Ancient Chinese magic tricks
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Boil it with vinegar
Real ivory has some small patterns, if it is soaked in vinegar overnight, it will be soft as if it is about to rot, and it can be made into exquisite handicrafts at will.After making it, boil it with horsetail water and slow down the heat, and it will be as hard as ever.If these characteristics are not present, it is not true ivory.Another way is to boil the ivory with drunken bittern, it will become soft naturally, and to restore its hardness, the first method can be used.
"Study of the Study Room"
Embedding mussels for rebirth (false pearls into pearls)
Among the fake pearls made by myself, choose the bright and round ones, and then find some slightly larger mussels to raise in clear water. When they open their mouths, put the fake pearls into the mussel shells, and often change the clear water for raising mussels. , Put it under the moonlight at night, so that the mussels can fully absorb the essence of the moonlight from heaven and earth.After two years, the fake pearls will become real pearls.Old pearls can also be turned into new pearls after such treatment.
"Sense of Objects"
Insert fire chopsticks (distinguish fake honey method)
Honey has high medicinal value, but there are a lot of fake honey mixed with white sugar or powder on the market.If you want to identify the real and the fake, you can use hot chopsticks to insert honey into the honey. The honey that emits gas is real honey, and the honey that smokes is fake honey.
"Compendium of Materia Medica"
Rubbed Walnuts (Old Bronze Artifact)
If you want to imitate copper ware into ancient bronze ware, the most important thing is to remove the red color on the copper, so that its dark black can be stained with ancient style.The best way is to rub oil walnuts on the copper every day, and then rub it again with sulfur, then the copper will turn black day by day, which is no different from the color of ancient bronzes.In addition, when oiling walnuts on copper, the copper must be heated with charcoal first, so that the effect will be better.
"Secret Garden of Ancient and Modern"
Blowing but not breaking (Secret Knowledge of Tung Oil’s Good and Bad
Using tung oil to dye woodware can make the woodware durable, and if fake tung oil is used, it will damage the woodware.There is a method to identify true and false tung oil: pure tung oil contains weight glue, if you dip it with a bamboo ring, there will be a layer of paste sticking to the ring, and it will not be broken within a few seconds; if the tung oil is mixed with impurities, although There is paste sticking to the bamboo ring, but it will break when blown.If there are many impurities mixed in, the ring cannot be glued at all. This method is very effective.
"The Chronicle of the Eunuch"
Green in the water (emerald secret)
Fill a bowl with clear water, put the gemstones into the bowl, and the ones that can make the whole bowl appear faint green are real emeralds.You can also put the gemstone in a copper basin, surround it with white paper, and light the white paper with fire. If the fire turns green, it is a real emerald.You can also prepare a pot of hot charcoal, and put the gem into the charcoal. If the charcoal smells fragrant but the fire goes out immediately, it is a real emerald.
"Study of the Study Room"
Dragonfly's Eye (Secret Blue Pearl)
Pearls come from rivers and seas, how can the land produce pearls?actually not.If on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, catch the dragonfly, remove its head, and bury it under the west-facing door.On the third day, the eyes on the dragonfly's head turned into blue beads, no different from the beads produced in the water, and the color was even more vivid and amazing.
"Natural History"
Dig out a fingernail mark (copper coin secret system)
In ancient times, the names of money were different, such as Empress Wende, Wude Bank of China, Kaiyuan Tongbao, etc. The naming and writing of money were all done by Ouyang Xun.First cast a sample and enter the emperor's imperial examination. After the emperor approves, dig out a nail mark and cast it again.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Discoloration is false (Agate secret knowledge)
If you want to identify the authenticity of agate, you can rub the agate in your palm. If it does not change color, it is a genuine product. Otherwise, it is a fake product made of clear turpentine, powder and glass fragments.
"Study of the Study Room"
Ink scattered as tip
If you want to identify the true and false of a piece of wood, you can cut a small piece with a knife and axe, and paint its two ends with ink. The end where the ink is easy to disperse is the end, and the part where the ink is not easy to disperse is the root; .Rosewood, ebony, silver pear and other trees have hard wood, and both ends do not scatter ink. If you want to distinguish the root from the root, you can use a small hammer to tap the ends. The strong sound quality is the root, and the soft place is the root.
"Study of the Study Room"
Put into charcoal and simmer for a long time (forged in ancient ink)
If you want to imitate new ink into ancient ink, you can use this method: put the new ink in charcoal with a slight residual temperature, wait for more than ten days, take out the new ink, and the oil on the ink will disappear, and the color of the ancient ink will be the same , and the glue of the ink is also removed, and the ink becomes lighter, which is no different from the ancient ink.
"Fu Shou Zhen Jing"
Put Sophora japonica (ancient paper forgery)
Use batter, Sophora japonica, Sapphire, and black ink to make juice and dye paper, and then hammer the paper. This is the method of making ancient paper.
"Fu Shou Zhen Jing"
Color like melon rind
How to identify the authenticity of bronze wares buried in the soil for thousands of years?The color of the bronze ware is pure blue, like emerald.The color is slightly lighter in the morning, and becomes more moist after noon.If there is a place where the soil is eroded and peeled off, it must have the shape of a snail.If there are scratches, it must be a fake.Bronze ware dropped into water for a thousand years will turn pure green, like watermelon skin, which is as smooth as jade; those that have not reached a thousand years will be green but not moist.Most people judge whether bronze wares are ancient or not, only by their weight, which is inappropriate, because no matter how large and thick bronze wares are corroded, the copper properties are still there, and their weight remains the same.Small and thin copperware is easily corroded, and even if a certain part of it is broken, the green color cannot be seen; even if the emerald green is transparent to the bottom, there is still a copper sound when knocked.If the ancient bronze ware has not entered the water and soil, but spread among the people, it will be purple-brown with cinnabar spots.If you put it in a kettle and soak it in boiling bubbles, if it shows spots of rust after a while, it must be a long-lasting and precious thing.The color of the counterfeit is all on the outside.Authentic copper wares circulated in water, soil and among people have no fishy smell at all.If it is a counterfeit, just wipe the copper with water, and there will be a strong fishy smell.
"Study of the Study Room"
Know by Licking (Crystal Secret)
If it is a real crystal, even in the extremely hot weather of June, if you lick it with your tongue, it will feel icy cold.If it is not a real crystal, there is no such feeling.No matter how high-grade the real crystal is, there is always a faint water halo inside. The edge of the real crystal is pure white, while the fake one has no white.
"Study of the Study Room"
Absolutely no patterns (recognition of counterfeit paper)
According to Mr. Miao Zhifeng: Most of the paper slips used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties were yellow and white, with other colors on the sides of the paper, and absolutely no patterns. Those who made fakes did not know such archaeological knowledge.
"Antique Trivia"
Seeing water is green (Ding ware identification)
Mo Yunqing's "Brush Dust" says: If you have a Yi from the Shang Dynasty or a tripod from the Zhou Dynasty, you will know the essence of ancient vessel making.Among the ancient utensils seen in the world today, there are gold and silver utensils from the Shang Dynasty, and there are ancient tripod bottles made by King Wen of Zhou.Because the Han people like to make utensils very much, the jade wares on the market today are extremely exquisite made by the Han people, and they are very similar to the ancient wares; All are true three generations.Occasionally, there are people who robbed ancient tombs, such as the Yuanjiang Nine Turtles, and some people who are fond of ancient times should know about them.The utensils made by the Han people, such as the Boshan furnace, are not green, so some people say that the Han utensils are not ancient utensils, which is wrong.In fact, these people did not know that during the Three Dynasties period, there were many sacrificial objects and utensils, but the Han people were not very fashionable, so there were very few objects buried in the earth.If the Han things are buried in the soil, their greenness will not be far from that of the utensils of the three generations.Today's jade wares soaked in ancient corpses must have been produced in the Han Dynasty. Why do bronze wares lose their ancient color when buried in the soil?This reason can not be discerned.Generally speaking, ancient wares with a lot of rustic atmosphere are more green, those with more water vapor are more green, and those with mixed water and soil are green and green.Only the mausoleums of ancient emperors, because of their solid construction, are not allowed to enter by water, or are placed on stone tables, so they hardly rot.And the utensils are often hung empty, the rustic atmosphere is the clearest, and there is no mud, so those with pure green are all top-grade.It is impossible for other folk tombs, or the tombs of high officials and officials in Guozhong, to be without soil, and it is also impossible to be without water seepage, so there are many green and green ones; pure green ones come from rivers, seas, Dajin, or water without soil.Since gold and silver wares are things that are used in the world, there are no ancient ones. It can be seen that people in ancient and modern times have the same profit-seeking heart.See the sincerity of Volume [-] of "The Postscript of Shanhuwangfashu": This theory is very inaccurate, because the artifacts of the Han people and the artifacts of the three generations are different in shape and structure, and have their own inscriptions. There is absolutely no reason to copy the inscriptions of the three generations. man made.
"Antique Trivia"
Relics of Ancient Houses
In the Mongolian-Tibetan School in Shihu Hutong, Chang'an, the soil was dug to plant flowers last year, and many cricket pots were dug up.There are 34 pieces made by Changdesheng of Caishan Kiln in Gusu, which were actually made in the Yongle period; there is one made by the owner of Danyuan, which is green on the outside and purple on the inside; 24 pieces are made by the Yeduxuan of Qiuyu Wutong, which was made in the Kangxi period; There are four pieces made by Zhao Ziyu, signed and trusted by the owner; one signed by Ximing Gong; sixty pieces signed or made by ancient Yan Zhao Ziyu, and the book maker is more exquisite; there is also a basin of the owner of Jingzhai , two basins for the owner of Caisheng, one for the owner of Yunting, one for the maker of Jijingtang, one for the owner of Qingxi, and one for Zhenxiang Waishi.According to legend, the school is the old residence of Wu Sangui, that is, Zhou Yanru's residence. It is one of the four most haunted houses in the capital.I don't know who buried these cricket pots. I heard from local old people that fighting insects was very popular in Chang'an rich and noble families during the Daoguang period.There are still many makers such as Danyuan, and there are people who know the names of insects. I have asked for advice many times. It is said that they are all excellent works, but they are not too simple.It was probably newly made at that time, and it was specially stored in the cellar in order to remove its fire and prevent it from harming insects.It is said that there may be a Kangxi year system, and it is said that it is a product of the Yongle and Xuande years. I don't quite believe it.It is also said that noble people generally need [-] cans of the same style to store insects, which are listed in several cases, and are called one pod. Those who store a lot of insects have dozens of hundreds of pods. This kind of trend has disappeared for a long time.
"Antique Trivia"
Purple is the best (Bird's nest identification technique)
Bird's nest, also known as gold wire.According to merchants engaged in seafood business, there is a kind of silkworm snail growing on the sandbar in the sea. It has two ribs in its arms, which are firm and white. Come out and form a nest.Petrels fly across the sea with their small nests in their mouths, and when they get tired of flying, they place the nests on the water, perch on them, and then continue to fly across the sea with their nests in their mouths. Fishermen at sea go to pick them up and sell them for money.It is also said that the purple bird's nest is the best.There is another saying in "Huhai Searching for Strangeness": It is said that the bird's nest comes from Yangjiang County, Guangdong Province, and it is the petrels who collect small fish to build their nests, so it is called bird's nest.
"Xiangzu Notes"
Chicken egg wine (forged amber technique)
Amber is a precious thing, which can be admired or medicined, and it is rarely obtained in the world.But there are also counterfeiters in the market, and the method they use is very simple.Take a hatched chicken egg (egg), the egg must be yellow and white, and the embryo has not yet formed.Boil the chicken eggs, wait until they are soft but not yet hard, remove the shells at will, carve the peeled eggs into the shape you want to make, and then soak them in bitter wine (vinegar).After a few days, it will become hard, its color will be translucent, and there will be a texture like powder or curved filaments inside, which can really be confused with real ones.People in the market use this method to fake, and they are all successful.
"Shen Nong Herbs"
Can Ming Sword Soldiers (Treasure Pot Secret Cure)
In Lidong, Qiongzhou, there is Li Chang who ruled the Jin family. He must belong to the two surnames of Fu and Wang before he can stand.Li Zhang's family has an ancient pot, which is said to be a treasure handed down from his ancestors. This pot is neither pottery nor stone. Whenever it rains, the pot will sing first, and when the officers and soldiers are about to enter the mountain, the pot will sing loudly.
"Xiangzu Notes"
Straw ash wiping (the secret method of removing characters from old plaques)
Use raw salt and straw to rub slowly on the wooden boards and plaques with written writings, and the writings on the wooden boards will all be removed without leaving any traces. The ink was washed out.
"Multiple Possessions"
Ten pieces of bird droppings (black letter cleansing secret method)
Use vitex seeds for two parts, keel for two parts, flour and herb cream for three parts each, and ten pieces of bird droppings. Grind them together into fine powder. First, wet the black letters on the paper with water, and then mix the prepared powder into the powder. On the paper, after drying, the black writing on the paper will disappear.You can also use a half-cooked watermelon to make a small hole beside the melon pedicle, add official powder, borax for three cents and five cents each, arsenic for three cents and five cents, and brine for four cents. The melon is suspended for seven days, and the frost will overflow automatically, and then it will be swept off with goose feathers. When using it, first moisten the black characters with water, then dip it in the medicine, and after it dries, sweep it off with goose feathers, and the paper will be as white as new.
"Gegu Yaolun"
Crucian carp soaked in feces (removing words and leaving prints)
If you want to wash off the black characters on the paper stamped with the red seal without damaging the red seal, you can use a crucian carp without moving the fish ribs, open from its back, stuff borax into the belly of the fish, and scrape off the green skin with a crucian carp. Put the crucian carp in a bamboo tube, seal the outside with paint ash, and put it in a large cesspool. It needs to be soaked for five or six days in spring, one or two days in summer, seven days in autumn, and ten days in winter. Take it out, wash it and dry it in the sun. , hanging in the windward place, white frost came out, then swept it down with a goose feather, wet the words to be removed, and then applied the powder on the paper, after a night, the ink was nowhere to be found, but the red seal was still intact. .
"Yimen Guangdo"
Safflower comfrey (the secret technique of turning miscellaneous trees into rosewood)
If you want to turn the furniture made of miscellaneous wood into precious rosewood furniture, you can first soak the thick juice with lime, then use grass to dip the juice to clean the furniture made of miscellaneous wood, dry it in the sun, and then fry the thick juice of safflower and comfrey After grinding and washing several times, the color of miscellaneous wood furniture is no different from that of rosewood furniture.It can also be mixed with hematoxylin juice to wipe the miscellaneous wood furniture, and then the miscellaneous wood furniture will look like rosewood furniture.
"Secret Garden of Ancient and Modern"
One thousand gold coffin (fake nanmu coffin)
In the land of Chu and Xia, there are nanmu, which grow in the deep mountains and poor valleys. No one can know the age of each nanmu, and it is difficult to predict the age of hundreds of thousands of years.If this tree is uprooted by strong winds and lies on the sand, it will be immortal for thousands of years.Phoebe is purple in color and has a fragrant taste. It becomes soft when bitten with teeth, and curls when peeled with a knife.After the local people got the nanmu, they cut the wood into coffins. After being buried in the soil, the water could not corrode and the ants could not burrow. Each coffin was worth thousands of gold.But despite the high price, it is still something that can be met but not sought after.Some wood merchants fake it with special skills for profit.Dig the ground to make a pool, soak the boiled willow pine in the pool to make it change color, which is no different from nanmu.If the color, pattern and smell are the same, the value can exceed a thousand gold.However, this kind of fake nanmu coffin has been put into the soil, and it has decayed like charcoal in no less than ten years.
"Qing barnyard banknotes"
Deceived Zhong Cheng (stunt for making fake paintings)
During the Qianlong period, Suzhou Wang Yuexuan bought a famous painting from the Gao family in Pinghu with 400 taels of gold.There was a painter surnamed Zhang who bought half a sheet of paper for five taels of platinum and cut it into two. He commissioned Zhai Yunping to copy two pieces of "Spring Clouds and Dawn" with ten gold, and commissioned Zheng Xueqiao to imitate the picture in the painting with ten gold. Yingyin, the method is to soak it with water, stick it on the surface of the paint, wait for it to dry, then soak it, and then stick it, two or three times a day, until three months, then use Baiji decoction to cover the painting, The glossy and moist ink marks have penetrated into the skin. First, mount a picture. There is a picture of "Yanke Jiangcun" on the silk border of the original painting, so the inscription "Jiangcun" is embedded in it.After the painting was mounted, I showed it to Bi Jianfei, pretending to be the real one.At that time, Bi Zheng was sick and did not go out of the house. When he saw the painting, he admired it very much and was so impressed that he bought it for [-] gold.A framer named Zhang mounted another painting according to the previous method, and brought it to Jiangxi. Chen Zhongcheng bought it for [-] gold without seeing any flaws.Today, the authentic copy of this painting is still in Wumen, and no one cares about it.
"Selling Summer Records"
Rubbing for Three Days (Secret Knowledge of False Paintings)
The "Haitianluozhaotu" painted by Li Zhaodao in the postscript of Wang Yanzhou wrote: "The real version is the secret collection of Xuanhe. It was transferred to the Tang family in Wucheng, and in Jiajing, there was a county guard who forced it to divide Yizi Taifuyi. Tang saw the news very much. Nai Yanqiu's real father Biebao made a copy of it. It will be cunning for Mi Dian, and it will be sent out by the resentful family. The anger is very strong, and it will be unpredictable. Tang can't get it, because he cut Chen Jixi and other three poems from Qiu's book, and published it Authentic work, invited Peng Kongjia, who was good at it, to buy wine and weep farewell. Caressed for three days, and then returned to Taifu. There are nearly a thousand volumes of Taifu's famous paintings, all of which are under it. Finding the seat of the law to enter Tianfu, Longqingzhong, one of the nobles Brought out. It was stolen by Xiao Pang. At that time, Zhu Zhongxi led the Tiqi and bought it with a lot of money. The Zhonggui questioned it urgently, and Xiao Pang was afraid and threw it into the fire. I returned to the garden, and the Tang family even sold it with hatred. It’s a surprise, no matter what it’s worth.” As far as I know, Sun Yuefeng said that Xu Wenzhen’s family had several volumes of this painting, most of which were confiscated, and now there is still the lowest copy, which is quite gratifying.This painting depicts the flickering light and shade of eyes, and the color of the sun in the water. People on the beach look forward, and their husbands are at dusk, people fight to go home, and businessmen pack up their goods.But the real father only copied one volume.Being acquired by Wang Yanzhou, I am afraid it is the most serious hatred. I think back to when I was a teenager, I saw a scroll in my hometown, and I only felt that the painting was dazzling. Unfortunately, at that time, I didn’t know how to judge the inscriptions and postscripts of paintings, let alone how to Research on the source and circulation of famous paintings.
"Wandering Conversations"
One Smell to Know (Secret Method of Fake Painting)
There was a man named Song Mantang, who said that he was good at distinguishing calligraphy and painting, and that he could tell the authenticity by touching his nose in the dark. This seems to be a deceptive talk, but in fact it does have some truth.Because, a connoisseur has seen more and more historic sites, and over time, he can reach the level of enlightenment and grasp methods that ordinary people cannot grasp.According to the "Jun Lang Essays": Sun Quan, Xu Taishi of Hefei, has a painting of quail in his family's collection. On the painting, there is an inscription by Chen Zhanghou: "This is a pen from the Northern Song Dynasty." However, it is unknown who made it.Please ask Song Gong Mantang to identify it, and Song Ding was painted by Cui Bai.When the people present heard this, some snickered secretly, and some scoffed, thinking that Song was talking nonsense and deceiving himself and others. Song Gong held the painting to the sun and asked the audience to look through the sunlight, only to see a stamp on the back, which read " The word "Zixi", Zixi is Cui Bai's nickname, and everyone is amazed.Later, when the matter spread to Huangzhou, the manager Wang Qizhaisi still didn't believe it.One day, there was a banquet for guests, and a painting was hung in the living room. Song Gong was invited to come to the banquet.As soon as the sedan chair arrived at the door, the gentleman recognized from the sedan chair that it was painted by Lin Liang.After getting off the sedan chair and walking into the hall to have a closer look, it was indeed so, only then was he convinced.
