war be confiscated as slaves? 55a3—b4; this kind of "forced (statutory) slavery" is unnatural and different from "natural slavery" 55a6, 23.
μαχημον, òmilitary force armament, army 67a20.
μαχαι,οsoldiers,warriors士兵,战士士兵、农民、工匠都为城邦所必需91a6—33,26a21,28b7,29a37;牧民可练成强兵19a22;战士应立为一独立阶级(如在埃及)29a38—b5;希朴达摩所拟政制中的士兵地位67b32,68a17—b4。不同兵种适宜于不同政体21a5—26。
士兵当使熟谙战斗技术31a14;柏拉图认为应该教士兵左右手并用74b12;青壮时当兵,年老后为政,符合人生身心的发展29a2—39,32b35。
希腊各邦兼备海军和陆军:(甲)(一)步兵:(1)重装步兵(甲士):共和政体中的公民以重装步兵为限65a10,b28,79b2,88a12,97b22;重要执政人员都选自重武装部队68a21,97b12;重武装部队日趋重要97b16—28;雅典在公民籍内征召重装兵3a9;寡头城邦的武力以重装步兵和骑兵组成21a12—19;在内战中平民轻装部队常能击破寡头重装部队21a19。
(2)轻装步兵:捷于聚散,优于内战21a19;平民政体大多仗轻装步兵制胜21a13;寡头政体的富室青年应练习为轻装步兵21a24。弓箭手队22b1。
(甲)(二)骑兵:寡头城邦在古代都重视骑兵89b36,97b17,6a35,21a8。
(乙)海军:海军所需“战斗兵”应由公民编成,“桡手”则可募集农奴和雇工充当27b1—15;模范城邦应有足够的“舰队”27a40—b15。
μισθοψροι,οmercenaries雇佣兵叙拉古的雇佣兵登籍为公民3a38;僭主以佣兵为侍卫85a26,11a7。
πλιικhoplitics (tactics) Tactics Ancient unknown tactics (array) 97b20.
πολεμικmilitary science,the art of war军事学,战争技术猎取禽兽和猎取(掳掠)自然奴隶为战争技术(兵法)的导源,亦为军事学的一个部分55b37,56b23,33b38;战术的发明97b20;攻防方法两皆与时俱进31a16。
πολμοwar战争战争的目的在于和平33a35,34a2—16;战争培养服从勤勉的品德70a5,34a25;好战为“僭术”之一13b28;拉栖第蒙和克里特政制都以战争为宗旨71a41—b10,24b5,33b12,34a40。
πóλεμον ο ιεροthe Sacred War 4a12.
π,ν λακωνικòνthe Peloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争在伯罗奔尼撒战争中,雅典贵族伤亡惨重3a10;奥诺费太之战2b29;雅典攻破米提利尼4a4;曼底涅亚之战4a26;远征西西里之役4a27。
π, òνπρò λυδοthe Lydian War 90b17.
π, òν Mεσσηνιακòν the Messanian War 6b38.
π,ν Mηδικνthe Persian War波斯战争3a5,b33,7a4;波斯战争对于雅典的影响74a13,4a21,41a30;萨拉米斯之役4a21。
σραηγαgeneralship generalship, commander general talent has been rare since ancient times 9b5; learn to obey first, then command 77b10.
σραηγòthe general将军5a7—28,12a11。
συμμαχαmilitary alliance军事联盟以数量取胜61a24,29;军事联盟异于城邦之为政治团体80a34—b10。
ξιtaxis,battle array战斗序列,军队编组联队77b12;部族大队长22b5;中队77b12;骑兵中队长22b5。
ειχòwall The city wall is good for defense, not a useless thing (comment on Plato's claim) 30b32; siege equipment 31a1.
ψλακε,οguards侍卫武力君王以公民为侍卫,僭主以雇佣军为侍卫85a24,11a7;狄欧尼修向公民大会要求设置侍卫部队86b39。
ψυλακηρον guardhouse guardhouse area and border guardhouse 31a20.
7 official system (public office)
Aγορανομòwarden of the agora市场管理99b12,0b11,22a14,b32,31b9。
γρονòμοwarden of the country Rural Guardianship 21b30, 22b33, 31b15.