"Wandering Conversations"
Female bamboo with many shoots (knowledge bamboo)
Bamboo, like everything else, has male and female. "Lei Shuo" says: "Bamboo has male and female, and the female has more bamboo shoots."Therefore, bamboo should be planted with female bamboo.How to identify male and female bamboo? "Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "Bamboo has male and female, but the first branch on the root, twins must be female, and there are bamboo shoots." In short, the first shoot from the root above the root is female bamboo.Everything cannot escape from yin and yang, and people can't help but believe it.
"Qiu Chi's Notes"
Boil wine and honey (take agarwood)
The incense sticks produced in Gaodou and other states are famous all over the world, and the technique of producing incense sticks is a unique skill.Mountain people find fragrant trees in the deep mountains, bend the branches, and chop them with knives. After many years of damage, the fragrant trees can stay in the branches before they can be sawed off.Carry it down the mountain, scrape off the white wood, and its fragrance will form spots, which are called "partridge spots".Remove the incense spots, take the Dajia incense like Kunlun ears, and then boil it with wine and honey to make it fragrant.
"Huang Poetry Notes"
Turn over the phoenix (ancient post forgery)
Zhang Sicong is good at imitating ancient posts, and he named himself "Turning Phoenix". He can best mix the fake with the real.Xiao Cheng from the Tang Dynasty was very good at forging ancient posts. He once let Li Yong appreciate his forged works, and said: "This is the real work of Wang Xizhi." Li Yong examined it for a long time, and said happily, "It is the real thing." Telling the truth, Li Yong suddenly realized, and looked at it carefully, and said: "No matter how closely you look, you still can't tell the truth, but you just feel a little lack of energy."
In Wuzhong, there are masters who forge ancient posts, and their skills are even more astonishing: use old thick bamboo paper for vertical curtains, make yarn rubbing method, scent it with grass smoke powder, and make the essence crispy with fire, use incense and paste, if The smell of ancient posts is nothing new, no matter who knows the old posts, no one can see through it, which shows the ingenuity of the forgery.
"Remaining things in the exam"
Splash all colors (imitation of Song and Yuan paintings)
Using color painting to imitate famous paintings of the Song and Yuan Dynasties is the most difficult to identify authenticity, and has always been cast aside.However, the method of imitation must be known, so as to break the organs one by one in case of identification.The imitation method is as follows: first use Sanzhu, greasy powder, square powder, gamboge, purlin, khaki, Beijing ink cartridge and substrate for the complexion, and use a thin cage of primer on the top, and then dye with purlin ink, and the complexion is white Put the powder into Shaotuhuang and Yanzhi, if you don’t use Yanzhi, use three vermilions, the red color is put into Shaotuzhu, the purple one is powdered and the old green is put into Shaoyanzhi, the yellow is powdered and yellowed into Shaotu Zhuqing, yellow Put the powder into purlin, khaki, and old green a little each.Thin powder cover, sandalwood and ink, the above is used for addition and subtraction depending on the turbidity of the color, and it cannot be used for one.The corners of the mouth are weak, if you want to smile, put down the two strokes of the corners of the mouth slightly.White dye in the eyes, two strokes outside the pupils, and the second time the eyes are dotted with smoke.Mo circling, the tip of his eyes slightly raised, and he smiled when there was a fold.The swallows on the lips are red and the nose is red, and the swallows are slightly caged.The freckles on the face are painted with light ink and sandalwood water.For those with black beards, the hair is dyed at the temples, for those who are purple, they are dyed with sandalwood ink, and for those with yellow and red, they are dyed with gamboge purlins. The hair is first dyed with ink, and then dyed with smoke.The fingernails are first dyed with swallow branches, and then the roots are dyed with powder.
For dyeing women's complexion, swallow powder, lined with thin powder cage, and light sandalwood ink.In all dyeing methods, the white paper is first dyed and then covered with powder, and then dyed and stripped, and the silk is used to line the back first.For those who are used to reconcile the colors of clothing and utensils, crimson, (combined with silver vermilion and purple flowers) peach red, (combined with silver vermilion and swallow branches) flesh red, (mainly powder, combined with swallow branches) cypress green, (branch green mixed with lacquer green) Combined) willow green, (branches green into Sophora japonica) official green, (that is, willow branches green) duck head green, (branches green into high-painted green) moon white, (powder into Beijing ink) willow yellow, (powder into Three green labels, less gambogee combined) goose yellow, (powder into Sophora japonica) brick brown, (powder into Sophora japonica) moxa brown, (powder into Sophora japonica, snail green, earthy yellow, purlin together) eagle back brown, ( Powder into the purlin, smoke ink, khaki together) otter felt, (powder into khaki) Yahu, (good pink a little khaki foundation) soap boots, (mark with smoke ink) Zhemu chair, (pink sandalwood, khaki, smoke ink together) purple robe.
"Records of Quit Farming"
Imperial Treasure (Secret Knowledge of Xuande Furnace)
During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor issued an edict to imitate the ancient furnace tripod and Yi vessels since the Qin and Han Dynasties, and ordered the Ministry of Rites and Supervision to supervise the production. There are a total of thousands of pieces, which will be used by officials and officials to explain Taoism.
The beauty of materials and the refinement of tempering are beyond the reach of folks in the manufacture of Xuande stoves.Its material has always been kept secret.A leaker once handed down the formula: Luoluo Fengmo raw ore copper, Japanese red copper, white and black water lead from Japanese sources, foreign tin from Helan Kingdom, Panax sand from Tianfang, Zifei from Sanfoqi, The purple rouge stone from Boni, Anlan sand from Ryukyu, gypsum, stone green, cinnabar, clam, ancient ink, Yunnan black and white chess pieces, etc., are all used to enhance their color and luster, and are made after eight, ten, and even twelve refining processes. .There are three kinds of colors: Tang pear, ripe pear and pork liver.
The styles of Xuande stove are: Shang Kuilong Nine Sons, Phoenix Nine Young Children, Zailong Dragon Ears, Chongtian Ears, Three-legged Breasts, Double Fish Ears, Kettle Chickens, Jinbian Nine Phoenixes, Chuanhua Feifeng, Paste Ears, Rings Ears, lion heads, elephant heads, carp heads, horned rooster, horseshoe jaundice ears, bridge ears, three-legged crown, four-legged three-element Tai Chi, and miscellaneous well-mouthed animal noodles, nine hoop barrels, wishful way, Kuilong Sanskrit script, tiger face with folds and ears, orange sac official, horseshoe-sized table and so on.All of the above, or big font, or small font, or no font, or Zhongwu style, or European style.
The color and luster of Xuande furnace is as follows: there are four kinds of genuine colors: infiltrating gold, flowing gold, waxed tea, and Tibetan scriptures. The waxed tea is soaked in mercury and fumigated and washed; Both infiltrating gold and flowing gold gold and silver thread pieces are embedded and subtracted with red gold and silver. The upper half of it is named Fuxiangyun, and the lower half is named Yongxiangyun.If Liujin Danfu is the original color, there are wax tea, Tibetan scripture mouth color, and wax tea, and the gold penetration is the best.There are also crab shell, green chestnut shell, Tangli color, ripe pear color, bay red, cinnabar spots, and chicken skin wrinkles.Among them, the scriptures and chestnut shells are more light, and the cinnabar spots are cinnabar spots, which are in the famous golden belt pomegranate stove. The color of chicken skin is like chicken skin, and there is no trace when you brush it.Some people say that the old furnace is covered with hands, so it must be green, but it is not necessarily true.Ripe pears are bright yellow in color, and pig livers are dark purple in color. Three generations and between the Qin and Han dynasties, the utensils have been handed down to the world, and those with a yellowish and moist color after soaking for a long time are called wax tea color, which shows that they were originally ancient bronze utensils.The color of the Tibetan scriptures is extremely bright yellow, slightly like red gold, because of the beauty of the material and the essence of tempering, so the quality is pure and tender, crystal clear without a membrane, and the color is delicate and elegant.It is fresh, clean, greasy and has oily light, which is really a rare treasure.
The signature of the Xuande furnace has sixteen characters of authentic books, and the characters are: Made by Wu Bangzuo, an official of the Ministry of Industry and Supervision in the fifth year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty.There is also a character for money, which is "Xuan", and the seal script is round or square, which belongs to the imperial furnaces.extremely valuable.
"Liangxi Poetry Notes"
Resembling a dry bone (identifying the age of jade)
All jade is hard and delicate, warm and heavy, and must be buried in the soil for a long time, and its properties will gradually change.How to know the age of jade?There are secret techniques to know: about 500 years in the soil, the jade body will loosen and be soaked; for a thousand years, the jade will look like gypsum; in 2000, it will look like dry bones;The old jade of more than three generations has decayed in quality, and the jade body is brittle, and it can be pinched off with fingers and claws. This jade is commonly called "old three generations".If it is an old jade from the Qin and Han Dynasties, the texture is rotten and loose, and the nature of the jade is not exhausted, so it can only be peeled off with a knife.If it is an old jade from the Jin, Wei and Six Dynasties, the texture has not changed, the jade is still firm, and there are occasional soft and hard jades, which are ancient collections in the southern soil.The old jades from the Tang and Song Dynasties were still of the same texture and hard as before, and mercury occasionally seeped into the jade.
"Hanyu Research"
There is no way to hide (the key to identifying fake jade)
The high-quality goods in jade are priceless, and merchants value profits, but they are full of counterfeit products, which are almost the same in shape and quality.Experts are easy to be deceived, but beginners are even more difficult to avoid.There are many ways to counterfeit jade.But nothing more than the following tips.Beginners can fathom and comprehend by analogy, then they are indistinguishable from each other, and there is no way to hide fake products.
All ancient jade wares must be filled with mercury.There is no fake jade.This is the difference between authenticity and falsehood.Jade likes mercury. Because it is buried in the soil, it has been airtight for a long time, and its body is rotten and loose. There is mercury everywhere in the ground, which seeps into the skin (not referring to the corpse mercury).When looking at mercury, it is even more important to distinguish between old and young. If it is three generations of old jade, the mercury has already formed lumps.Dry old color stagnation, uneven scattered.If it was buried in the soil during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the mercury will be bright and lively, and there will be pieces.If the old jade in the Tang and Song Dynasties is inhaled with mercury, it will not be old. If you twist and roll it, the mercury will flow out.
Jiaoshi: The jade workshop in the Qin Dynasty was in Wancun, Shaanxi; the jade workshop in the Wuyue period was in Anxi, Zhejiang.There are many jade corners left in the two places.The jade in Wancun is firm and clean, and the jade in Anxi is dry and pine.It is cut into a jade body, which is called Jiaoshi Ancient Jade.Those with soil spots all over the place and with light are counterfeit products. Although the texture looks old, the vessel is newly cut, and the paste can also be seen on the plate.
Simmering the head: the jade body is burnt with fire, and its color will die, just like the bones of a chicken. It is ancient with pseudo lime, and its surface has fire patterns, but the real product does not.
Sheep jade: using beautiful jade carving as an ancient tool, cut raw lamb legs and put jade in it, sewed it with thread, took it out after a few years, there will be blood marks on the jade, it is fake handed down from ancient times, but I don’t know that the real product has a gentle temperament .
Dog jade: kill the dog to prevent bleeding, take the jade and sew it in the belly while it is hot, bury it in the soil of the road, take it out after a few years, the jade will have its own soil pattern, it is fake earth, but it must have new colors and carvings trace.
Plum jade: made of pine jade, made into ancient utensils, boiled in heavy ebony water for a long time, the jade pine will be emptied by ebony water, just like the marks of water stimulation, and then painted with oil extraction method, with false water pit ancient.The real product has no trace.Counterfeit goods have traces of fabrication.
Fengyu: Jade wares are made with thick gray water and black plums, boiled for a full day, taken out of the heat, and placed in the wind and snow overnight, the jade grains will freeze and crack, and the firm jade grains will be as thin as hair. It is faked as a medium hair pattern.However, the genuine product has twists and turns, but the counterfeit product does not.
Knock rust: During the Qianlong period, Akau, Wuxi, faked Maohuan jade, mixed it with iron filings, quenched it with hot vinegar, put it in a wetland for more than ten days, buried it in a thoroughfare for several months, and then took it out. The jade was eroded by iron filings and covered all over the body. Orange peel pattern, the iron rust in the pattern is dark red, the color is dark when boiled, with soil spots, the gray is not easy to fade, just like ancient jade, it must be carefully examined to identify it.
Oil extraction: the sand is the best, its color can penetrate into the jade, and the ashes will not fade away, just like the real one.Only the sky is cloudy and bright, sunny and cloudy, but true color is not the case.
Old oil extraction: During the Xuanhe and Zhenghe years of the Song Dynasty, a kind of red light grass from the mountains in Gansu was used, and its juice was mixed with a little bit of sand, marinated between the textures of newly cut jade objects, and burned with fresh bamboo branches. , the color is red into the skin of the jade, and the light penetrates the back, like chicken blood. Even experts who can understand jade are often deceived, but the only thing that is gratifying is that there are very few fakes.
Newly extracted oil: put the stone jade body in the bad base, put it into the red wood chips, it will turn red, and put it into the ebony chips, it will turn black. Most of this fake technique comes from Suzhou.
Dead Jade: All jade is afraid of gold. If the jade is buried in the soil and is similar to gold, it will be black and dry, and it will look like mercury. Although it has been worked hard, it is still stubborn, which is tantamount to waste.
Stones: There are also stones that are full of colors and very similar to beautiful jade.Only stones are dry and crisp, and they can be identified as long as they are carefully distinguished.
In short, any fake ancient jade that has no soil spots but has red color must float, because the color comes in from the outside.If there are soil spots but the gray remains unchanged, and if the red plate is easy to retreat, they are all counterfeit products.
"Hanyu Research"
Ups and Downs (Agarwood Rediscovered)
Agarwood, green cinnamon, horseshoe incense, chicken bone incense, and fried incense all belong to one book, and its wood is similar to beech, with many knots.When taking incense, first cut off its wooden roots, and the skin and stems will rot over the years.If the wood heart and knots are not broken, it is incense.Those with firm twigs are green cinnamon; those that are dark and submerged in water are agarwood; those that are half-submerged and half-floating are chicken bones;It is also said: the heavy one is agarwood, the floating one is sandalwood, the chicken bone is chicken bone incense, the horseshoe is horseshoe incense, the ox head is ox head incense, and the thickest one is Jianxiang.
"Classic Evidence Materia Medica"
Strictly graded (Secret knowledge of agarwood)
In Lingnan states and Qiongya, there are many fragrant trees in the mountains.However, there are only one or two in a hundred who are really fragrant.The tree is fragrant and divided into three grades, the first grade is "shen", the second grade is "jian", and the third grade is "yellow ripe". "Shen" and "Jian" have two grades, which are called "cooked knot" and "raw knot".The so-called "ripe knot" is obtained from the rot of the tree; the so-called "raw knot" is obtained from logging, and it has been rotted for a long time and then picked. "Huangshu" is also divided into three grades, which are called Jiajian, and those that are broken are scattered.
Agarwood is a good product, which is obtained from Qiongya, which is called "jiaochen", and it is suitable for fumigation.The ones that are picked after the decay of the yellow agarwood are called "huangchen" and are suitable for use as medicine.
"Talking about Ivan and Tired Tour"
Eyes of living tears and eyes of death
How to identify the robin eyes on the inkstone?There are unique skills to know it: yellow and black, crystal eyes inside, moist and lovely, which are called "live eyes"; soaked around the sides, unbearably bright, called "tear eyes"; slightly shaped, white inside and outside, very dull, called "eyes of tears" "Dead eyes".How to distinguish the superiority of the three kinds of robin eyes?The formula is as follows: Living eyes are better than teary eyes, teary eyes are better than dead eyes, and dead eyes are better than no eyes.
"Dongpo Records"
Classification into three grades (Duan inkstone secret knowledge)
Wei Tai said: There are three kinds of Duanxi inkstones, Yanshan, Xikeng and Houmo.The color of the stone is deep purple, moist to the touch, clear and distant when knocked, and the ones with clear green round small robin eyes are rocks and rocks.The color is red, and it is moisturized, and the color of the robin is purple. If it is soaked slowly, it will be a Xikeng stone if it is large.The color of the stone is bluish purple, looking sideways at the bright side, there are broken star spots, like mica in sand, dry and slightly moist, it is a post-millstone.Among the three inkstones, rock is the most expensive.The price is: three Xikeng inkstones should be regarded as one Yanshan inkstone; three Houmo inkstones should be regarded as one Xikeng inkstone.The quality of inkstone is roughly based on this, and it has always been the secret of people who know inkstone.
"Records of Dongxuan"
Hate those who sell counterfeit (Tang paper identification)
The secret pavilion has a very rich collection. Most of Erhuang's calligraphy was copied by Tang people, and the paper is hard and yellow.Therefore, Su Dongpo wrote: "The hard yellow small characters are near the Yellow Court".The calligraphy of Erhuang, which has been circulated among the people, is falsely called authentic, but it is not known that the paper can prove it.The hard yellow paper is a thing of the Tang Dynasty, never seen before or after.There is no skill in imitation, and it can be said that I hate the counterfeiters.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Blue sky and thin clouds (rubbing posts to identify counterfeit)
There are so many counterfeit rubbings sold in the market, it is difficult to identify how to identify them.In the vast number of books, the method of identifying falsehoods is occasionally found, and the heir of the record:
The posts have north and south extensions, which are divided by the North and South Paper Bureau.The northern paper is made of horizontal curtains, its grain is horizontal, and its quality is loose and thick, which is called lateral paper; the southern paper is made of vertical curtains, its grains are vertical.Northern paper does not accept ink very well, and northern ink mostly uses pine smoke, which is blue and light in color.It is not compatible with oil and wax, so Beituo is light in color and wrinkled like thin clouds floating across the blue sky.Nan paper is thin and easy to absorb ink.Oil fume is used for the ink, and the inscriptions are brushed with wax and Wujin paper water, so the pure ink has a floating light, which is called Wujintuo.Xing Ziyuan said: "Tang and Song rubbings mostly use northern ink and northern paper, with a little bit of camel oil. The light can be learned, but there is no sticky gas of egg white." Beituo also used oil as an example.
"Remaining things in the exam"
Bamboo Tibetan Wind and Rain (Secrets of Identifying Ancient Paintings and Calligraphy)
To identify the authenticity of ancient calligraphy, one should first observe the structure, brushwork, and spiritual response of calligraphy;If you get the structure but no sharpness, it is a fixed copy; if you have the meaning of the brush but no position, it is a copy;If the double hooks still exist, if there is no energy, it can be recognized as a fake by the eyes.
The ancients used ink, regardless of whether it was dry, moist, fat or thin, it penetrated into the paper.Forgery makes the ink floating and unreal, especially in painting.The characters look forward to language, flowers and fruits carry dew in the wind, birds and beasts, vivid spirit, mountains and rivers, forests and springs, clear spaces, deep houses, bridges and hooks, stones are old and moist, water is light and bright, mountains are Cuiwei, springs are flowing, clouds and smoke come and go , the wild path is roundabout.If the dragon and snake are swallowed by the pines, the wind and rain are hidden in the bamboo, the water enters the mountain to clarify, and the source and vein of the water are clear.If the figures are like corpses like plastic sculptures, the flowers and fruits are like vases, the birds and beasts are taken from the fur, the mountains, rivers, forests and fruits are arranged in a dense manner, the buildings are blurred and mixed, the bridges are forced to be broken, the environment is not dangerous, and the roads are not in and out. , The stone is only on one side, the tree has four branches, or the height is not proportional, or the distance is indistinguishable, or the shade is inappropriate, and the dyeing cannot be done.Or the corner of the mountain floats on the surface of the water, and the water source has no source. If this is the case, although it is not well-known, it must be a vulgar pen.Use this tactic to identify the picture scroll, and you will not lose your eyes.
Tang silk is thick and thick, and there is a single shuttle silk, which is more than four feet wide; the silk of the Five Dynasties is as thick as cloth;The Mijia silk in Weitang, Jiaxing is called Mijia silk, which is extremely quiet and compact.Zhao Songxue, Sheng Zizhao, and Wang Ruoshui often used this silk to paint.Although the ancient silk has been different for a long time, but the silk feeling has disappeared, it has been pasted too much, and it has lost its toughness. If you drag it slightly with your fingers, the silk will pile up like ashes. , both horizontal and vertical follow the axis potential; it is in the shape of a fish mouth, and there is no hair, and the pseudo-author is the opposite.Old paper is light and uniform in color, old on the outside and new on the inside, thin ones are not cracked, thick ones are fragile, and the opposite is fake.
"Antique Trivia"
72 hands (secret technique of making ancient paper)
Papermaking began in Cai Lun, and there were net paper and hemp paper, and its name was passed down in vain.Jin Youziyi paper and side-li paper (also known as water moss paper, made of moss. During the Qianlong period, Jiangchun Heting got this paper. It was several layers thick, and it was folded and uncovered to form a ball. There are no seams on the side. , Gaozong inscribed a poem on it. There was also a picture in the inner library during the Kangxi period, the same as this), cocoon paper.Daqin has honey incense paper (also known as incense paper, slightly brown, with patterns like fish roe, extremely fragrant and tough), Jiangnan has bamboo paper, Chupi paper, Yixian frosting paper, Zhejiang has wheat bran Fugan paper, and Wu has Youquan Paper, Shanxi small and other Yuexi pine grain paper.Tang had short white curtain hard yellow paper, pink wax paper, cloth paper, rattan corner paper, hemp paper (yellow and white), mulberry paper, mulberry root paper, chicken forest paper, moss paper, Jianzhong daughter green paper, egg paper ( Also known as egg product, smooth as a mirror, the pen to the paper is often retracted, and those who are not good at calligraphy cannot use it), Nantang Huifu paper (two feet long, one foot wide, as thick as several pieces of silk), Chengxintang paper (skinned Like an egg membrane, clean as jade, thin and smooth, it is a temporary armor, that is, egg paper, Liu Houcun Poetry: At that time, one piece was sold for a hundred gold, and later generations got it again after hearing this and that).In the Song Dynasty, there was Zhang Yongzi who made paper (the best in the world, but still inferior), rattan white paper, calendered small booklet, sallow Tibetan scripture paper (there are two kinds in the Jinsushan runner collection), white scripture paper, swan white paper, and white jade plate Piece of paper, cocoon paper.In the Yuan Dynasty, there were jute paper, Qianshan Zouben paper, Changshan Bang paper, and Shangyu Dajian paper, all of which can be handed down for hundreds of generations.Ming Dynasty Ouchi white paper (thick as a board, calendered on both sides, white as jade), Ciqing paper, Zhenli cocoon paper, leather paper, Xin'an jade paper (extremely fine and tough white cotton paper, cut into small pieces), Songjiang Tan Jian (made without powder, made of pure white thorns with continuous paper, thick, gravel, and various fine flowers with wax), Guanyin curtain paper, etc. are all precious.
People in Shu use hemp, people in Fujian use bamboo, people in northern China use mulberry bark, people in Shanxi use rattan, people in Shanxi use moss, people in Zhejiang use wheat bran stalks, people in Wu use cocoons, and people in Chu use mussels.There used to be cloth head paper in Shu, and those who took the cloth head machine without latitude and longitude, used it to make paper. It was recorded in "Dongpo Zhilin".
The ancient method of making paper is not a secret, but there is a method to follow. Take the end of young bamboo, chop it off and soak it in the lime pond after more than a month, so that the skin and bones are completely removed, and the tendons remain alone, fluffy and numb. paper material.Cut this material into two, bundle it into a package, then soak it in lime water, and put it in a cauldron.After steaming to extreme heat, take it out, wash it in clean water, and expose it to the ground after washing.All the land exposed to the sun must be flat and have several hectares in width. The ground should be paved with pebbles and sprinkled with green alum, so as not to make it barren.Therefore, the land where the paper is exposed can no longer be farmed.After soaking, soak in lime water, steam again after soaking, and repeat this three times, the yellow ones will turn white.You must add tung seeds or yellow vitex wood ash to the water, otherwise it will not be white.After the material is white, it is put into the water pestle to pound it, and it can pound about three stones at a time.At this time, I am still afraid that there are sundries mixed in this material, which will be stored in a fine cloth bag, dropped in a big stream, hung in the bag, and washed up and down from time to time, all the gray matter will be gone, and it will be as bright as snow. Fang Cheng.When making paper, stones are chiseled as grooves, depending on the size of the red sheet, the chisel width is slightly increased, and then bamboo is woven into curtains, and the curtains are woven extremely finely depending on the size of the stone grooves.After the trough and the curtain are prepared, take the paper material and pour it into it, soak it with water, mix it with glue, and hibiscus juice, whichever is stickier.Then the two men held up the curtain to face each other, one left and one right to form the paper in the curtain, then lift it up and cover it on the side stone, squeeze water hard, then take it off, and burn it on the wall.The sun-burning wall is also specially made, and the earth is piled up with earth. During the fire, the paper-lifters are lined up on the back of the wall.All dampness and sunburn, high and low diseases are eliminated, and they are obtained in the heart, but should be handled in the hands, and they will not be broken, cracked, or withered all day long.Such craftsmen are called "national workers".If it is not for the above efforts, nothing can be made into a piece of paper.Water must be taken from Qiuxi in Qidu.From the folding of the tip to the completion of the sunburning, it takes 72 hands to form paper. "Paper trough proverb" says: "It's not easy to cut paper, 72 by surprise." Huang Xing of Qiantang passed Changshan three times, and the craftsman in the mountain told him his technique secretly, so it was recorded.
"Snow Bridge Poetry"
Sale of fakes (false paintings and calligraphy)
During the Chenghua period, there was a scholar named Bai Lin who forged the calligraphy and paintings of the Su, Huang and Mi families with his strong pen.People use their pens vertically and horizontally freely, without rules and imitations, and they often believe it is true. Many experts are often deceived, believe it without doubt, and buy it at a high price.The cursive script of "Drunkard Pavilion" handed down by Su Gong is the handwriting of Bai Lin, and it is engraved on the stone rock.The "Shi Shuo" written by Mi Fu was also written by this gentleman.The cleverness of the technique is unmatched by anyone.
"Liuyanzhai Essay"
Astonishing magical skills (imitation of ancient artifacts)
The two Sima Chen Mansheng and Wan Lianshan were both celebrities and became river officials.The two families make friends all over the world, the guests are very prosperous, and there are often dozens of distinguished guests gathered together.Chen Mansheng was able to make Yixing teapots, but each one is expensive to several gold and cannot be obtained.Wan Lianshan has another unique skill. He likes to miniature hundreds of Qin and Han steles on the back of Duan inkstone.Although it is mottled and broken, Bi Xiao is shocked for a moment.These two scholar-bureaucrats are so devoted to art, each with terrifying skills, it is really a good story in the official career.
"Water Window Spring Talk"
Six Fingers (Secret Knowledge of the Famous Pot)
Sand pots originated from the monks of Jinshan Temple.The teapot is made of purple sand mud, and the thread of the finger is used as a mark.There was an envoy of Wu Xue who was studying in the monastery. The boy servant Gongchun discovered the method of making pots, so he learned the skill and became famous.Since then, Haohu has been marked by the thread of the ring finger, and Dong, Hanzhao, Liangxuan and Shipeng are known as the four famous masters.Shi Peng's skills were passed on to his son Shi Dabin.Dabin’s teapots are unique. They destroy the pots and smash them into pieces with a pestle to make them into soil. Then they are made into pots. They are put into the furnace to shine on the fire and come out after being judged. They are elegant and self-respecting. Throw more than seven pots, the more you throw, the more dissatisfied you will be, until there is one pot you like.Da Binsheng has six fingers, and the pots he makes must leave thumb marks on the handles as identification marks.After Dabin, there were Chen Zhongmei, Li Zhongfang, Xu Youquan, Shen Junyong, Chen Yongqing, Jiang Zhiwen and others.Xu Youquan's famous pots include: cloud fou, cicadas, Han bottles, monk hats, lifting beams, Kujiejun, fans, beauty shoulders, Xishi milk, waisted water chestnuts, flat shoulder lotus seeds, chrysanthemums, lotus flowers, bamboo knots, Olive, hexagonal, wax gourd section, plantain cicada wing stalk, cloud ear, elephant trunk, shark skin, chicken seal ear etc.Chen Zhongmei made parrot cups, Zhao Bi of Wu imitated Shi Dabin's pot style, and Yi Yi tin, and after the restoration, tin pots began to appear.Which famous master made the pot, and the thread of the fingers is a secret known to people in the Tao.
"Antique Trivia"
Magnetism (identify real jade)
There are fewer and fewer real jades in this world, and some jade wares, even though gold and iron cannot be approached, are still forged with the method of grinding sand, and are mistaken for real jade by the world.If it is real jade, there is a unique skill in distinguishing: if you use Dingzhou magnets to lure each other, the jade will not hurt at all.Asked this method to the old jade worker in the royal backyard, the jade worker laughed but did not answer, and finally refused to pass it on to the world.
"Dongpo Zhilin"
Flying a dragon (ancient tripod counterfeit technique)
The difficulty of learning from the past is that the methods of counterfeiters are so clever that it is difficult for ordinary eyes to see through.It is said: "Most of the traces of the Song and Yuan Dynasties are fake tripods", which is not wrong at all.
There is an old iron incense burner in Xu Xingbo's house. When he was in the Western Regions, he made an ancient tripod forged, and the real one was confused. He once learned the secret method of etching copper and iron: use water to mix real Nao sand and Galla water to synthesize, soak copper and iron inside, There is no doubt that it will be eclipsed.Therefore, Xu Xingbo took the wax oil painting dragon on the old incense burner, wrote numbers, and put the burner in the water.Overnight, the iron melted by one or two cents.The incense burner taken out is like an ancient tripod: the horizon is as flat as a mirror, and dragons fly into the sky.Concave and convex like relief.Bringing this stove to Beijing, the viewers praised: "The knife technique is so smooth, beyond the ability of the Qin and Han Dynasties." They all concluded that it was a Qin and Han tripod. The dragon on the tripod is just out of the wax tire!
"Miscellaneous Notes on Bamboo Leaf Pavilion"
Secret Playbook (Steganography)
"Xiaohong's Notes" records such an incident: Jinzhong was besieged, and Wan Yan Chenghui wrote a memorial to help him.In order to prevent confidentiality during the process, Cheng Hui did not write in ink but in alum, which is really very clever.The steganography invented by the Jinren is made by boiling alum and glue with iron nails.There is no trace of writing on white paper with this boiled water, but as long as the ink is applied to the back of the paper, the words on the paper will appear vividly.Someone once got a volume of poem manuscripts in the 30th year of Kangxi, with 42 poems, ranging from high-ranking officials and dignitaries, to mountain village hermits, and celebrities for a while, most of them were prepared.At first I thought it was a rubbing, but when I checked carefully, I found that the pen was thick and thin, and the halo marks were obvious. Only then did I know that it was written by Cheng Hui with alum water.
"Send to the Garden"
Running Beast on the Furnace (secretly made incense burner)
There is a skilled craftsman in Chang'an, surnamed Ding and named Xu, who made a Mianzhai incense burner, also known as the quilt incense burner.Also, Ding made a nine-story Boshan incense burner.Carved with strange birds and monsters, it can rotate automatically.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
False Reality
The skill of forging ancient bronzes is kept secret.Those who steal skills can only find out the real skills after many years of walking through gaps.The technique is as follows, first doping tin powder with mercury, which becomes mirror grinding medicine.Apply this medicine on the new bronze ware to make it even, then use a brush to dip in vinegar, finely tune the sand and apply it evenly.If the soaking is slow, it will become other variegated colors.To make the copper ware appear pure emerald color, do not soak it in water, but wipe it with a new cloth to make it shiny, and the copper fishy smell is lacking in mercury and does not show.
There is another method: adjust the mud and alum with well flower water and soak for a whole day and night, take it out and dry it, then soak it and dry it again, until the third degree, it is called "role", that is, to lay the foundation.After waiting for drying, divide it into powder with agar sand gall, alum plug water, stone borax, and gold silk alum, purify it with green salt water, dip it in with a brush and brush it three or two times, wash it off after a day or two, and wash it after it dries. , wash three to five times, with the color stopping evenly as the degree.Then dig the ground into a pit, burn the pit red with charcoal fire, and pour vinegar all over the fire.After pouring, the bronze utensils were put into it, marinated with glutinous rice, and covered with soil.Take it out three days later, and spots of various colors will appear on the copper ware.Bronzeware decorated with wax will be as bright as jade.If the color needs to be darker, bamboo leaves can be burned and smoked.The color of its embellishment has two methods of cold and warm, all of which are chewed with Ming frankincense to remove the astringent taste, mixed with white wax, and mixed with azurite, four green, and cinnabar in various colors.For the so-called warm ones, wax is mostly used; for the so-called cold ones, half frankincense and half wax are used to make raised colors at will.Needle sand for embroidery is used for stacking, and the mercury-colored mercury sand tin is used to smear the corners of Ding Yi, and the top is covered with milk wax and color, and a little bit is exposed to show off. After washing with water, the color will stick firmly and cannot be lost suddenly.
There is another method: after the bronze ware is cast, it will be buried in the brine for two or three years, and it will become ancient and difficult to identify. Only those who are good at ancient and detailed examination will have the eyesight to know the forgery in it.The so-called eyesight is not to observe its color, but to listen to its sound.The sound of ancient bronze is subtle but clear, while the sound of new copper is muddy and loud. This is where the true and the false lie, and they cannot be confused.
"Antique Trivia"
Eight Pots of Copper Coins (Secret Knowledge of Ancient Coins)
Since ancient times, ancient gold characters, but knife coins are the oldest.Yuan coins start from the treasures of the Zhou Dynasty, and Qin Zhiban twice.Zhao Zhongwu, courtesy name Guangwen.He took out half a tael of money from the Han Dynasty and showed it to me. The quality of the money was intact, and it was said that people from Wan County got eight jars when they hoeed the ground.I said: "This is a lot of money." The jars are from the Han Dynasty, like the current stuffed gourd jars, which are made of clay tiles;It's a pity when I managed to get it, only to hear it was in disrepair.It's true: Qin Quan imitates Zhou goods, without Guo Lun on his face.The two characters are cast on the top, which is as heavy as the text.Empress Lu called it the Han system, and began to issue eight baht coins.Filial piety made four baht, and the text is still half-two extended.Jianyuan made three baht, and then half a tael.He regards Qin as small and light, and the method of recording is still imitated.In the past, I chose knives and coins, and went down to catch Jiufu Garden.Baoliu and Wuzhu are hereby interposed.The big one is more than an inch in diameter, and the small one is as large as a ring.Or like splashing green words, or like painting Zhu Yin.Either the two characters are exchanged, or one word comes out.Either it is a pair of seals, or Tim Mingyuewan.The thick material is a baht, and the oblique handle is a gourd.Face to back or the same text, strange patterns.Playthings to comfort the home, sporadic antiques.A good friend knows my heart, and two pieces should be presented as Jue.It is called the Zhang family of Ansu, who comes from Wan County.In a certain field of the Wang family, eight cans were obtained by digging the ground.The earth does not love its treasures, and people do not love its emotions.Eight thousand shots are scattered, and there is no dispute with them.Hold the pearl and give it to you, I want to ask for it.The eight kitchen treasures are prepared for difficulties, and the four gui are enough.I heard that I was crazy about joy, and my obsession with ancient times made you alone.Daoli Feiyun is far away, I'm afraid I'm not familiar with them.Wanyi Qin Quni, Han changed its name to Puyin.I don't know who's pottery is used to hide auspicious gold.When it entered the land, it was still the land of the Han family.Kong Fang didn't call himself a brother, so he didn't know his ancestors.In Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming kilns, there is no ridicule below the neighbors (according to Mao's poem Yezhi).Work hard to do it well, don't count on three or five.If you get a pair, you will divide it equally, and Yong Zhai will be accompanied by a bronze drum.
"Country Talk"
Natural is precious (Antiquities Discrimination)
Within the universe, all things grow and come in all shapes and forms, and nature is the most precious.Yunzhangxiacai, talent and beauty are all natural and unadorned, while the Dancang Mountain stones are in various shapes and shapes, and they are all-encompassing, especially unpredictable for people.The villagers saw the same thing, inlaid cabinets, inlaid tables, and inlaid tables with stones, all of which are called inlaid stone hearts, but they don't know what kind of stone they are.However, inlaying utensils with stone paintings is like inlaying gauze cabinets with calligraphy and painting, which is somewhat inferior.However, the thickness of the old and the young can be different because of the difference in stone quality.And according to the size and shape of the utensils, the proper selection of materials depends on the level of artificial technology.Since the artificial production, there has been a phenomenon of filling in vacancies and making false colors on ancient artifacts.When people choose ancient artifacts, they must distinguish.I have acquired several types of stone screens in the past 20 years, all of which can be viewed as paintings.Among them was Shiping in Song Dynasty. The stone is three feet long and has the shape of a carp jumping over a dragon's gate.Clouds, water, heaven and earth are mixed in the middle.This screen uses mother-of-pearl shavings as the side seat, which is thick and firm, which is quite different from ordinary ornaments.On the top is engraved with the word "gift", on the right is engraved "Daokou Mid-Autumn Festival", and on the left is engraved "Household Minister Pingzhang Shichen Lu Duan".According to the "History of the Song Dynasty": Taizong will want to meet Lu Duan, or Lu Duan is confused.Taizong said: "Lu Duan is confused about small things, but not about big things." At the banquet, he wrote a fishing poem: "If you want to bait the golden hook but the depth is not reached, you have to ask the fisherman on the Fenxi River." Gai belongs to Duan.A few days later, he dismissed Lu Meng and met Lu Duan.For this reason, I have a feeling: on the Zhongyuan Festival, a Pingzhang will be given, and a screen will lighten the sky.The mood of fish and water is compatible today, and the sound price of Longmen is high in the past.Grind gold with special Fu Ye, and Zhenxi enters Diaohuang.Be foolish about small things and take the big responsibility, and be as solid as a rock to solidify the vicissitudes of life.
"Country Talk"
Distinguish characters by sight, smell, taste (secrets of ancient bronze wares)
Zhang Shinan of Poyang described in his "Records of Official Travels": "Bronze wares of the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin and Han dynasties have been handed down to the world. After a long time of soaking, their color is yellowish and moist. When scholars and bureaucrats comment on ancient bronze wares today, most of them use extremely Thinness is genuine. This is a kind of prejudice. In fact, there are very thin and thick authentic ancient wares. As long as you look at their color, you can see the authenticity. There are also those cast in Jurong hundreds of years ago, and their craftsmanship is also very exquisite. , which is beyond the reach of today's castings. But after all, it is black and dry. It must be a natural bronze color to be a real bronze." Zhao Zhaiyu also recorded in "Dongtian Qinglu Collection Ancient Zhongding Yi Ware Discrimination": " Xia Shangzhong, Shang valued quality, Zhou Shangwen. The same is true for their wares. The quality of Shang’s wares is low-quality, and Zhou’s wares are finely carved. This is an invariable conclusion, but Xia’s wares are not. I have seen Xia’s weapons The carved Ge is inlaid with gold on top of the copper. It is as thin as a hair, which is probably the case in Xia ware. After a long time, the inlaid gold will fall off, and it will become concave and thin marks. The bronze ware has been buried for thousands of years, and its color is as pure as emerald green. It is slightly lighter after midnight, and green and moist after noon. Some bronze wares have been buried under the soil for a long time and have been corroded by the soil, or penetrated or peeled off, which is a natural mark. Some have ax marks on them, It is false. Copper shun falls into the water for a thousand years, and it will become pure green and shiny like jade. Less than a thousand years, it will be green and not shiny. Today people regard light weight as ancient utensils, but they don’t know that big and thick utensils, The copper property has not been eroded. Its weight can only be reduced by one-third or one-half. For small and thin vessels, the copper property will be washed away by water and soil. If you break it, you will not see the copper color, but only emerald green. Or Among them, there is a line of red, and there is still the sound of copper. Some ancient artifacts handed down from generation to generation have never entered the water and soil, but have been handed down in the world. Put it in a pot and boil it, and the scars will become clearer. The counterfeiters use lacquer to adjust the cinnabar to draw the scars, which are very easy to distinguish. Third-class bronzes have no fishy smell. It is still rustic, and it will disappear naturally after being unearthed for a long time. If it is a fake ancient artifact, as long as you rub the palm of your hand to rub it, the smell of copper will touch your nose. Also, the so-called recognition pattern and pattern pattern are also different. It is the seal character, which is used to record merit. The so-called inscription Zhongding, the bird trace seal script used in summer, the commercial insect fish, the insect fish seal script used in Zhou Dynasty, the large and small seal script used in Qin Dynasty, the small seal script used in Han Dynasty, regular script used since Jin and Song Dynasties, and regular script script used in Tang Dynasty. Three generations Using Yin Consciousness is called Yanjian, and the handwriting is concave. Since the Han Dynasty, Yang Consciousness is often used, and its characters are protruding, but Yin Consciousness is also useful. Yin Consciousness is difficult to cast and can only be carved with a knife like a stone tablet. Yang Consciousness It is relatively easy to cast. Any ancient artifact with Yang consciousness is by no means a thing of three generations. Therefore, mastering the knack of observing its color, smelling its taste, and recognizing its characters is enough to be able to distinguish the authenticity of ancient bronzes."