ασυμνηthe aesymnetes Ashnid (elected president) see "political system" term.
ποδεκρreceiver of public revenues Jingzheng Division (or Taxation Division) 21b33.
ρχωνarchon is in power, see the term "political system".
συνóμοcity warden城市监护21b23,22a13,b33,31b10。
γρονηelder, senate elder, Senate 71a9, 72a6.
γυνοικονóμοguardian of the women 99a22, 0a4, 22b39.
γυμνασιαρχódirector of gymnastic exercises 22b37.
δημιουργódemiurgi di Miogula Rissa civil officer 75b29.
νεκα "the eleven" "11 people" Athens bailiff 22a20.
ξεασαι, οexaminers (of the fisc) procuratorate financial audit 22b11, 36.
πιμελεια superintendents administrator "sports competition" administrator 23a1; festival of Dionysian theater competition administrator 23a1.
πιμελια ν κρηννfountain officers water management 21b26.
πισαι, οrecorders, chief register division 21b39.
εθυοι, οscrutineers Audit 22b11, 36.
φóρηephori埃伏尔,监察斯巴达监察官代表平民因素65b39,70b13—26,72a31,94b31;权力很大70b13,71a6,75b10,13a27;选举手续颇为幼稚70b27,监察官生活放纵70b6—35,72a41。
(End of this chapter)
βριinsolence, insult unbridled, humiliation is one of the causes of riots and coup d'etat 2b15, 11a26-38, b23-35, 15a-14.
φλαξcitizenguardian“卫国之士”柏拉图:《理想国》中的卫国之士62b1,27,64a10,27b39。
φσιnature naturally sees the term "philosophy".
ψηφσμαα,decrees,edicts命令“命令”有似“诏敕”92a20;“命令代替法律”92a6、35。
ψφον φρεινvote, (casting of the pebble) election "voting (pebble)" 98b32, 36; election of officials by voting method 66a9, 0a9—b5.
5 law
Aδικαcrime犯罪犯罪原因63b22,66b38—67a17、39,71a16。
βλβηassault伤害罪62a27,b31,67b38。
δμευσιconfiscation“充公”“没收财产”,即“充公”81a14—26,4b20—5a7,11a27,20a4—22。
δκαι,αsuits诉讼财物诉讼63b19,64a28;希朴达摩分刑事诉讼为三类67b38;贵族政体和寡头政体处理各种讼案各有不同机构和程序73a19,75b8—17;民间契约纠纷诉讼75b9,0b23。
πιορκαperjury伪誓伪誓罪68a7,b17;伪证罪63b21,74b5。
πιχερησιassasination assassination 15a25.
κληρονομαinheritance遗产遗产应禁止出售66b18;斯巴达流行“遗赠”的风气70a19;“凭遗嘱(私意)”处分财产不合于“凭亲属继承”的习俗,法律应予禁止9a23;曾有因争夺遗产而引致政变的事情3b33。
κóλασμα, ópunishment penalty 22a5, 32a12.
κσει,σα equalization of the property“均产法”法勒亚等立法家制定公民“均产法”以求减少罪辜,消弭内乱66a39—b27,74b9。菲洛劳斯均产法的要旨在维持“份地”和子嗣数的平衡74b4。实行均产的城邦如何制定公民的适中资产定额66b21—27,67a18—37。
λωποδυενrobbery theft 67a4.
μθηdrunkenness Alcoholism Plato's law of warning against alcoholism 74b11; Pythagous severely punishes drunks 74b19.
μοιχεα adultery 6a36, 35b38.