The discussion of ancient bronzes in the above two books is certainly complete.However, I think that collectors or those who are good at ancient times must read scriptures and biography records in order to find out the whole story.For example, Xue Shanggong's "Knowledge of Fatie" and the seventh volume of "Chongguang Zhongding Yun", "Xuanhe Bogu Tu", Lu Dalin's "Archaeological Map", Wang Qi's "Xiaotang Collection Gulu", Huang Rui's "Eastern View of Yu "On" and Dong You's "Guangchuan Book Postscript" and other books should be read repeatedly, tasted, researched, and referenced, and only by judging from the scriptures can one be called a proficient appreciator of antiquities.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Almost Real (Antique Bronze Ware)
During the Daoguang period, there were two surnames Gan and Wang in Suzhou, and they could imitate three generations of Yi wares, which could almost be confused with the real ones.In Jiading, there is a craftsman named Qian Datian, who can imitate Hujue, which is no different from ancient times.His son inherited his father's career and won the law.Ten kinds of sacrificial vessels were privately cast for Wu Panzhai, and gold-coated pagoda iron coupons were cast for Qianmeixi, which are exactly the same as the real ones.Feng Xiyu of Jiangning can cast Ruyi, toad lamps, belt hooks, copper walls, Lingzhong, Qingqing, Tiexiao, Tieliu, and Shuzhen. They all imitate the styles of Shang and Zhou, and inlaid gold and silver on the castings.Even Gan, Wang, and Qian couldn't match this unique skill.
"Xiqing Notes"
Residual sound is far and deep (the secret of jade identification)
When discussing how to distinguish real jade, Li Chunfeng wrote: "Its color is like dyed by fat. When you knock it, its sound is clear and evocative, just like the afterglow of golden gold, which will come back again, and the residual sound is far and deep. Slowly and gradually." Not long ago, Yu, the son of Tangzhou who participated in politics, had a piece of jade in his collection. It was as smooth as fat, and there was no defect at all, except that there were two red chestnuts on it, which were caused by the corpse in the tomb. secreted.Tap it lightly, and the sound is clear and melodious.Just like what Chunfeng said, compared with the beryl jade seen in the world today, this bi is simply incomparable.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Grinding is not hot (secret art of knowing rhino horn)
The rank of rhinoceros depends on the thickness of its lines.The noble one has a sky-high pattern.Some people say that the person who reaches the sky is his disease, and its reason is unknown.The horn on the head of Tongtian rhinoceros is long and sharp, with a white star penetrating its tip, and if it can breathe out the breath to reach the sky, it can communicate with spirits, and it can break water and frighten chickens.Baopuzi said: "Tongtian rhinoceros has a white texture like cotton, and if it is filled with rice, the chicken will be horrified when it sees it." Carved a fish with the horn of Tongtian rhinoceros, and putting it into the water can make the water boil three feet, commonly known as Lishui rhinoceros.Rhinoceros is based on blackness.Those whose color is black and yellow are called Zhengtou, and those who are yellow with black borders are called Daotou.The righteous is the world's most precious.There are counterfeit rhinoceros in Nanzhong. The test method is that the ones that are getting hotter are fake.True rhinoceros is cool in nature, and it is not hot when rubbed.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Real mountains and real waters (appreciation secrets)
Jingzhou, Wang Huazi, is good at copying ancient paintings. He once sold "Eight Views of Tingzhong" and said it was Ishida Weng's real brush.This painting depicts the landscape of Hengxiang, which is remote and vast.To the south of Dongting, to the north of Xiaoting, Nanmao and Jiuyi are facing each other in the distance;A man named Zhu Zhang bought it for 300 taels of silver and regarded it as a treasure.Later, a man named Zhang Qingzhi from Wujiang saw this painting and immediately pointed out that it was a fake.Zhu Dawei was remorseful, and brought the painting back to the king, forcing the king to withdraw from the bank, but the king refused, so he was involved in a lawsuit in the county government.Xu Gong, the county magistrate at that time, said to Zhu: "It is difficult to collect calligraphy and painting. It is too vulgar to be involved in a lawsuit for this matter. Don't you know that most of the calligraphy and painting of the predecessors are fake? Connoisseurs of ancient and modern times have been deceived." However, those who are deceived must cover up in many ways, thinking that their level is high and their eyesight is better than others. He said it is fake, but I only know it as genuine. Because you can be a fool if you are foolish. This is the secret of collectors since ancient times. Do you think Wouldn’t it be ridiculous to imitate the ancients without getting the right way? What’s more, when you look closely at this painting, it’s not much different from Ishida Weng’s brushstrokes. It’s really amazing that the author can imitate the real thing and reproduce the real mountains and rivers and the vast beauty of central Hunan in the painting. It’s a great thing, so why bother to care about its authenticity? You might as well think about it carefully according to what I said, isn’t this painting worthy of treasure?” Zhu heard Xu Gong’s words, and happily withdrew the lawsuit.
Those who are good at counterfeiting are able to confuse the real with the fake, which is also a miraculous skill.If Zhu is stingy with the silver and must withdraw the painting, he is really ignorant and incompetent.And Mr. Xu was able to confide in his heart, revealed the connoisseur's secrets in one sentence, and mediated Zhu Wang's disputes, which really added a good story to the antique shop.
"Ink Yulu"
Qi brick Wei tile (secret identification of ancient brick)
There is a poem in "Ode to the Ancients in Yezhong" written by Huiyu: "The people of Qi and Wei tiles are fighting for entrustment, and I want to see the monsters of civil engineering in those days."The names of the printed workers are all eight-point books.It is used to make inkstone, and the water will not seep for several days.As far as the author knows, the bricks and tiles in Yenan City were oiled with walnut oil. There are fine lines on the oiled parts, which are called qin patterns, and white flowers, which are called tin flowers.The big ancient brick is four feet square, with patterns of flowers, birds and animals on it, and the words Qianqiu Longsui.The year name is either Tianbao or Xinghe.There is also a kind of brick tube bearing the eaves, with the same pattern and year name as the brick, with a round inside and a square outside, which can also be used to make inkstone.Wang Jinggong has a poem that says: "Tao Zhen often becomes the present hand, and still entrusts the false name to impress future generations." In the Song Dynasty, Wei Waqi bricks were rare.
"Antique Trivia"
Xuande for Yongle (Lacquer Ware Identification)
In the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, there was an orchard factory in the west of the Lingxing Gate. The lacquerware was made of gold, silver, and tin wood as embryos.The plate boxes and stationery made are different. After picking the red box, there are styles of sugarcane segments, steamed cakes, Hexi, three bumps, and two bumps. Angular sash rings and quadrangular peony petal equations; boxes have rectangular, two-bump, and three-bump equations.The method of making it is to lacquer red lacquer 36 times, engrave it with red cotton, prime it with black light, and engrave it with a needle in the year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty.The manufacturing process of these lacquerware seems to be more sophisticated than the sword rings and vanilla styles of Zhang Cheng and Yang Mao in the Yuan Dynasty.By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, the quality of the factory utensils was finally not as good as before. Because some people privately purchased the disk boxes in the factory, polished off the fine inscriptions of Yongle needle books, and then carved Xuande characters with a knife and filled them with thick gold. The lacquerware signed by Xuande are actually all lacquerware produced in the Yongle period.The same is true for another style of filling paint. The filling paint is carved into flowers and birds, and the color is filled with thick paint. It is smooth and picturesque, and the longer it lasts, the newer it will be.The production of lacquered boxes is expensive because of their small size. The darker ones have five-color ganoderma borders, and the lighter ones have palindromic gold borders, which are pale and pale.This kind of lacquerware is rarely handed down, so its price is several times higher than that of Tihong.Regardless of red picking and filling paint, both are called factory-made, and people in the world cherish it very much, and it is rare.The site of the factory is now the residence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
"Antique Trivia"
The Method of Gathering Shapes (Ancient Mirror)
In Yuanfengzhong, Su Dongpo passed through the ancient Huangzhou from Qi'an, and got a bronze mirror by accident.There is an inscription on the back of the mirror: "There is a good bronze in the Han Dynasty that comes out of Baiyang, and it is taken as a mirror that is clear and bright." The left dragon and the right tiger complement each other.The mirror copper is as black as lacquer, shining tiny.All ancient mirrors have the method of gathering shapes, and the human figures in the mirror are shrinking and shrinking.
"Qiu Chi's Notes"
Playing beads to clear the heart (notebook technique)
In the mid-Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xun was the chancellor, and someone presented him with a bead, which was blue in color and bright, called the Jishi bead.If there are any forgotten people and things, as long as you play with this bead, you will have an epiphany.
"Kaiyuan Legacy"
Don't Pass His Surname (Antique Artifact)
A native of Junxi, Hu Wenming, is good at making antique utensils. He can make extremely exquisite and expensive items according to the ancient styles of Yi, Ding, Zun, and You.
"Cloud Magazine"
The most important thing is to use fire (Rao Porcelain Secret Knowledge)
Rao porcelain began in Tang Dynasty, developed in Song Yuan and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, so the North Kiln began to decline.The pottery clay of Rao Porcelain was taken from Macang Mountain in Xinzhengdu, Fuliang, the powdered stone was from Hutian Yiertutu, the glazed clay was taken from Xinzhengdu, Changling was used as the blue-yellow glaze, and Yikeng was used as the glaze for pouring whiteware.The colors of Rao porcelain are as follows:
Cyan: Shiziqing is produced in Ruizhou; Jiupotangqing is produced in Leping; Huiqing is Sumaliqing.Tribute began to be paid in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, and they were crushed with a hammer. Every catty got three taels of green, and those with cinnabar spots were the top grade, followed by those with silver stars.The usage is: use Huiqing one or two, add Shiqing five qian, the one that is matched is called Shangqing, and the one that is matched with four or six is called Zhongqing.If the upper green is used to mix water, the color will be clear; if the middle green is used to set the color, the strokes will be clear.
Oil color: It is synthesized by refining ash and loess with bean green oil and water.
Purple gold: It is synthesized by smelting ash with pot water and hydrating purple gold stone.
Emerald color: It is synthesized by refining bronze water and saltpeter.
Golden yellow: It is made of one catty of black lead powder, which is ground into red one or two coins.
Golden green: It is made of one catty of refined black lead powder, one or two or four coins of bronze powder, and six liang of stone water.
Full cyan color: It is synthesized by refining one jin of Cui Yijin and one or two Xing Ziqing.
Alum blue color: it is made of alum, and it is made of huangjiao.
Purple: It is made of one catty of black lead powder, one liang of stone green, and six liang of stone powder.
Pouring green: It is synthesized by refining ash and pebble green with glaze water.
Pure white: It is synthesized by refining ash with glaze water.
Gold tracing: It is used to burn the white body, apply full yellow, add alum red after passing through the color kiln, pass through the furnace fire, paste gold twice, pass through the furnace fire twice, and the remaining color will not be completely yellow.
Stacker: Use iron cones to form dragons and phoenix flowers and plants on various blanks, add glaze water, smelt ashes and burn them.
Five colors: paint colors on burnt pure white porcelain, and then fire it in a furnace.
The reason why Rao porcelain is expensive and high-quality, well-known at home and abroad, is not only because of its gorgeous colors and various shapes, but also because of the high temperature of the kiln. Therefore, it is beyond the reach of North Kiln porcelain.
"Antique Trivia"
Jia Ding Pirates Art (Fake Fired Yuan Porcelain)
"Tian Zhi Ou Wen" said: In recent years, many fake Yuan Dynasty porcelains have suddenly appeared in the antique market in the capital.I heard that there was a family who followed the master official to Jiujiang and learned his skills. After returning, he used soil from the north to burn it, but he couldn't make it.Half of the Yuan porcelain obtained by the connoisseur is made by him. Even if the Yuan porcelain is imitated, he still keeps his own porcelain firing skills a secret.
"Cui Dongbi's Posthumous Notes" stated: During the Qianlong period, there were man-made fake Song porcelains in Cizhou.
"Antique Trivia"
Porcelain color like the sky (porcelain identification)
Wang Shu reported to Zhu Liang as a token, there is a golden edge bowl.Yue's "Porcelain Zhiyu" records: "The golden edge contains the light of the treasure bowl, and the secret color embraces the sound of celadon." It was made by Wu Yue Qian Liu.The secret porcelain fired by Liang was used to serve Chai Shizong, so it is called Chai Kiln.The secret porcelain cloud color is like the sky, and the sound is like a chime, extremely exquisite, it is no longer seen now.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Know at a scratch (Qinmu secret knowledge)
All the wood that is real but not imaginary is only tung tree.Conversely, if you want to identify whether the root of the wood is solid, you can take a small branch and cut its back with a knife. If it is solid, the root is empty.Therefore, the reason why Sun Zhi is so valuable is that it is actually so valuable.It is used to make qin and se, because of its solid material, the phonology played by the silk strings has a wooden sound.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Pipa and Papa (pipa secret knowledge)
Wang Yu of Hanzhong heard Kang Kunlun playing the pipa and said: "There are many pipa sounds and few arpeggio sounds, which is the reason why you can't play 54 large silk strings."Musicians call it a pi from the bottom up against the drum, and a pa from top to bottom.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Paulownia explosion (unique knowledge of piano materials)
When Cai Yong was in Wudi, one day he heard a sudden sound in the neighbor's house. It was clearly the sound of paulownia wood cracking, and he knew it was a good material for making pianos.So Cai Yong went to the neighbor's house to ask for this paulownia wood, and after a closer look, it was indeed a good paulownia.Later, he made a piano out of this tree.After it is made, there is a burnt place at the end of the piano, so it is called "Jiaowei".
"Biography"
Lime Tree Searching for Ginseng (Finding the Secret of Ginseng)
All kinds of ginseng have their own characteristics. "Korean Counselor" said: "Three twigs and five leaves, back to the sun and yin. If you want to come to me, you can find it with the linden tree." The leaves of linden wood resemble tung leaves. Ginseng grows in its shade.
"Ginseng Spectrum"
Sweet and cold medicine (discrimination of water)
Rain is the nectar of God.Whenever the rain falls, many containers are placed in the big courtyard, and the rain water obtained is sweet and slippery and indescribable.Using this water to make tea and medicine is both beautiful and beneficial; drinking this water all year round can lead to longevity.Secondly, well water and spring water, whatever is sweet and cold, are good medicines.The sixty-two of ninety-two transforms Kun into Kun, so Tianyi is water.A Taoist said: If someone consumes "well flower water" (well water drawn early in the morning) all year round, it will cause gangrene just like taking poisonous stone sulfur and stalactite water.This kind of thing can often be seen: take well water and store it for seven days, and there will be something like mica in the water. Taoists call it gold in water, which can be used for alchemy.
"Dongpo Zhilin"
Smooth as Spring Water (Paper Literacy)
Mei Shengyu's "Yong Cheng Xintang Paper" said: "Slippery as spring water and dense as a cocoon, you will be pleasantly surprised when you play with it. Shu paper is brittle and can't help it for a long time, and Shan Chu is thin and slow and can be lifted." From this, the thickness and density of the paper can be seen; It is said: "The width is too narrow to be used as an edict," and its narrowness can be seen; it is said: "Be careful not to cut it with others," and it is said: "The heart is upset, and it is lacking and lacking," so its length can be known, so it is called a piece of paper.He also said: "The Li family in the south of the Yangtze River has a national day, and one hundred gold is not allowed to sell one piece." It can be seen that it is valuable.According to legend, all the posts in Chunhua Pavilion were expanded on this paper, and Ou Gong's "History of the Five Dynasties" was also drafted on this paper.However, I also saw in the poem that "send it as a treasure" and said: "it has been more than [-] years now, and it has been abandoned in the corner of the big house."Zou Bingtai's "Noon Wind Chamber Cong Tan" says: "Chengxintang paper is smooth and clean, so Liu Yuan's father said: "Fold water to make palace paper." Li Bo loved to use Chengxintang paper for painting at that time.I have seen the authentic work of Li Bo at that time, but I can't tell what paper was used.Jianye Chengxin Hall, which is the site of Bingmasi in Neiqiao today.
"Antique Trivia"
Pregnant stone with flowers (name inkstone secret knowledge)
In Dai Wenjie's "Xikuzhai Poetry Collection", there are twenty quatrains chanting inkstone.Preface: When I came to Guangdong, I became more and more obsessed with inkstones, and I was unable to collect high-quality goods. However, even a feather of a majestic phoenix can be hidden and discarded. After writing "Theory of Inkstones", the second most beloved one is the following. poetry.The notes are hereby recorded as follows:
Panchi: The ancient inkstone is three inches high and two inches wide. Its color is like a horse liver.Cantonese can't raise the pit, because it is made of ancient stones, and this is the only old thing in the trunk, so it must be mentioned first.
Floating algae: square inkstone, extremely clean, with floating blue and white flowers, obtained when passing through Lingyang Gorge by boat.
Wen Yu: Gao Yao He Shiqing wrote "Baoyantang Inkstone Discrimination", which is the preface I wrote for him. It is based on banana leaf inkstone, five inches in diameter, sharp at the top and full at the bottom, covered with roses and purple blue flowers, with two eyes on the back, Strong and clean, it seems to be made of stone from Daxi Cave during the Qianlong to Jiaqing period, and it was given the name Yanyu Zhai.
Red cotton: Vertical square, no pool, five inches high, engraved with a branch of red cotton, with blue and white flowers all over the face, with a rose purple blue and white flower, as big as a bean.
Qingxia: Tianyan, less than three inches in size, looks like flying clouds, a piece of blue sky, reflecting the sun, if there are crumbs in it, it is the so-called blue and white dust.There is betel nut inscription in the right corner, which is the brightest.
Jade catkin: Oval like a palm, the heart of the inkstone is like a fish brain, rippling and floating, rouge is pressed on all sides, blue and white are sandwiched in between, and it is brilliant.Shi Ruan said: It seems to be made of Shidong stone.
Yunyu: Piece of clouds with big palms, roses and purple blue flowers, gorgeous and lively, there is a colorful nail on the right, as plump as Daxidong.
Xuejiao: Gao Xiaoyun is obsessed with inkstone.In the 13th year of Daoguang, Lu Zhijunkun opened the Daxi Cave, and Xiaoyun won more than ten fine works.When I went to Zhaoqing, I saw ice patterns on the banana inkstone left behind, but unfortunately the inkstone has green nails in the heart, which is the flaw of Jinyu.
Purple jade: The cloud is three inches long, with blue and white flowers on both sides, and a very bright rose and purple blue and blue flowers on the left corner. It is the cleanest one in Daxi Cave.It's hard to come across these days, but this inkstone was obtained from the Lingyang Gorge.
Jade silk: gold thread, oval double inkstone.One inkstone has a silver thread, the other has a gold thread, both of good quality and color, and the second view on the right of Daxi is the offering tool of Luoding Prefecture Examination Institute.In the old cases, the study and government had to accept the study supplies, but I came to Guangdong to refuse them all.
Wang Shan: Natural inkstone.It is more than three inches high, with ice patterns on both sides, rose purple blue flowers on one side, and cinnabar ding marks on the other side.
Ningzi: Fuqingzi is not cut in half, with a diameter of four inches. The back is engraved with very fine landscapes, and the whole body is covered with roses and purple blue flowers. The stone is very strong.It was made of Daxi old stone, and Xiaoyun Yougao sent it to me, asking me to draw a picture. In return for this inkstone, I made a picture of Langa Gorge for him.
Beetle bamboo slips: The small inkstone is in the simple shape of ancient times, and the left side is carved into a small insect with colorful nails. The production is also very special.According to Yan Gong, it is Daxi Stone.
Qixia: A small square inkstone, with many colorful inkstones on the pond, the quality and color of which are the same as those of beetle bamboo slips.
Shuyu: The stone is only about three inches long, with ice-patterned frozen blue and white flowers, on which there are green, white, multicolored, gold and silver threads, white jade belts, and gleams.In particular, the sound of knocking is like rotten wood. It is Daxidi Stone, but its flaws are not concealed, and it cannot bear to be discarded.
Moon wave: The inkstone is large and full-footed, delicate and silent, the hall is broken and frozen, about four or five inches, and there is a halo in the center like moon ripples, shining brightly and revealing, it is a masterpiece of Chen Mazikeng.Recently, connoisseurs can't distinguish miscellaneous pits. Whenever they see inferior stones, they always say Mazikeng. In fact, Mazikeng is only one of the lower old pits, and the rest of the old pits are not as good as Mazikeng.
Luoteng: Luo Zhuyin Yiyi inkstone.The 泐 pattern is ocher yellow, which is the ice pattern of Dongdong Cave.I have seen a large west stone with five points of sardine interlaced, forming a branch of natural plum blossom, above Wu Shihua's Jiji.I inscribed it and said: "Whoever casts the plumpness of the stone and the slenderness of the flower is the furnace of heaven and earth." These are all unique products in inkstones.
Shuangwan: The small inkstone is made of cirrus clouds, the diameter of the two eyes is four to five minutes, and the stone is also fine, so keep it for a grid.I love stone eyes very much, and I have successively obtained the flowing clouds and the moon, the sea and the sky, the lotus and the interest, and the clouds and the stars.Today I got another big inkstone and two small inkstones, and I can't put it down without touching them every day.
I used miscellaneous pits, blue and white, banana white and other stones to chisel the pond, and carved stone snails, stone crabs and other objects in the pond, and poured clean water into it.
"Antique Trivia"
The more tidy, the more vulgar (Bao Yan secret knowledge)
Xing Ziyuan and Wang Bogu wrote: "In the middle of the spring, Zhu Rong was unkind, and extended to outer Tibet. One or two stones were researched and turned into pond fish. Annoying Gong bought one, which was worth ten thousand and killed him." According to this, we can know that Duanshi was at that time. A good inkstone can be bought for ten thousand, but now the inkstone purchased at tens of times is unavoidably inferior.Nowadays people value Song inkstones very much, but most of them are counterfeit products, which are far less valuable than Ming Dynasty stone inkstones.Emperor Qianlong's royal inscription on the inkstone, it is said that the more neatly it is done, the more vulgar, it should be regarded as self-made.Therefore, whenever you find a person with a style on an inkstone or a bright stone made of rough, you can buy it for collection no matter how expensive it is.
"Antique Trivia"
Blue sky and blue water (Secret Knowledge of Baomo)
Meng Zhongcheng likes to collect all kinds of ink. Among the inks in his collection, there is an ingot of Zhu Ziyang's ink, which is an ancient relic of the Southern Song Dynasty.It is also said that there is a kind of ink called Luo Wenlong ink, which is as green as the sky and as blue as the water, and as difficult as coral wood.
"White Drunk Words"
Peach Blossom Cave (Secret Knowledge of Smoke Bottle)
Zhao Weishu's "Smoke Bottle Test" says: When the smoke bottle was first manufactured, it looked like an ancient medicine bottle, so it was called a bottle at first, and it was called a pot later.Snuff bottles are all made of five-color glass, first made of glass and pearls, and later made of fashionable transparent glass, off-white, the color is like gelatin, and some are like snow.The prefect of Yan Yan Township of the Han Army told me: In the Kangxi era, the red and blue suits are the only ones left today, commonly known as 36 Tiangang.I have lived in the capital for nearly ten years, and I have seen two reds and one blue, which proves that what Yan Taishou said is true, there are green and black, or blue and green, or black. If there is no red, there is blue. Those on red land, however, are rare.There are also sets called two-color, three-color, four-color, five-color, or overlapping sets, and the carvings are exquisite.The most famous one is Xinjia skin, which is the most refined and clean, and its color is made of crumbs and treasures, which is dazzling; it is called Lejia skin, which is white as ice and snow, and its color design is very strange. Red, purple and verdant, naturally overlapping; it is called Yuanjiapi, which is similar to Xinjiapi.In addition, there is also one called Gu Yuexuan. The ground is Chequ, which also has five colors, with paintings on the top and small poems in the middle. On the foot of the pot, there is Gu Yuexuan. The inscriptions are the most beautiful when they were made in the Qianlong period.There are also carved fairy mountain pavilions, rare birds and animals, which are like stars in the sky and are called Taohua Cave.Since then, there have been carved jade, Luo Zhenbao and the like to show off and compete for attention.In the past, when pots were made, they could be used for taking and drinking, or they were different. Some were as small as an inch, and some were as small as a knuckle.After the Jiaqing era, the large snuff bottle began to be fashionable.Later, it gradually grew to a surplus.Some rich and noble people have agate snuff pots in their homes, which can hold two liters. The diameter of the mouth of the pot was about [-] fen at first, but later it was changed to a narrow mouth, which should not exceed [-] fen, so that the device would not leak out.There are forty rhymes in Wu Wanting's "Ode to the Long Rhythm of Snuff Bottles", in which there are a few lines: To the virtue of suirouyuan, Tihang actually offers wonders.The picture is enhanced by Ruicao, and the instrument spectrum is noteworthy for the army.
"Antique Trivia"
Bao Se (Chapter Stone Secret Knowledge)
As for the stone engraved with seals, Qingtian stone was fashionable in the past, and the variety called "light" was the most expensive. Over the past 30 years, Fujian Shoushan Stone has also been well-known. The stone is warm and chestnut, suitable for engraving, and the five colors complement each other, radiant, red like mohe, yellow like steamed chestnut, white like Kexue.However, due to the long-term excavation, the mountain stones have been exhausted. Recently, they are often filled with Furong mountain stones, which no longer have the same precious color as before, and their value is less than one-fifth of the Shoushan stone.Both Shoushan and Furongshan are in Fuzhou.
"Xiangzu Notes"
(End of this chapter)
Boil it with vinegar
Real ivory has some small patterns, if it is soaked in vinegar overnight, it will be soft as if it is about to rot, and it can be made into exquisite handicrafts at will.After making it, boil it with horsetail water and slow down the heat, and it will be as hard as ever.If these characteristics are not present, it is not true ivory.Another way is to boil the ivory with drunken bittern, it will become soft naturally, and to restore its hardness, the first method can be used.
"Study of the Study Room"
Embedding mussels for rebirth (false pearls into pearls)
Among the fake pearls made by myself, choose the bright and round ones, and then find some slightly larger mussels to raise in clear water. When they open their mouths, put the fake pearls into the mussel shells, and often change the clear water for raising mussels. , Put it under the moonlight at night, so that the mussels can fully absorb the essence of the moonlight from heaven and earth.After two years, the fake pearls will become real pearls.Old pearls can also be turned into new pearls after such treatment.
"Sense of Objects"
Insert fire chopsticks (distinguish fake honey method)
Honey has high medicinal value, but there are a lot of fake honey mixed with white sugar or powder on the market.If you want to identify the real and the fake, you can use hot chopsticks to insert honey into the honey. The honey that emits gas is real honey, and the honey that smokes is fake honey.
"Compendium of Materia Medica"
Rubbed Walnuts (Old Bronze Artifact)
If you want to imitate copper ware into ancient bronze ware, the most important thing is to remove the red color on the copper, so that its dark black can be stained with ancient style.The best way is to rub oil walnuts on the copper every day, and then rub it again with sulfur, then the copper will turn black day by day, which is no different from the color of ancient bronzes.In addition, when oiling walnuts on copper, the copper must be heated with charcoal first, so that the effect will be better.
"Secret Garden of Ancient and Modern"
Blowing but not breaking (Secret Knowledge of Tung Oil’s Good and Bad
Using tung oil to dye woodware can make the woodware durable, and if fake tung oil is used, it will damage the woodware.There is a method to identify true and false tung oil: pure tung oil contains weight glue, if you dip it with a bamboo ring, there will be a layer of paste sticking to the ring, and it will not be broken within a few seconds; if the tung oil is mixed with impurities, although There is paste sticking to the bamboo ring, but it will break when blown.If there are many impurities mixed in, the ring cannot be glued at all. This method is very effective.
"The Chronicle of the Eunuch"
Green in the water (emerald secret)
Fill a bowl with clear water, put the gemstones into the bowl, and the ones that can make the whole bowl appear faint green are real emeralds.You can also put the gemstone in a copper basin, surround it with white paper, and light the white paper with fire. If the fire turns green, it is a real emerald.You can also prepare a pot of hot charcoal, and put the gem into the charcoal. If the charcoal smells fragrant but the fire goes out immediately, it is a real emerald.
"Study of the Study Room"
Dragonfly's Eye (Secret Blue Pearl)
Pearls come from rivers and seas, how can the land produce pearls?actually not.If on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, catch the dragonfly, remove its head, and bury it under the west-facing door.On the third day, the eyes on the dragonfly's head turned into blue beads, no different from the beads produced in the water, and the color was even more vivid and amazing.
"Natural History"
Dig out a fingernail mark (copper coin secret system)
In ancient times, the names of money were different, such as Empress Wende, Wude Bank of China, Kaiyuan Tongbao, etc. The naming and writing of money were all done by Ouyang Xun.First cast a sample and enter the emperor's imperial examination. After the emperor approves, dig out a nail mark and cast it again.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Discoloration is false (Agate secret knowledge)
If you want to identify the authenticity of agate, you can rub the agate in your palm. If it does not change color, it is a genuine product. Otherwise, it is a fake product made of clear turpentine, powder and glass fragments.
"Study of the Study Room"
Ink scattered as tip
If you want to identify the true and false of a piece of wood, you can cut a small piece with a knife and axe, and paint its two ends with ink. The end where the ink is easy to disperse is the end, and the part where the ink is not easy to disperse is the root; .Rosewood, ebony, silver pear and other trees have hard wood, and both ends do not scatter ink. If you want to distinguish the root from the root, you can use a small hammer to tap the ends. The strong sound quality is the root, and the soft place is the root.
"Study of the Study Room"
Put into charcoal and simmer for a long time (forged in ancient ink)
If you want to imitate new ink into ancient ink, you can use this method: put the new ink in charcoal with a slight residual temperature, wait for more than ten days, take out the new ink, and the oil on the ink will disappear, and the color of the ancient ink will be the same , and the glue of the ink is also removed, and the ink becomes lighter, which is no different from the ancient ink.
"Fu Shou Zhen Jing"
Put Sophora japonica (ancient paper forgery)
Use batter, Sophora japonica, Sapphire, and black ink to make juice and dye paper, and then hammer the paper. This is the method of making ancient paper.
"Fu Shou Zhen Jing"
Color like melon rind
How to identify the authenticity of bronze wares buried in the soil for thousands of years?The color of the bronze ware is pure blue, like emerald.The color is slightly lighter in the morning, and becomes more moist after noon.If there is a place where the soil is eroded and peeled off, it must have the shape of a snail.If there are scratches, it must be a fake.Bronze ware dropped into water for a thousand years will turn pure green, like watermelon skin, which is as smooth as jade; those that have not reached a thousand years will be green but not moist.Most people judge whether bronze wares are ancient or not, only by their weight, which is inappropriate, because no matter how large and thick bronze wares are corroded, the copper properties are still there, and their weight remains the same.Small and thin copperware is easily corroded, and even if a certain part of it is broken, the green color cannot be seen; even if the emerald green is transparent to the bottom, there is still a copper sound when knocked.If the ancient bronze ware has not entered the water and soil, but spread among the people, it will be purple-brown with cinnabar spots.If you put it in a kettle and soak it in boiling bubbles, if it shows spots of rust after a while, it must be a long-lasting and precious thing.The color of the counterfeit is all on the outside.Authentic copper wares circulated in water, soil and among people have no fishy smell at all.If it is a counterfeit, just wipe the copper with water, and there will be a strong fishy smell.
"Study of the Study Room"
Know by Licking (Crystal Secret)
If it is a real crystal, even in the extremely hot weather of June, if you lick it with your tongue, it will feel icy cold.If it is not a real crystal, there is no such feeling.No matter how high-grade the real crystal is, there is always a faint water halo inside. The edge of the real crystal is pure white, while the fake one has no white.
"Study of the Study Room"
Absolutely no patterns (recognition of counterfeit paper)
According to Mr. Miao Zhifeng: Most of the paper slips used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties were yellow and white, with other colors on the sides of the paper, and absolutely no patterns. Those who made fakes did not know such archaeological knowledge.
"Antique Trivia"
Seeing water is green (Ding ware identification)
Mo Yunqing's "Brush Dust" says: If you have a Yi from the Shang Dynasty or a tripod from the Zhou Dynasty, you will know the essence of ancient vessel making.Among the ancient utensils seen in the world today, there are gold and silver utensils from the Shang Dynasty, and there are ancient tripod bottles made by King Wen of Zhou.Because the Han people like to make utensils very much, the jade wares on the market today are extremely exquisite made by the Han people, and they are very similar to the ancient wares; All are true three generations.Occasionally, there are people who robbed ancient tombs, such as the Yuanjiang Nine Turtles, and some people who are fond of ancient times should know about them.The utensils made by the Han people, such as the Boshan furnace, are not green, so some people say that the Han utensils are not ancient utensils, which is wrong.In fact, these people did not know that during the Three Dynasties period, there were many sacrificial objects and utensils, but the Han people were not very fashionable, so there were very few objects buried in the earth.If the Han things are buried in the soil, their greenness will not be far from that of the utensils of the three generations.Today's jade wares soaked in ancient corpses must have been produced in the Han Dynasty. Why do bronze wares lose their ancient color when buried in the soil?This reason can not be discerned.Generally speaking, ancient wares with a lot of rustic atmosphere are more green, those with more water vapor are more green, and those with mixed water and soil are green and green.Only the mausoleums of ancient emperors, because of their solid construction, are not allowed to enter by water, or are placed on stone tables, so they hardly rot.And the utensils are often hung empty, the rustic atmosphere is the clearest, and there is no mud, so those with pure green are all top-grade.It is impossible for other folk tombs, or the tombs of high officials and officials in Guozhong, to be without soil, and it is also impossible to be without water seepage, so there are many green and green ones; pure green ones come from rivers, seas, Dajin, or water without soil.Since gold and silver wares are things that are used in the world, there are no ancient ones. It can be seen that people in ancient and modern times have the same profit-seeking heart.See the sincerity of Volume [-] of "The Postscript of Shanhuwangfashu": This theory is very inaccurate, because the artifacts of the Han people and the artifacts of the three generations are different in shape and structure, and have their own inscriptions. There is absolutely no reason to copy the inscriptions of the three generations. man made.
"Antique Trivia"
Relics of Ancient Houses
In the Mongolian-Tibetan School in Shihu Hutong, Chang'an, the soil was dug to plant flowers last year, and many cricket pots were dug up.There are 34 pieces made by Changdesheng of Caishan Kiln in Gusu, which were actually made in the Yongle period; there is one made by the owner of Danyuan, which is green on the outside and purple on the inside; 24 pieces are made by the Yeduxuan of Qiuyu Wutong, which was made in the Kangxi period; There are four pieces made by Zhao Ziyu, signed and trusted by the owner; one signed by Ximing Gong; sixty pieces signed or made by ancient Yan Zhao Ziyu, and the book maker is more exquisite; there is also a basin of the owner of Jingzhai , two basins for the owner of Caisheng, one for the owner of Yunting, one for the maker of Jijingtang, one for the owner of Qingxi, and one for Zhenxiang Waishi.According to legend, the school is the old residence of Wu Sangui, that is, Zhou Yanru's residence. It is one of the four most haunted houses in the capital.I don't know who buried these cricket pots. I heard from local old people that fighting insects was very popular in Chang'an rich and noble families during the Daoguang period.There are still many makers such as Danyuan, and there are people who know the names of insects. I have asked for advice many times. It is said that they are all excellent works, but they are not too simple.It was probably newly made at that time, and it was specially stored in the cellar in order to remove its fire and prevent it from harming insects.It is said that there may be a Kangxi year system, and it is said that it is a product of the Yongle and Xuande years. I don't quite believe it.It is also said that noble people generally need [-] cans of the same style to store insects, which are listed in several cases, and are called one pod. Those who store a lot of insects have dozens of hundreds of pods. This kind of trend has disappeared for a long time.
"Antique Trivia"
Purple is the best (Bird's nest identification technique)
Bird's nest, also known as gold wire.According to merchants engaged in seafood business, there is a kind of silkworm snail growing on the sandbar in the sea. It has two ribs in its arms, which are firm and white. Come out and form a nest.Petrels fly across the sea with their small nests in their mouths, and when they get tired of flying, they place the nests on the water, perch on them, and then continue to fly across the sea with their nests in their mouths. Fishermen at sea go to pick them up and sell them for money.It is also said that the purple bird's nest is the best.There is another saying in "Huhai Searching for Strangeness": It is said that the bird's nest comes from Yangjiang County, Guangdong Province, and it is the petrels who collect small fish to build their nests, so it is called bird's nest.
"Xiangzu Notes"
Chicken egg wine (forged amber technique)
Amber is a precious thing, which can be admired or medicined, and it is rarely obtained in the world.But there are also counterfeiters in the market, and the method they use is very simple.Take a hatched chicken egg (egg), the egg must be yellow and white, and the embryo has not yet formed.Boil the chicken eggs, wait until they are soft but not yet hard, remove the shells at will, carve the peeled eggs into the shape you want to make, and then soak them in bitter wine (vinegar).After a few days, it will become hard, its color will be translucent, and there will be a texture like powder or curved filaments inside, which can really be confused with real ones.People in the market use this method to fake, and they are all successful.
"Shen Nong Herbs"
Can Ming Sword Soldiers (Treasure Pot Secret Cure)
In Lidong, Qiongzhou, there is Li Chang who ruled the Jin family. He must belong to the two surnames of Fu and Wang before he can stand.Li Zhang's family has an ancient pot, which is said to be a treasure handed down from his ancestors. This pot is neither pottery nor stone. Whenever it rains, the pot will sing first, and when the officers and soldiers are about to enter the mountain, the pot will sing loudly.
"Xiangzu Notes"
Straw ash wiping (the secret method of removing characters from old plaques)
Use raw salt and straw to rub slowly on the wooden boards and plaques with written writings, and the writings on the wooden boards will all be removed without leaving any traces. The ink was washed out.
"Multiple Possessions"
Ten pieces of bird droppings (black letter cleansing secret method)
Use vitex seeds for two parts, keel for two parts, flour and herb cream for three parts each, and ten pieces of bird droppings. Grind them together into fine powder. First, wet the black letters on the paper with water, and then mix the prepared powder into the powder. On the paper, after drying, the black writing on the paper will disappear.You can also use a half-cooked watermelon to make a small hole beside the melon pedicle, add official powder, borax for three cents and five cents each, arsenic for three cents and five cents, and brine for four cents. The melon is suspended for seven days, and the frost will overflow automatically, and then it will be swept off with goose feathers. When using it, first moisten the black characters with water, then dip it in the medicine, and after it dries, sweep it off with goose feathers, and the paper will be as white as new.