νóμοthe law法律法律因人民守法的习惯而见到实效69a20;法律为“各人权利的相互保证”(吕哥茀隆法意)80b10;法律有好坏,未必能免于偏向82b8;法律无感情,不为偏徇81a35,86a18;强者不受法律的束缚84a11,87a18;统治者须以权力济助法律86b31;城邦应制良法,公民都应守法92a32,94a3;城邦应尊重法律为至上权威,除执政者外,不得任意解释82b1,87a25,b15—31,92a32。
法律一经订定,可变还是不可再变?68b26—69a27(参看86a20—31,87a27);法律不能概括世事的万变69a9,82a4,86a9—35,87a20—b35;所以不能不有所更张,守旧安常则社会政治无从进步68b39—69a13,但轻率的变革往往得不偿失69a13—24。
法律和政制82b10,89b13—20;法治和神治87a28(参看53a29—39);法治和人治81a11—38;法治和王治86a7—b7,87a1—b36。
“不成文法”:古代由积习而通行的“惯例”比“成文法”为广87b5—9,19b40;战俘没为奴隶的成例55a5,22。
各家“法制”和各邦“律例”:(一)奥克须卢律19a12;安德洛达马律74b23;嘉隆达斯律74a23—31,b5,97a23;德拉科律74b15;莱喀古士律69a29—71b18;米诺斯王律71b31,29b4;法勒亚律66a39—67b19,74b9;菲洛劳斯律74a31—b5;毕达库斯律74b18;梭伦律66b17,73b34—74a21,81b32;札琉科斯律74a22。柏拉图所拟法制,见“人名”索引“柏拉图”和“社会”索引“妇孺公育”“财产公有”条;希朴达摩法制67b37。(二)亚菲底有保全农民耕地的法规19a14;雅典有抚养阵亡将士子女的法规68a10;库梅的杀人律69a1;埃及的医师处方规则86a13;爱庇丹诺有关奴隶工匠的法规67b18;忒拜法制禁止经商者在十年内任官78a25,21a28。关于禁售份地,以杜绝兼并的法规66b14—24,70a19,19a6—19;寡头政体中禁止公民经商的律例16b3。希腊各邦的律例大多很混乱24b5。
νóμο θεικólaw of adoption (Jialongdas law) 74b4.
ξενηλασαxenelasia prohibits aliens statute 72b17.
σρακισμóostracism陶片放逐律84a3—b34,88a25,2b18,8b19。
προξdowry dowry Falea with dowry law average property 66b2.
προσηpatron Patron Legal Patron of Aliens 75a11.
ψον(θον)homicide杀人杀人罪为希朴达摩刑法三类之一67b37;安德洛达马的杀人律74b23;斯巴达由长老院审理杀人案75b10;“专审杀人案的法庭”0b24。
6 military
Aκονισα light armed soldiers Light infantry, including archers and snipers for civilian forces 4a28.
κροπóλιacropolis Acropolis "Hilltop Fortress" 30b19.
γυμνασικηgymnastics physical training is military technical training, see "education" term.
ρυμαο,òfortification防御工事城市和海港应该设防27a35,30b17—32;防御方法和设施逐渐改进31a16。
ππσαhorsemanship All children of the royal family learn riding 77a18.
κραυμνα, κα πóλεμονcaptives of war Prisoners of war Should prisoners of war be confiscated as slaves? 55a3—b4; this kind of "forced (statutory) slavery" is unnatural and different from "natural slavery" 55a6, 23.
μαχημον, òmilitary force armament, army 67a20.
μαχαι,οsoldiers,warriors士兵,战士士兵、农民、工匠都为城邦所必需91a6—33,26a21,28b7,29a37;牧民可练成强兵19a22;战士应立为一独立阶级(如在埃及)29a38—b5;希朴达摩所拟政制中的士兵地位67b32,68a17—b4。不同兵种适宜于不同政体21a5—26。
士兵当使熟谙战斗技术31a14;柏拉图认为应该教士兵左右手并用74b12;青壮时当兵,年老后为政,符合人生身心的发展29a2—39,32b35。
希腊各邦兼备海军和陆军:(甲)(一)步兵:(1)重装步兵(甲士):共和政体中的公民以重装步兵为限65a10,b28,79b2,88a12,97b22;重要执政人员都选自重武装部队68a21,97b12;重武装部队日趋重要97b16—28;雅典在公民籍内征召重装兵3a9;寡头城邦的武力以重装步兵和骑兵组成21a12—19;在内战中平民轻装部队常能击破寡头重装部队21a19。
(2)轻装步兵:捷于聚散,优于内战21a19;平民政体大多仗轻装步兵制胜21a13;寡头政体的富室青年应练习为轻装步兵21a24。弓箭手队22b1。
(甲)(二)骑兵:寡头城邦在古代都重视骑兵89b36,97b17,6a35,21a8。
(乙)海军:海军所需“战斗兵”应由公民编成,“桡手”则可募集农奴和雇工充当27b1—15;模范城邦应有足够的“舰队”27a40—b15。
μισθοψροι,οmercenaries雇佣兵叙拉古的雇佣兵登籍为公民3a38;僭主以佣兵为侍卫85a26,11a7。
πλιικhoplitics (tactics) Tactics Ancient unknown tactics (array) 97b20.