"Gegu Yaolun"
Crucian carp soaked in feces (removing words and leaving prints)
If you want to wash off the black characters on the paper stamped with the red seal without damaging the red seal, you can use a crucian carp without moving the fish ribs, open from its back, stuff borax into the belly of the fish, and scrape off the green skin with a crucian carp. Put the crucian carp in a bamboo tube, seal the outside with paint ash, and put it in a large cesspool. It needs to be soaked for five or six days in spring, one or two days in summer, seven days in autumn, and ten days in winter. Take it out, wash it and dry it in the sun. , hanging in the windward place, white frost came out, then swept it down with a goose feather, wet the words to be removed, and then applied the powder on the paper, after a night, the ink was nowhere to be found, but the red seal was still intact. .
"Yimen Guangdo"
Safflower comfrey (the secret technique of turning miscellaneous trees into rosewood)
If you want to turn the furniture made of miscellaneous wood into precious rosewood furniture, you can first soak the thick juice with lime, then use grass to dip the juice to clean the furniture made of miscellaneous wood, dry it in the sun, and then fry the thick juice of safflower and comfrey After grinding and washing several times, the color of miscellaneous wood furniture is no different from that of rosewood furniture.It can also be mixed with hematoxylin juice to wipe the miscellaneous wood furniture, and then the miscellaneous wood furniture will look like rosewood furniture.
"Secret Garden of Ancient and Modern"
One thousand gold coffin (fake nanmu coffin)
In the land of Chu and Xia, there are nanmu, which grow in the deep mountains and poor valleys. No one can know the age of each nanmu, and it is difficult to predict the age of hundreds of thousands of years.If this tree is uprooted by strong winds and lies on the sand, it will be immortal for thousands of years.Phoebe is purple in color and has a fragrant taste. It becomes soft when bitten with teeth, and curls when peeled with a knife.After the local people got the nanmu, they cut the wood into coffins. After being buried in the soil, the water could not corrode and the ants could not burrow. Each coffin was worth thousands of gold.But despite the high price, it is still something that can be met but not sought after.Some wood merchants fake it with special skills for profit.Dig the ground to make a pool, soak the boiled willow pine in the pool to make it change color, which is no different from nanmu.If the color, pattern and smell are the same, the value can exceed a thousand gold.However, this kind of fake nanmu coffin has been put into the soil, and it has decayed like charcoal in no less than ten years.
"Qing barnyard banknotes"
Deceived Zhong Cheng (stunt for making fake paintings)
During the Qianlong period, Suzhou Wang Yuexuan bought a famous painting from the Gao family in Pinghu with 400 taels of gold.There was a painter surnamed Zhang who bought half a sheet of paper for five taels of platinum and cut it into two. He commissioned Zhai Yunping to copy two pieces of "Spring Clouds and Dawn" with ten gold, and commissioned Zheng Xueqiao to imitate the picture in the painting with ten gold. Yingyin, the method is to soak it with water, stick it on the surface of the paint, wait for it to dry, then soak it, and then stick it, two or three times a day, until three months, then use Baiji decoction to cover the painting, The glossy and moist ink marks have penetrated into the skin. First, mount a picture. There is a picture of "Yanke Jiangcun" on the silk border of the original painting, so the inscription "Jiangcun" is embedded in it.After the painting was mounted, I showed it to Bi Jianfei, pretending to be the real one.At that time, Bi Zheng was sick and did not go out of the house. When he saw the painting, he admired it very much and was so impressed that he bought it for [-] gold.A framer named Zhang mounted another painting according to the previous method, and brought it to Jiangxi. Chen Zhongcheng bought it for [-] gold without seeing any flaws.Today, the authentic copy of this painting is still in Wumen, and no one cares about it.
"Selling Summer Records"
Rubbing for Three Days (Secret Knowledge of False Paintings)
The "Haitianluozhaotu" painted by Li Zhaodao in the postscript of Wang Yanzhou wrote: "The real version is the secret collection of Xuanhe. It was transferred to the Tang family in Wucheng, and in Jiajing, there was a county guard who forced it to divide Yizi Taifuyi. Tang saw the news very much. Nai Yanqiu's real father Biebao made a copy of it. It will be cunning for Mi Dian, and it will be sent out by the resentful family. The anger is very strong, and it will be unpredictable. Tang can't get it, because he cut Chen Jixi and other three poems from Qiu's book, and published it Authentic work, invited Peng Kongjia, who was good at it, to buy wine and weep farewell. Caressed for three days, and then returned to Taifu. There are nearly a thousand volumes of Taifu's famous paintings, all of which are under it. Finding the seat of the law to enter Tianfu, Longqingzhong, one of the nobles Brought out. It was stolen by Xiao Pang. At that time, Zhu Zhongxi led the Tiqi and bought it with a lot of money. The Zhonggui questioned it urgently, and Xiao Pang was afraid and threw it into the fire. I returned to the garden, and the Tang family even sold it with hatred. It’s a surprise, no matter what it’s worth.” As far as I know, Sun Yuefeng said that Xu Wenzhen’s family had several volumes of this painting, most of which were confiscated, and now there is still the lowest copy, which is quite gratifying.This painting depicts the flickering light and shade of eyes, and the color of the sun in the water. People on the beach look forward, and their husbands are at dusk, people fight to go home, and businessmen pack up their goods.But the real father only copied one volume.Being acquired by Wang Yanzhou, I am afraid it is the most serious hatred. I think back to when I was a teenager, I saw a scroll in my hometown, and I only felt that the painting was dazzling. Unfortunately, at that time, I didn’t know how to judge the inscriptions and postscripts of paintings, let alone how to Research on the source and circulation of famous paintings.
"Wandering Conversations"
One Smell to Know (Secret Method of Fake Painting)
There was a man named Song Mantang, who said that he was good at distinguishing calligraphy and painting, and that he could tell the authenticity by touching his nose in the dark. This seems to be a deceptive talk, but in fact it does have some truth.Because, a connoisseur has seen more and more historic sites, and over time, he can reach the level of enlightenment and grasp methods that ordinary people cannot grasp.According to the "Jun Lang Essays": Sun Quan, Xu Taishi of Hefei, has a painting of quail in his family's collection. On the painting, there is an inscription by Chen Zhanghou: "This is a pen from the Northern Song Dynasty." However, it is unknown who made it.Please ask Song Gong Mantang to identify it, and Song Ding was painted by Cui Bai.When the people present heard this, some snickered secretly, and some scoffed, thinking that Song was talking nonsense and deceiving himself and others. Song Gong held the painting to the sun and asked the audience to look through the sunlight, only to see a stamp on the back, which read " The word "Zixi", Zixi is Cui Bai's nickname, and everyone is amazed.Later, when the matter spread to Huangzhou, the manager Wang Qizhaisi still didn't believe it.One day, there was a banquet for guests, and a painting was hung in the living room. Song Gong was invited to come to the banquet.As soon as the sedan chair arrived at the door, the gentleman recognized from the sedan chair that it was painted by Lin Liang.After getting off the sedan chair and walking into the hall to have a closer look, it was indeed so, only then was he convinced.
"Wandering Conversations"
Female bamboo with many shoots (knowledge bamboo)
Bamboo, like everything else, has male and female. "Lei Shuo" says: "Bamboo has male and female, and the female has more bamboo shoots."Therefore, bamboo should be planted with female bamboo.How to identify male and female bamboo? "Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "Bamboo has male and female, but the first branch on the root, twins must be female, and there are bamboo shoots." In short, the first shoot from the root above the root is female bamboo.Everything cannot escape from yin and yang, and people can't help but believe it.
"Qiu Chi's Notes"
Boil wine and honey (take agarwood)
The incense sticks produced in Gaodou and other states are famous all over the world, and the technique of producing incense sticks is a unique skill.Mountain people find fragrant trees in the deep mountains, bend the branches, and chop them with knives. After many years of damage, the fragrant trees can stay in the branches before they can be sawed off.Carry it down the mountain, scrape off the white wood, and its fragrance will form spots, which are called "partridge spots".Remove the incense spots, take the Dajia incense like Kunlun ears, and then boil it with wine and honey to make it fragrant.
"Huang Poetry Notes"
Turn over the phoenix (ancient post forgery)
Zhang Sicong is good at imitating ancient posts, and he named himself "Turning Phoenix". He can best mix the fake with the real.Xiao Cheng from the Tang Dynasty was very good at forging ancient posts. He once let Li Yong appreciate his forged works, and said: "This is the real work of Wang Xizhi." Li Yong examined it for a long time, and said happily, "It is the real thing." Telling the truth, Li Yong suddenly realized, and looked at it carefully, and said: "No matter how closely you look, you still can't tell the truth, but you just feel a little lack of energy."
In Wuzhong, there are masters who forge ancient posts, and their skills are even more astonishing: use old thick bamboo paper for vertical curtains, make yarn rubbing method, scent it with grass smoke powder, and make the essence crispy with fire, use incense and paste, if The smell of ancient posts is nothing new, no matter who knows the old posts, no one can see through it, which shows the ingenuity of the forgery.
"Remaining things in the exam"
Splash all colors (imitation of Song and Yuan paintings)
Using color painting to imitate famous paintings of the Song and Yuan Dynasties is the most difficult to identify authenticity, and has always been cast aside.However, the method of imitation must be known, so as to break the organs one by one in case of identification.The imitation method is as follows: first use Sanzhu, greasy powder, square powder, gamboge, purlin, khaki, Beijing ink cartridge and substrate for the complexion, and use a thin cage of primer on the top, and then dye with purlin ink, and the complexion is white Put the powder into Shaotuhuang and Yanzhi, if you don’t use Yanzhi, use three vermilions, the red color is put into Shaotuzhu, the purple one is powdered and the old green is put into Shaoyanzhi, the yellow is powdered and yellowed into Shaotu Zhuqing, yellow Put the powder into purlin, khaki, and old green a little each.Thin powder cover, sandalwood and ink, the above is used for addition and subtraction depending on the turbidity of the color, and it cannot be used for one.The corners of the mouth are weak, if you want to smile, put down the two strokes of the corners of the mouth slightly.White dye in the eyes, two strokes outside the pupils, and the second time the eyes are dotted with smoke.Mo circling, the tip of his eyes slightly raised, and he smiled when there was a fold.The swallows on the lips are red and the nose is red, and the swallows are slightly caged.The freckles on the face are painted with light ink and sandalwood water.For those with black beards, the hair is dyed at the temples, for those who are purple, they are dyed with sandalwood ink, and for those with yellow and red, they are dyed with gamboge purlins. The hair is first dyed with ink, and then dyed with smoke.The fingernails are first dyed with swallow branches, and then the roots are dyed with powder.
For dyeing women's complexion, swallow powder, lined with thin powder cage, and light sandalwood ink.In all dyeing methods, the white paper is first dyed and then covered with powder, and then dyed and stripped, and the silk is used to line the back first.For those who are used to reconcile the colors of clothing and utensils, crimson, (combined with silver vermilion and purple flowers) peach red, (combined with silver vermilion and swallow branches) flesh red, (mainly powder, combined with swallow branches) cypress green, (branch green mixed with lacquer green) Combined) willow green, (branches green into Sophora japonica) official green, (that is, willow branches green) duck head green, (branches green into high-painted green) moon white, (powder into Beijing ink) willow yellow, (powder into Three green labels, less gambogee combined) goose yellow, (powder into Sophora japonica) brick brown, (powder into Sophora japonica) moxa brown, (powder into Sophora japonica, snail green, earthy yellow, purlin together) eagle back brown, ( Powder into the purlin, smoke ink, khaki together) otter felt, (powder into khaki) Yahu, (good pink a little khaki foundation) soap boots, (mark with smoke ink) Zhemu chair, (pink sandalwood, khaki, smoke ink together) purple robe.
"Records of Quit Farming"
Imperial Treasure (Secret Knowledge of Xuande Furnace)
During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor issued an edict to imitate the ancient furnace tripod and Yi vessels since the Qin and Han Dynasties, and ordered the Ministry of Rites and Supervision to supervise the production. There are a total of thousands of pieces, which will be used by officials and officials to explain Taoism.
The beauty of materials and the refinement of tempering are beyond the reach of folks in the manufacture of Xuande stoves.Its material has always been kept secret.A leaker once handed down the formula: Luoluo Fengmo raw ore copper, Japanese red copper, white and black water lead from Japanese sources, foreign tin from Helan Kingdom, Panax sand from Tianfang, Zifei from Sanfoqi, The purple rouge stone from Boni, Anlan sand from Ryukyu, gypsum, stone green, cinnabar, clam, ancient ink, Yunnan black and white chess pieces, etc., are all used to enhance their color and luster, and are made after eight, ten, and even twelve refining processes. .There are three kinds of colors: Tang pear, ripe pear and pork liver.
The styles of Xuande stove are: Shang Kuilong Nine Sons, Phoenix Nine Young Children, Zailong Dragon Ears, Chongtian Ears, Three-legged Breasts, Double Fish Ears, Kettle Chickens, Jinbian Nine Phoenixes, Chuanhua Feifeng, Paste Ears, Rings Ears, lion heads, elephant heads, carp heads, horned rooster, horseshoe jaundice ears, bridge ears, three-legged crown, four-legged three-element Tai Chi, and miscellaneous well-mouthed animal noodles, nine hoop barrels, wishful way, Kuilong Sanskrit script, tiger face with folds and ears, orange sac official, horseshoe-sized table and so on.All of the above, or big font, or small font, or no font, or Zhongwu style, or European style.
The color and luster of Xuande furnace is as follows: there are four kinds of genuine colors: infiltrating gold, flowing gold, waxed tea, and Tibetan scriptures. The waxed tea is soaked in mercury and fumigated and washed; Both infiltrating gold and flowing gold gold and silver thread pieces are embedded and subtracted with red gold and silver. The upper half of it is named Fuxiangyun, and the lower half is named Yongxiangyun.If Liujin Danfu is the original color, there are wax tea, Tibetan scripture mouth color, and wax tea, and the gold penetration is the best.There are also crab shell, green chestnut shell, Tangli color, ripe pear color, bay red, cinnabar spots, and chicken skin wrinkles.Among them, the scriptures and chestnut shells are more light, and the cinnabar spots are cinnabar spots, which are in the famous golden belt pomegranate stove. The color of chicken skin is like chicken skin, and there is no trace when you brush it.Some people say that the old furnace is covered with hands, so it must be green, but it is not necessarily true.Ripe pears are bright yellow in color, and pig livers are dark purple in color. Three generations and between the Qin and Han dynasties, the utensils have been handed down to the world, and those with a yellowish and moist color after soaking for a long time are called wax tea color, which shows that they were originally ancient bronze utensils.The color of the Tibetan scriptures is extremely bright yellow, slightly like red gold, because of the beauty of the material and the essence of tempering, so the quality is pure and tender, crystal clear without a membrane, and the color is delicate and elegant.It is fresh, clean, greasy and has oily light, which is really a rare treasure.
The signature of the Xuande furnace has sixteen characters of authentic books, and the characters are: Made by Wu Bangzuo, an official of the Ministry of Industry and Supervision in the fifth year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty.There is also a character for money, which is "Xuan", and the seal script is round or square, which belongs to the imperial furnaces.extremely valuable.
"Liangxi Poetry Notes"
Resembling a dry bone (identifying the age of jade)
All jade is hard and delicate, warm and heavy, and must be buried in the soil for a long time, and its properties will gradually change.How to know the age of jade?There are secret techniques to know: about 500 years in the soil, the jade body will loosen and be soaked; for a thousand years, the jade will look like gypsum; in 2000, it will look like dry bones;The old jade of more than three generations has decayed in quality, and the jade body is brittle, and it can be pinched off with fingers and claws. This jade is commonly called "old three generations".If it is an old jade from the Qin and Han Dynasties, the texture is rotten and loose, and the nature of the jade is not exhausted, so it can only be peeled off with a knife.If it is an old jade from the Jin, Wei and Six Dynasties, the texture has not changed, the jade is still firm, and there are occasional soft and hard jades, which are ancient collections in the southern soil.The old jades from the Tang and Song Dynasties were still of the same texture and hard as before, and mercury occasionally seeped into the jade.
"Hanyu Research"
There is no way to hide (the key to identifying fake jade)
The high-quality goods in jade are priceless, and merchants value profits, but they are full of counterfeit products, which are almost the same in shape and quality.Experts are easy to be deceived, but beginners are even more difficult to avoid.There are many ways to counterfeit jade.But nothing more than the following tips.Beginners can fathom and comprehend by analogy, then they are indistinguishable from each other, and there is no way to hide fake products.
All ancient jade wares must be filled with mercury.There is no fake jade.This is the difference between authenticity and falsehood.Jade likes mercury. Because it is buried in the soil, it has been airtight for a long time, and its body is rotten and loose. There is mercury everywhere in the ground, which seeps into the skin (not referring to the corpse mercury).When looking at mercury, it is even more important to distinguish between old and young. If it is three generations of old jade, the mercury has already formed lumps.Dry old color stagnation, uneven scattered.If it was buried in the soil during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the mercury will be bright and lively, and there will be pieces.If the old jade in the Tang and Song Dynasties is inhaled with mercury, it will not be old. If you twist and roll it, the mercury will flow out.
Jiaoshi: The jade workshop in the Qin Dynasty was in Wancun, Shaanxi; the jade workshop in the Wuyue period was in Anxi, Zhejiang.There are many jade corners left in the two places.The jade in Wancun is firm and clean, and the jade in Anxi is dry and pine.It is cut into a jade body, which is called Jiaoshi Ancient Jade.Those with soil spots all over the place and with light are counterfeit products. Although the texture looks old, the vessel is newly cut, and the paste can also be seen on the plate.
Simmering the head: the jade body is burnt with fire, and its color will die, just like the bones of a chicken. It is ancient with pseudo lime, and its surface has fire patterns, but the real product does not.
Sheep jade: using beautiful jade carving as an ancient tool, cut raw lamb legs and put jade in it, sewed it with thread, took it out after a few years, there will be blood marks on the jade, it is fake handed down from ancient times, but I don’t know that the real product has a gentle temperament .
Dog jade: kill the dog to prevent bleeding, take the jade and sew it in the belly while it is hot, bury it in the soil of the road, take it out after a few years, the jade will have its own soil pattern, it is fake earth, but it must have new colors and carvings trace.
Plum jade: made of pine jade, made into ancient utensils, boiled in heavy ebony water for a long time, the jade pine will be emptied by ebony water, just like the marks of water stimulation, and then painted with oil extraction method, with false water pit ancient.The real product has no trace.Counterfeit goods have traces of fabrication.
Fengyu: Jade wares are made with thick gray water and black plums, boiled for a full day, taken out of the heat, and placed in the wind and snow overnight, the jade grains will freeze and crack, and the firm jade grains will be as thin as hair. It is faked as a medium hair pattern.However, the genuine product has twists and turns, but the counterfeit product does not.
Knock rust: During the Qianlong period, Akau, Wuxi, faked Maohuan jade, mixed it with iron filings, quenched it with hot vinegar, put it in a wetland for more than ten days, buried it in a thoroughfare for several months, and then took it out. The jade was eroded by iron filings and covered all over the body. Orange peel pattern, the iron rust in the pattern is dark red, the color is dark when boiled, with soil spots, the gray is not easy to fade, just like ancient jade, it must be carefully examined to identify it.
Oil extraction: the sand is the best, its color can penetrate into the jade, and the ashes will not fade away, just like the real one.Only the sky is cloudy and bright, sunny and cloudy, but true color is not the case.
Old oil extraction: During the Xuanhe and Zhenghe years of the Song Dynasty, a kind of red light grass from the mountains in Gansu was used, and its juice was mixed with a little bit of sand, marinated between the textures of newly cut jade objects, and burned with fresh bamboo branches. , the color is red into the skin of the jade, and the light penetrates the back, like chicken blood. Even experts who can understand jade are often deceived, but the only thing that is gratifying is that there are very few fakes.
Newly extracted oil: put the stone jade body in the bad base, put it into the red wood chips, it will turn red, and put it into the ebony chips, it will turn black. Most of this fake technique comes from Suzhou.
Dead Jade: All jade is afraid of gold. If the jade is buried in the soil and is similar to gold, it will be black and dry, and it will look like mercury. Although it has been worked hard, it is still stubborn, which is tantamount to waste.
Stones: There are also stones that are full of colors and very similar to beautiful jade.Only stones are dry and crisp, and they can be identified as long as they are carefully distinguished.
In short, any fake ancient jade that has no soil spots but has red color must float, because the color comes in from the outside.If there are soil spots but the gray remains unchanged, and if the red plate is easy to retreat, they are all counterfeit products.
"Hanyu Research"
Ups and Downs (Agarwood Rediscovered)
Agarwood, green cinnamon, horseshoe incense, chicken bone incense, and fried incense all belong to one book, and its wood is similar to beech, with many knots.When taking incense, first cut off its wooden roots, and the skin and stems will rot over the years.If the wood heart and knots are not broken, it is incense.Those with firm twigs are green cinnamon; those that are dark and submerged in water are agarwood; those that are half-submerged and half-floating are chicken bones;It is also said: the heavy one is agarwood, the floating one is sandalwood, the chicken bone is chicken bone incense, the horseshoe is horseshoe incense, the ox head is ox head incense, and the thickest one is Jianxiang.
"Classic Evidence Materia Medica"
Strictly graded (Secret knowledge of agarwood)
In Lingnan states and Qiongya, there are many fragrant trees in the mountains.However, there are only one or two in a hundred who are really fragrant.The tree is fragrant and divided into three grades, the first grade is "shen", the second grade is "jian", and the third grade is "yellow ripe". "Shen" and "Jian" have two grades, which are called "cooked knot" and "raw knot".The so-called "ripe knot" is obtained from the rot of the tree; the so-called "raw knot" is obtained from logging, and it has been rotted for a long time and then picked. "Huangshu" is also divided into three grades, which are called Jiajian, and those that are broken are scattered.
Agarwood is a good product, which is obtained from Qiongya, which is called "jiaochen", and it is suitable for fumigation.The ones that are picked after the decay of the yellow agarwood are called "huangchen" and are suitable for use as medicine.
"Talking about Ivan and Tired Tour"
Eyes of living tears and eyes of death
How to identify the robin eyes on the inkstone?There are unique skills to know it: yellow and black, crystal eyes inside, moist and lovely, which are called "live eyes"; soaked around the sides, unbearably bright, called "tear eyes"; slightly shaped, white inside and outside, very dull, called "eyes of tears" "Dead eyes".How to distinguish the superiority of the three kinds of robin eyes?The formula is as follows: Living eyes are better than teary eyes, teary eyes are better than dead eyes, and dead eyes are better than no eyes.
"Dongpo Records"
Classification into three grades (Duan inkstone secret knowledge)
Wei Tai said: There are three kinds of Duanxi inkstones, Yanshan, Xikeng and Houmo.The color of the stone is deep purple, moist to the touch, clear and distant when knocked, and the ones with clear green round small robin eyes are rocks and rocks.The color is red, and it is moisturized, and the color of the robin is purple. If it is soaked slowly, it will be a Xikeng stone if it is large.The color of the stone is bluish purple, looking sideways at the bright side, there are broken star spots, like mica in sand, dry and slightly moist, it is a post-millstone.Among the three inkstones, rock is the most expensive.The price is: three Xikeng inkstones should be regarded as one Yanshan inkstone; three Houmo inkstones should be regarded as one Xikeng inkstone.The quality of inkstone is roughly based on this, and it has always been the secret of people who know inkstone.
"Records of Dongxuan"
Hate those who sell counterfeit (Tang paper identification)
The secret pavilion has a very rich collection. Most of Erhuang's calligraphy was copied by Tang people, and the paper is hard and yellow.Therefore, Su Dongpo wrote: "The hard yellow small characters are near the Yellow Court".The calligraphy of Erhuang, which has been circulated among the people, is falsely called authentic, but it is not known that the paper can prove it.The hard yellow paper is a thing of the Tang Dynasty, never seen before or after.There is no skill in imitation, and it can be said that I hate the counterfeiters.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Blue sky and thin clouds (rubbing posts to identify counterfeit)
There are so many counterfeit rubbings sold in the market, it is difficult to identify how to identify them.In the vast number of books, the method of identifying falsehoods is occasionally found, and the heir of the record:
The posts have north and south extensions, which are divided by the North and South Paper Bureau.The northern paper is made of horizontal curtains, its grain is horizontal, and its quality is loose and thick, which is called lateral paper; the southern paper is made of vertical curtains, its grains are vertical.Northern paper does not accept ink very well, and northern ink mostly uses pine smoke, which is blue and light in color.It is not compatible with oil and wax, so Beituo is light in color and wrinkled like thin clouds floating across the blue sky.Nan paper is thin and easy to absorb ink.Oil fume is used for the ink, and the inscriptions are brushed with wax and Wujin paper water, so the pure ink has a floating light, which is called Wujintuo.Xing Ziyuan said: "Tang and Song rubbings mostly use northern ink and northern paper, with a little bit of camel oil. The light can be learned, but there is no sticky gas of egg white." Beituo also used oil as an example.
"Remaining things in the exam"
Bamboo Tibetan Wind and Rain (Secrets of Identifying Ancient Paintings and Calligraphy)
To identify the authenticity of ancient calligraphy, one should first observe the structure, brushwork, and spiritual response of calligraphy;If you get the structure but no sharpness, it is a fixed copy; if you have the meaning of the brush but no position, it is a copy;If the double hooks still exist, if there is no energy, it can be recognized as a fake by the eyes.
The ancients used ink, regardless of whether it was dry, moist, fat or thin, it penetrated into the paper.Forgery makes the ink floating and unreal, especially in painting.The characters look forward to language, flowers and fruits carry dew in the wind, birds and beasts, vivid spirit, mountains and rivers, forests and springs, clear spaces, deep houses, bridges and hooks, stones are old and moist, water is light and bright, mountains are Cuiwei, springs are flowing, clouds and smoke come and go , the wild path is roundabout.If the dragon and snake are swallowed by the pines, the wind and rain are hidden in the bamboo, the water enters the mountain to clarify, and the source and vein of the water are clear.If the figures are like corpses like plastic sculptures, the flowers and fruits are like vases, the birds and beasts are taken from the fur, the mountains, rivers, forests and fruits are arranged in a dense manner, the buildings are blurred and mixed, the bridges are forced to be broken, the environment is not dangerous, and the roads are not in and out. , The stone is only on one side, the tree has four branches, or the height is not proportional, or the distance is indistinguishable, or the shade is inappropriate, and the dyeing cannot be done.Or the corner of the mountain floats on the surface of the water, and the water source has no source. If this is the case, although it is not well-known, it must be a vulgar pen.Use this tactic to identify the picture scroll, and you will not lose your eyes.
Tang silk is thick and thick, and there is a single shuttle silk, which is more than four feet wide; the silk of the Five Dynasties is as thick as cloth;The Mijia silk in Weitang, Jiaxing is called Mijia silk, which is extremely quiet and compact.Zhao Songxue, Sheng Zizhao, and Wang Ruoshui often used this silk to paint.Although the ancient silk has been different for a long time, but the silk feeling has disappeared, it has been pasted too much, and it has lost its toughness. If you drag it slightly with your fingers, the silk will pile up like ashes. , both horizontal and vertical follow the axis potential; it is in the shape of a fish mouth, and there is no hair, and the pseudo-author is the opposite.Old paper is light and uniform in color, old on the outside and new on the inside, thin ones are not cracked, thick ones are fragile, and the opposite is fake.
"Antique Trivia"
72 hands (secret technique of making ancient paper)
Papermaking began in Cai Lun, and there were net paper and hemp paper, and its name was passed down in vain.Jin Youziyi paper and side-li paper (also known as water moss paper, made of moss. During the Qianlong period, Jiangchun Heting got this paper. It was several layers thick, and it was folded and uncovered to form a ball. There are no seams on the side. , Gaozong inscribed a poem on it. There was also a picture in the inner library during the Kangxi period, the same as this), cocoon paper.Daqin has honey incense paper (also known as incense paper, slightly brown, with patterns like fish roe, extremely fragrant and tough), Jiangnan has bamboo paper, Chupi paper, Yixian frosting paper, Zhejiang has wheat bran Fugan paper, and Wu has Youquan Paper, Shanxi small and other Yuexi pine grain paper.Tang had short white curtain hard yellow paper, pink wax paper, cloth paper, rattan corner paper, hemp paper (yellow and white), mulberry paper, mulberry root paper, chicken forest paper, moss paper, Jianzhong daughter green paper, egg paper ( Also known as egg product, smooth as a mirror, the pen to the paper is often retracted, and those who are not good at calligraphy cannot use it), Nantang Huifu paper (two feet long, one foot wide, as thick as several pieces of silk), Chengxintang paper (skinned Like an egg membrane, clean as jade, thin and smooth, it is a temporary armor, that is, egg paper, Liu Houcun Poetry: At that time, one piece was sold for a hundred gold, and later generations got it again after hearing this and that).In the Song Dynasty, there was Zhang Yongzi who made paper (the best in the world, but still inferior), rattan white paper, calendered small booklet, sallow Tibetan scripture paper (there are two kinds in the Jinsushan runner collection), white scripture paper, swan white paper, and white jade plate Piece of paper, cocoon paper.In the Yuan Dynasty, there were jute paper, Qianshan Zouben paper, Changshan Bang paper, and Shangyu Dajian paper, all of which can be handed down for hundreds of generations.Ming Dynasty Ouchi white paper (thick as a board, calendered on both sides, white as jade), Ciqing paper, Zhenli cocoon paper, leather paper, Xin'an jade paper (extremely fine and tough white cotton paper, cut into small pieces), Songjiang Tan Jian (made without powder, made of pure white thorns with continuous paper, thick, gravel, and various fine flowers with wax), Guanyin curtain paper, etc. are all precious.
People in Shu use hemp, people in Fujian use bamboo, people in northern China use mulberry bark, people in Shanxi use rattan, people in Shanxi use moss, people in Zhejiang use wheat bran stalks, people in Wu use cocoons, and people in Chu use mussels.There used to be cloth head paper in Shu, and those who took the cloth head machine without latitude and longitude, used it to make paper. It was recorded in "Dongpo Zhilin".
The ancient method of making paper is not a secret, but there is a method to follow. Take the end of young bamboo, chop it off and soak it in the lime pond after more than a month, so that the skin and bones are completely removed, and the tendons remain alone, fluffy and numb. paper material.Cut this material into two, bundle it into a package, then soak it in lime water, and put it in a cauldron.After steaming to extreme heat, take it out, wash it in clean water, and expose it to the ground after washing.All the land exposed to the sun must be flat and have several hectares in width. The ground should be paved with pebbles and sprinkled with green alum, so as not to make it barren.Therefore, the land where the paper is exposed can no longer be farmed.After soaking, soak in lime water, steam again after soaking, and repeat this three times, the yellow ones will turn white.You must add tung seeds or yellow vitex wood ash to the water, otherwise it will not be white.After the material is white, it is put into the water pestle to pound it, and it can pound about three stones at a time.At this time, I am still afraid that there are sundries mixed in this material, which will be stored in a fine cloth bag, dropped in a big stream, hung in the bag, and washed up and down from time to time, all the gray matter will be gone, and it will be as bright as snow. Fang Cheng.When making paper, stones are chiseled as grooves, depending on the size of the red sheet, the chisel width is slightly increased, and then bamboo is woven into curtains, and the curtains are woven extremely finely depending on the size of the stone grooves.After the trough and the curtain are prepared, take the paper material and pour it into it, soak it with water, mix it with glue, and hibiscus juice, whichever is stickier.Then the two men held up the curtain to face each other, one left and one right to form the paper in the curtain, then lift it up and cover it on the side stone, squeeze water hard, then take it off, and burn it on the wall.The sun-burning wall is also specially made, and the earth is piled up with earth. During the fire, the paper-lifters are lined up on the back of the wall.All dampness and sunburn, high and low diseases are eliminated, and they are obtained in the heart, but should be handled in the hands, and they will not be broken, cracked, or withered all day long.Such craftsmen are called "national workers".If it is not for the above efforts, nothing can be made into a piece of paper.Water must be taken from Qiuxi in Qidu.From the folding of the tip to the completion of the sunburning, it takes 72 hands to form paper. "Paper trough proverb" says: "It's not easy to cut paper, 72 by surprise." Huang Xing of Qiantang passed Changshan three times, and the craftsman in the mountain told him his technique secretly, so it was recorded.
"Snow Bridge Poetry"
Sale of fakes (false paintings and calligraphy)
During the Chenghua period, there was a scholar named Bai Lin who forged the calligraphy and paintings of the Su, Huang and Mi families with his strong pen.People use their pens vertically and horizontally freely, without rules and imitations, and they often believe it is true. Many experts are often deceived, believe it without doubt, and buy it at a high price.The cursive script of "Drunkard Pavilion" handed down by Su Gong is the handwriting of Bai Lin, and it is engraved on the stone rock.The "Shi Shuo" written by Mi Fu was also written by this gentleman.The cleverness of the technique is unmatched by anyone.
"Liuyanzhai Essay"
Astonishing magical skills (imitation of ancient artifacts)
The two Sima Chen Mansheng and Wan Lianshan were both celebrities and became river officials.The two families make friends all over the world, the guests are very prosperous, and there are often dozens of distinguished guests gathered together.Chen Mansheng was able to make Yixing teapots, but each one is expensive to several gold and cannot be obtained.Wan Lianshan has another unique skill. He likes to miniature hundreds of Qin and Han steles on the back of Duan inkstone.Although it is mottled and broken, Bi Xiao is shocked for a moment.These two scholar-bureaucrats are so devoted to art, each with terrifying skills, it is really a good story in the official career.
"Water Window Spring Talk"
Six Fingers (Secret Knowledge of the Famous Pot)
Sand pots originated from the monks of Jinshan Temple.The teapot is made of purple sand mud, and the thread of the finger is used as a mark.There was an envoy of Wu Xue who was studying in the monastery. The boy servant Gongchun discovered the method of making pots, so he learned the skill and became famous.Since then, Haohu has been marked by the thread of the ring finger, and Dong, Hanzhao, Liangxuan and Shipeng are known as the four famous masters.Shi Peng's skills were passed on to his son Shi Dabin.Dabin’s teapots are unique. They destroy the pots and smash them into pieces with a pestle to make them into soil. Then they are made into pots. They are put into the furnace to shine on the fire and come out after being judged. They are elegant and self-respecting. Throw more than seven pots, the more you throw, the more dissatisfied you will be, until there is one pot you like.Da Binsheng has six fingers, and the pots he makes must leave thumb marks on the handles as identification marks.After Dabin, there were Chen Zhongmei, Li Zhongfang, Xu Youquan, Shen Junyong, Chen Yongqing, Jiang Zhiwen and others.Xu Youquan's famous pots include: cloud fou, cicadas, Han bottles, monk hats, lifting beams, Kujiejun, fans, beauty shoulders, Xishi milk, waisted water chestnuts, flat shoulder lotus seeds, chrysanthemums, lotus flowers, bamboo knots, Olive, hexagonal, wax gourd section, plantain cicada wing stalk, cloud ear, elephant trunk, shark skin, chicken seal ear etc.Chen Zhongmei made parrot cups, Zhao Bi of Wu imitated Shi Dabin's pot style, and Yi Yi tin, and after the restoration, tin pots began to appear.Which famous master made the pot, and the thread of the fingers is a secret known to people in the Tao.
"Antique Trivia"
Magnetism (identify real jade)
There are fewer and fewer real jades in this world, and some jade wares, even though gold and iron cannot be approached, are still forged with the method of grinding sand, and are mistaken for real jade by the world.If it is real jade, there is a unique skill in distinguishing: if you use Dingzhou magnets to lure each other, the jade will not hurt at all.Asked this method to the old jade worker in the royal backyard, the jade worker laughed but did not answer, and finally refused to pass it on to the world.
"Dongpo Zhilin"
Flying a dragon (ancient tripod counterfeit technique)
The difficulty of learning from the past is that the methods of counterfeiters are so clever that it is difficult for ordinary eyes to see through.It is said: "Most of the traces of the Song and Yuan Dynasties are fake tripods", which is not wrong at all.
There is an old iron incense burner in Xu Xingbo's house. When he was in the Western Regions, he made an ancient tripod forged, and the real one was confused. He once learned the secret method of etching copper and iron: use water to mix real Nao sand and Galla water to synthesize, soak copper and iron inside, There is no doubt that it will be eclipsed.Therefore, Xu Xingbo took the wax oil painting dragon on the old incense burner, wrote numbers, and put the burner in the water.Overnight, the iron melted by one or two cents.The incense burner taken out is like an ancient tripod: the horizon is as flat as a mirror, and dragons fly into the sky.Concave and convex like relief.Bringing this stove to Beijing, the viewers praised: "The knife technique is so smooth, beyond the ability of the Qin and Han Dynasties." They all concluded that it was a Qin and Han tripod. The dragon on the tripod is just out of the wax tire!
"Miscellaneous Notes on Bamboo Leaf Pavilion"
Secret Playbook (Steganography)
"Xiaohong's Notes" records such an incident: Jinzhong was besieged, and Wan Yan Chenghui wrote a memorial to help him.In order to prevent confidentiality during the process, Cheng Hui did not write in ink but in alum, which is really very clever.The steganography invented by the Jinren is made by boiling alum and glue with iron nails.There is no trace of writing on white paper with this boiled water, but as long as the ink is applied to the back of the paper, the words on the paper will appear vividly.Someone once got a volume of poem manuscripts in the 30th year of Kangxi, with 42 poems, ranging from high-ranking officials and dignitaries, to mountain village hermits, and celebrities for a while, most of them were prepared.At first I thought it was a rubbing, but when I checked carefully, I found that the pen was thick and thin, and the halo marks were obvious. Only then did I know that it was written by Cheng Hui with alum water.
"Send to the Garden"
Running Beast on the Furnace (secretly made incense burner)
There is a skilled craftsman in Chang'an, surnamed Ding and named Xu, who made a Mianzhai incense burner, also known as the quilt incense burner.Also, Ding made a nine-story Boshan incense burner.Carved with strange birds and monsters, it can rotate automatically.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
False Reality
The skill of forging ancient bronzes is kept secret.Those who steal skills can only find out the real skills after many years of walking through gaps.The technique is as follows, first doping tin powder with mercury, which becomes mirror grinding medicine.Apply this medicine on the new bronze ware to make it even, then use a brush to dip in vinegar, finely tune the sand and apply it evenly.If the soaking is slow, it will become other variegated colors.To make the copper ware appear pure emerald color, do not soak it in water, but wipe it with a new cloth to make it shiny, and the copper fishy smell is lacking in mercury and does not show.
There is another method: adjust the mud and alum with well flower water and soak for a whole day and night, take it out and dry it, then soak it and dry it again, until the third degree, it is called "role", that is, to lay the foundation.After waiting for drying, divide it into powder with agar sand gall, alum plug water, stone borax, and gold silk alum, purify it with green salt water, dip it in with a brush and brush it three or two times, wash it off after a day or two, and wash it after it dries. , wash three to five times, with the color stopping evenly as the degree.Then dig the ground into a pit, burn the pit red with charcoal fire, and pour vinegar all over the fire.After pouring, the bronze utensils were put into it, marinated with glutinous rice, and covered with soil.Take it out three days later, and spots of various colors will appear on the copper ware.Bronzeware decorated with wax will be as bright as jade.If the color needs to be darker, bamboo leaves can be burned and smoked.The color of its embellishment has two methods of cold and warm, all of which are chewed with Ming frankincense to remove the astringent taste, mixed with white wax, and mixed with azurite, four green, and cinnabar in various colors.For the so-called warm ones, wax is mostly used; for the so-called cold ones, half frankincense and half wax are used to make raised colors at will.Needle sand for embroidery is used for stacking, and the mercury-colored mercury sand tin is used to smear the corners of Ding Yi, and the top is covered with milk wax and color, and a little bit is exposed to show off. After washing with water, the color will stick firmly and cannot be lost suddenly.