πολεμικmilitary science,the art of war军事学,战争技术猎取禽兽和猎取(掳掠)自然奴隶为战争技术(兵法)的导源,亦为军事学的一个部分55b37,56b23,33b38;战术的发明97b20;攻防方法两皆与时俱进31a16。
πολμοwar战争战争的目的在于和平33a35,34a2—16;战争培养服从勤勉的品德70a5,34a25;好战为“僭术”之一13b28;拉栖第蒙和克里特政制都以战争为宗旨71a41—b10,24b5,33b12,34a40。
πóλεμον ο ιεροthe Sacred War 4a12.
π,ν λακωνικòνthe Peloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争在伯罗奔尼撒战争中,雅典贵族伤亡惨重3a10;奥诺费太之战2b29;雅典攻破米提利尼4a4;曼底涅亚之战4a26;远征西西里之役4a27。
π, òνπρò λυδοthe Lydian War 90b17.
π, òν Mεσσηνιακòν the Messanian War 6b38.
π,ν Mηδικνthe Persian War波斯战争3a5,b33,7a4;波斯战争对于雅典的影响74a13,4a21,41a30;萨拉米斯之役4a21。
σραηγαgeneralship generalship, commander general talent has been rare since ancient times 9b5; learn to obey first, then command 77b10.
σραηγòthe general将军5a7—28,12a11。
συμμαχαmilitary alliance军事联盟以数量取胜61a24,29;军事联盟异于城邦之为政治团体80a34—b10。
ξιtaxis,battle array战斗序列,军队编组联队77b12;部族大队长22b5;中队77b12;骑兵中队长22b5。
ειχòwall The city wall is good for defense, not a useless thing (comment on Plato's claim) 30b32; siege equipment 31a1.
ψλακε,οguards侍卫武力君王以公民为侍卫,僭主以雇佣军为侍卫85a24,11a7;狄欧尼修向公民大会要求设置侍卫部队86b39。
ψυλακηρον guardhouse guardhouse area and border guardhouse 31a20.
7 official system (public office)
Aγορανομòwarden of the agora市场管理99b12,0b11,22a14,b32,31b9。
γρονòμοwarden of the country Rural Guardianship 21b30, 22b33, 31b15.
ασυμνηthe aesymnetes Ashnid (elected president) see "political system" term.
ποδεκρreceiver of public revenues Jingzheng Division (or Taxation Division) 21b33.
ρχωνarchon is in power, see the term "political system".
συνóμοcity warden城市监护21b23,22a13,b33,31b10。
γρονηelder, senate elder, Senate 71a9, 72a6.
γυνοικονóμοguardian of the women 99a22, 0a4, 22b39.
γυμνασιαρχódirector of gymnastic exercises 22b37.
δημιουργódemiurgi di Miogula Rissa civil officer 75b29.
νεκα "the eleven" "11 people" Athens bailiff 22a20.
ξεασαι, οexaminers (of the fisc) procuratorate financial audit 22b11, 36.
πιμελεια superintendents administrator "sports competition" administrator 23a1; festival of Dionysian theater competition administrator 23a1.
πιμελια ν κρηννfountain officers water management 21b26.
πισαι, οrecorders, chief register division 21b39.
εθυοι, οscrutineers Audit 22b11, 36.
φóρηephori埃伏尔,监察斯巴达监察官代表平民因素65b39,70b13—26,72a31,94b31;权力很大70b13,71a6,75b10,13a27;选举手续颇为幼稚70b27,监察官生活放纵70b6—35,72a41。
(End of this chapter)
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