There is another method: after the bronze ware is cast, it will be buried in the brine for two or three years, and it will become ancient and difficult to identify. Only those who are good at ancient and detailed examination will have the eyesight to know the forgery in it.The so-called eyesight is not to observe its color, but to listen to its sound.The sound of ancient bronze is subtle but clear, while the sound of new copper is muddy and loud. This is where the true and the false lie, and they cannot be confused.
"Antique Trivia"
Eight Pots of Copper Coins (Secret Knowledge of Ancient Coins)
Since ancient times, ancient gold characters, but knife coins are the oldest.Yuan coins start from the treasures of the Zhou Dynasty, and Qin Zhiban twice.Zhao Zhongwu, courtesy name Guangwen.He took out half a tael of money from the Han Dynasty and showed it to me. The quality of the money was intact, and it was said that people from Wan County got eight jars when they hoeed the ground.I said: "This is a lot of money." The jars are from the Han Dynasty, like the current stuffed gourd jars, which are made of clay tiles;It's a pity when I managed to get it, only to hear it was in disrepair.It's true: Qin Quan imitates Zhou goods, without Guo Lun on his face.The two characters are cast on the top, which is as heavy as the text.Empress Lu called it the Han system, and began to issue eight baht coins.Filial piety made four baht, and the text is still half-two extended.Jianyuan made three baht, and then half a tael.He regards Qin as small and light, and the method of recording is still imitated.In the past, I chose knives and coins, and went down to catch Jiufu Garden.Baoliu and Wuzhu are hereby interposed.The big one is more than an inch in diameter, and the small one is as large as a ring.Or like splashing green words, or like painting Zhu Yin.Either the two characters are exchanged, or one word comes out.Either it is a pair of seals, or Tim Mingyuewan.The thick material is a baht, and the oblique handle is a gourd.Face to back or the same text, strange patterns.Playthings to comfort the home, sporadic antiques.A good friend knows my heart, and two pieces should be presented as Jue.It is called the Zhang family of Ansu, who comes from Wan County.In a certain field of the Wang family, eight cans were obtained by digging the ground.The earth does not love its treasures, and people do not love its emotions.Eight thousand shots are scattered, and there is no dispute with them.Hold the pearl and give it to you, I want to ask for it.The eight kitchen treasures are prepared for difficulties, and the four gui are enough.I heard that I was crazy about joy, and my obsession with ancient times made you alone.Daoli Feiyun is far away, I'm afraid I'm not familiar with them.Wanyi Qin Quni, Han changed its name to Puyin.I don't know who's pottery is used to hide auspicious gold.When it entered the land, it was still the land of the Han family.Kong Fang didn't call himself a brother, so he didn't know his ancestors.In Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming kilns, there is no ridicule below the neighbors (according to Mao's poem Yezhi).Work hard to do it well, don't count on three or five.If you get a pair, you will divide it equally, and Yong Zhai will be accompanied by a bronze drum.
"Country Talk"
Natural is precious (Antiquities Discrimination)
Within the universe, all things grow and come in all shapes and forms, and nature is the most precious.Yunzhangxiacai, talent and beauty are all natural and unadorned, while the Dancang Mountain stones are in various shapes and shapes, and they are all-encompassing, especially unpredictable for people.The villagers saw the same thing, inlaid cabinets, inlaid tables, and inlaid tables with stones, all of which are called inlaid stone hearts, but they don't know what kind of stone they are.However, inlaying utensils with stone paintings is like inlaying gauze cabinets with calligraphy and painting, which is somewhat inferior.However, the thickness of the old and the young can be different because of the difference in stone quality.And according to the size and shape of the utensils, the proper selection of materials depends on the level of artificial technology.Since the artificial production, there has been a phenomenon of filling in vacancies and making false colors on ancient artifacts.When people choose ancient artifacts, they must distinguish.I have acquired several types of stone screens in the past 20 years, all of which can be viewed as paintings.Among them was Shiping in Song Dynasty. The stone is three feet long and has the shape of a carp jumping over a dragon's gate.Clouds, water, heaven and earth are mixed in the middle.This screen uses mother-of-pearl shavings as the side seat, which is thick and firm, which is quite different from ordinary ornaments.On the top is engraved with the word "gift", on the right is engraved "Daokou Mid-Autumn Festival", and on the left is engraved "Household Minister Pingzhang Shichen Lu Duan".According to the "History of the Song Dynasty": Taizong will want to meet Lu Duan, or Lu Duan is confused.Taizong said: "Lu Duan is confused about small things, but not about big things." At the banquet, he wrote a fishing poem: "If you want to bait the golden hook but the depth is not reached, you have to ask the fisherman on the Fenxi River." Gai belongs to Duan.A few days later, he dismissed Lu Meng and met Lu Duan.For this reason, I have a feeling: on the Zhongyuan Festival, a Pingzhang will be given, and a screen will lighten the sky.The mood of fish and water is compatible today, and the sound price of Longmen is high in the past.Grind gold with special Fu Ye, and Zhenxi enters Diaohuang.Be foolish about small things and take the big responsibility, and be as solid as a rock to solidify the vicissitudes of life.
"Country Talk"
Distinguish characters by sight, smell, taste (secrets of ancient bronze wares)
Zhang Shinan of Poyang described in his "Records of Official Travels": "Bronze wares of the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin and Han dynasties have been handed down to the world. After a long time of soaking, their color is yellowish and moist. When scholars and bureaucrats comment on ancient bronze wares today, most of them use extremely Thinness is genuine. This is a kind of prejudice. In fact, there are very thin and thick authentic ancient wares. As long as you look at their color, you can see the authenticity. There are also those cast in Jurong hundreds of years ago, and their craftsmanship is also very exquisite. , which is beyond the reach of today's castings. But after all, it is black and dry. It must be a natural bronze color to be a real bronze." Zhao Zhaiyu also recorded in "Dongtian Qinglu Collection Ancient Zhongding Yi Ware Discrimination": " Xia Shangzhong, Shang valued quality, Zhou Shangwen. The same is true for their wares. The quality of Shang’s wares is low-quality, and Zhou’s wares are finely carved. This is an invariable conclusion, but Xia’s wares are not. I have seen Xia’s weapons The carved Ge is inlaid with gold on top of the copper. It is as thin as a hair, which is probably the case in Xia ware. After a long time, the inlaid gold will fall off, and it will become concave and thin marks. The bronze ware has been buried for thousands of years, and its color is as pure as emerald green. It is slightly lighter after midnight, and green and moist after noon. Some bronze wares have been buried under the soil for a long time and have been corroded by the soil, or penetrated or peeled off, which is a natural mark. Some have ax marks on them, It is false. Copper shun falls into the water for a thousand years, and it will become pure green and shiny like jade. Less than a thousand years, it will be green and not shiny. Today people regard light weight as ancient utensils, but they don’t know that big and thick utensils, The copper property has not been eroded. Its weight can only be reduced by one-third or one-half. For small and thin vessels, the copper property will be washed away by water and soil. If you break it, you will not see the copper color, but only emerald green. Or Among them, there is a line of red, and there is still the sound of copper. Some ancient artifacts handed down from generation to generation have never entered the water and soil, but have been handed down in the world. Put it in a pot and boil it, and the scars will become clearer. The counterfeiters use lacquer to adjust the cinnabar to draw the scars, which are very easy to distinguish. Third-class bronzes have no fishy smell. It is still rustic, and it will disappear naturally after being unearthed for a long time. If it is a fake ancient artifact, as long as you rub the palm of your hand to rub it, the smell of copper will touch your nose. Also, the so-called recognition pattern and pattern pattern are also different. It is the seal character, which is used to record merit. The so-called inscription Zhongding, the bird trace seal script used in summer, the commercial insect fish, the insect fish seal script used in Zhou Dynasty, the large and small seal script used in Qin Dynasty, the small seal script used in Han Dynasty, regular script used since Jin and Song Dynasties, and regular script script used in Tang Dynasty. Three generations Using Yin Consciousness is called Yanjian, and the handwriting is concave. Since the Han Dynasty, Yang Consciousness is often used, and its characters are protruding, but Yin Consciousness is also useful. Yin Consciousness is difficult to cast and can only be carved with a knife like a stone tablet. Yang Consciousness It is relatively easy to cast. Any ancient artifact with Yang consciousness is by no means a thing of three generations. Therefore, mastering the knack of observing its color, smelling its taste, and recognizing its characters is enough to be able to distinguish the authenticity of ancient bronzes."
The discussion of ancient bronzes in the above two books is certainly complete.However, I think that collectors or those who are good at ancient times must read scriptures and biography records in order to find out the whole story.For example, Xue Shanggong's "Knowledge of Fatie" and the seventh volume of "Chongguang Zhongding Yun", "Xuanhe Bogu Tu", Lu Dalin's "Archaeological Map", Wang Qi's "Xiaotang Collection Gulu", Huang Rui's "Eastern View of Yu "On" and Dong You's "Guangchuan Book Postscript" and other books should be read repeatedly, tasted, researched, and referenced, and only by judging from the scriptures can one be called a proficient appreciator of antiquities.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Almost Real (Antique Bronze Ware)
During the Daoguang period, there were two surnames Gan and Wang in Suzhou, and they could imitate three generations of Yi wares, which could almost be confused with the real ones.In Jiading, there is a craftsman named Qian Datian, who can imitate Hujue, which is no different from ancient times.His son inherited his father's career and won the law.Ten kinds of sacrificial vessels were privately cast for Wu Panzhai, and gold-coated pagoda iron coupons were cast for Qianmeixi, which are exactly the same as the real ones.Feng Xiyu of Jiangning can cast Ruyi, toad lamps, belt hooks, copper walls, Lingzhong, Qingqing, Tiexiao, Tieliu, and Shuzhen. They all imitate the styles of Shang and Zhou, and inlaid gold and silver on the castings.Even Gan, Wang, and Qian couldn't match this unique skill.
"Xiqing Notes"
Residual sound is far and deep (the secret of jade identification)
When discussing how to distinguish real jade, Li Chunfeng wrote: "Its color is like dyed by fat. When you knock it, its sound is clear and evocative, just like the afterglow of golden gold, which will come back again, and the residual sound is far and deep. Slowly and gradually." Not long ago, Yu, the son of Tangzhou who participated in politics, had a piece of jade in his collection. It was as smooth as fat, and there was no defect at all, except that there were two red chestnuts on it, which were caused by the corpse in the tomb. secreted.Tap it lightly, and the sound is clear and melodious.Just like what Chunfeng said, compared with the beryl jade seen in the world today, this bi is simply incomparable.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Grinding is not hot (secret art of knowing rhino horn)
The rank of rhinoceros depends on the thickness of its lines.The noble one has a sky-high pattern.Some people say that the person who reaches the sky is his disease, and its reason is unknown.The horn on the head of Tongtian rhinoceros is long and sharp, with a white star penetrating its tip, and if it can breathe out the breath to reach the sky, it can communicate with spirits, and it can break water and frighten chickens.Baopuzi said: "Tongtian rhinoceros has a white texture like cotton, and if it is filled with rice, the chicken will be horrified when it sees it." Carved a fish with the horn of Tongtian rhinoceros, and putting it into the water can make the water boil three feet, commonly known as Lishui rhinoceros.Rhinoceros is based on blackness.Those whose color is black and yellow are called Zhengtou, and those who are yellow with black borders are called Daotou.The righteous is the world's most precious.There are counterfeit rhinoceros in Nanzhong. The test method is that the ones that are getting hotter are fake.True rhinoceros is cool in nature, and it is not hot when rubbed.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Real mountains and real waters (appreciation secrets)
Jingzhou, Wang Huazi, is good at copying ancient paintings. He once sold "Eight Views of Tingzhong" and said it was Ishida Weng's real brush.This painting depicts the landscape of Hengxiang, which is remote and vast.To the south of Dongting, to the north of Xiaoting, Nanmao and Jiuyi are facing each other in the distance;A man named Zhu Zhang bought it for 300 taels of silver and regarded it as a treasure.Later, a man named Zhang Qingzhi from Wujiang saw this painting and immediately pointed out that it was a fake.Zhu Dawei was remorseful, and brought the painting back to the king, forcing the king to withdraw from the bank, but the king refused, so he was involved in a lawsuit in the county government.Xu Gong, the county magistrate at that time, said to Zhu: "It is difficult to collect calligraphy and painting. It is too vulgar to be involved in a lawsuit for this matter. Don't you know that most of the calligraphy and painting of the predecessors are fake? Connoisseurs of ancient and modern times have been deceived." However, those who are deceived must cover up in many ways, thinking that their level is high and their eyesight is better than others. He said it is fake, but I only know it as genuine. Because you can be a fool if you are foolish. This is the secret of collectors since ancient times. Do you think Wouldn’t it be ridiculous to imitate the ancients without getting the right way? What’s more, when you look closely at this painting, it’s not much different from Ishida Weng’s brushstrokes. It’s really amazing that the author can imitate the real thing and reproduce the real mountains and rivers and the vast beauty of central Hunan in the painting. It’s a great thing, so why bother to care about its authenticity? You might as well think about it carefully according to what I said, isn’t this painting worthy of treasure?” Zhu heard Xu Gong’s words, and happily withdrew the lawsuit.
Those who are good at counterfeiting are able to confuse the real with the fake, which is also a miraculous skill.If Zhu is stingy with the silver and must withdraw the painting, he is really ignorant and incompetent.And Mr. Xu was able to confide in his heart, revealed the connoisseur's secrets in one sentence, and mediated Zhu Wang's disputes, which really added a good story to the antique shop.
"Ink Yulu"
Qi brick Wei tile (secret identification of ancient brick)
There is a poem in "Ode to the Ancients in Yezhong" written by Huiyu: "The people of Qi and Wei tiles are fighting for entrustment, and I want to see the monsters of civil engineering in those days."The names of the printed workers are all eight-point books.It is used to make inkstone, and the water will not seep for several days.As far as the author knows, the bricks and tiles in Yenan City were oiled with walnut oil. There are fine lines on the oiled parts, which are called qin patterns, and white flowers, which are called tin flowers.The big ancient brick is four feet square, with patterns of flowers, birds and animals on it, and the words Qianqiu Longsui.The year name is either Tianbao or Xinghe.There is also a kind of brick tube bearing the eaves, with the same pattern and year name as the brick, with a round inside and a square outside, which can also be used to make inkstone.Wang Jinggong has a poem that says: "Tao Zhen often becomes the present hand, and still entrusts the false name to impress future generations." In the Song Dynasty, Wei Waqi bricks were rare.
"Antique Trivia"
Xuande for Yongle (Lacquer Ware Identification)
In the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, there was an orchard factory in the west of the Lingxing Gate. The lacquerware was made of gold, silver, and tin wood as embryos.The plate boxes and stationery made are different. After picking the red box, there are styles of sugarcane segments, steamed cakes, Hexi, three bumps, and two bumps. Angular sash rings and quadrangular peony petal equations; boxes have rectangular, two-bump, and three-bump equations.The method of making it is to lacquer red lacquer 36 times, engrave it with red cotton, prime it with black light, and engrave it with a needle in the year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty.The manufacturing process of these lacquerware seems to be more sophisticated than the sword rings and vanilla styles of Zhang Cheng and Yang Mao in the Yuan Dynasty.By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, the quality of the factory utensils was finally not as good as before. Because some people privately purchased the disk boxes in the factory, polished off the fine inscriptions of Yongle needle books, and then carved Xuande characters with a knife and filled them with thick gold. The lacquerware signed by Xuande are actually all lacquerware produced in the Yongle period.The same is true for another style of filling paint. The filling paint is carved into flowers and birds, and the color is filled with thick paint. It is smooth and picturesque, and the longer it lasts, the newer it will be.The production of lacquered boxes is expensive because of their small size. The darker ones have five-color ganoderma borders, and the lighter ones have palindromic gold borders, which are pale and pale.This kind of lacquerware is rarely handed down, so its price is several times higher than that of Tihong.Regardless of red picking and filling paint, both are called factory-made, and people in the world cherish it very much, and it is rare.The site of the factory is now the residence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
"Antique Trivia"
The Method of Gathering Shapes (Ancient Mirror)
In Yuanfengzhong, Su Dongpo passed through the ancient Huangzhou from Qi'an, and got a bronze mirror by accident.There is an inscription on the back of the mirror: "There is a good bronze in the Han Dynasty that comes out of Baiyang, and it is taken as a mirror that is clear and bright." The left dragon and the right tiger complement each other.The mirror copper is as black as lacquer, shining tiny.All ancient mirrors have the method of gathering shapes, and the human figures in the mirror are shrinking and shrinking.
"Qiu Chi's Notes"
Playing beads to clear the heart (notebook technique)
In the mid-Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xun was the chancellor, and someone presented him with a bead, which was blue in color and bright, called the Jishi bead.If there are any forgotten people and things, as long as you play with this bead, you will have an epiphany.
"Kaiyuan Legacy"
Don't Pass His Surname (Antique Artifact)
A native of Junxi, Hu Wenming, is good at making antique utensils. He can make extremely exquisite and expensive items according to the ancient styles of Yi, Ding, Zun, and You.
"Cloud Magazine"
The most important thing is to use fire (Rao Porcelain Secret Knowledge)
Rao porcelain began in Tang Dynasty, developed in Song Yuan and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, so the North Kiln began to decline.The pottery clay of Rao Porcelain was taken from Macang Mountain in Xinzhengdu, Fuliang, the powdered stone was from Hutian Yiertutu, the glazed clay was taken from Xinzhengdu, Changling was used as the blue-yellow glaze, and Yikeng was used as the glaze for pouring whiteware.The colors of Rao porcelain are as follows:
Cyan: Shiziqing is produced in Ruizhou; Jiupotangqing is produced in Leping; Huiqing is Sumaliqing.Tribute began to be paid in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, and they were crushed with a hammer. Every catty got three taels of green, and those with cinnabar spots were the top grade, followed by those with silver stars.The usage is: use Huiqing one or two, add Shiqing five qian, the one that is matched is called Shangqing, and the one that is matched with four or six is called Zhongqing.If the upper green is used to mix water, the color will be clear; if the middle green is used to set the color, the strokes will be clear.
Oil color: It is synthesized by refining ash and loess with bean green oil and water.
Purple gold: It is synthesized by smelting ash with pot water and hydrating purple gold stone.
Emerald color: It is synthesized by refining bronze water and saltpeter.
Golden yellow: It is made of one catty of black lead powder, which is ground into red one or two coins.
Golden green: It is made of one catty of refined black lead powder, one or two or four coins of bronze powder, and six liang of stone water.
Full cyan color: It is synthesized by refining one jin of Cui Yijin and one or two Xing Ziqing.
Alum blue color: it is made of alum, and it is made of huangjiao.
Purple: It is made of one catty of black lead powder, one liang of stone green, and six liang of stone powder.
Pouring green: It is synthesized by refining ash and pebble green with glaze water.
Pure white: It is synthesized by refining ash with glaze water.
Gold tracing: It is used to burn the white body, apply full yellow, add alum red after passing through the color kiln, pass through the furnace fire, paste gold twice, pass through the furnace fire twice, and the remaining color will not be completely yellow.
Stacker: Use iron cones to form dragons and phoenix flowers and plants on various blanks, add glaze water, smelt ashes and burn them.
Five colors: paint colors on burnt pure white porcelain, and then fire it in a furnace.
The reason why Rao porcelain is expensive and high-quality, well-known at home and abroad, is not only because of its gorgeous colors and various shapes, but also because of the high temperature of the kiln. Therefore, it is beyond the reach of North Kiln porcelain.
"Antique Trivia"
Jia Ding Pirates Art (Fake Fired Yuan Porcelain)
"Tian Zhi Ou Wen" said: In recent years, many fake Yuan Dynasty porcelains have suddenly appeared in the antique market in the capital.I heard that there was a family who followed the master official to Jiujiang and learned his skills. After returning, he used soil from the north to burn it, but he couldn't make it.Half of the Yuan porcelain obtained by the connoisseur is made by him. Even if the Yuan porcelain is imitated, he still keeps his own porcelain firing skills a secret.
"Cui Dongbi's Posthumous Notes" stated: During the Qianlong period, there were man-made fake Song porcelains in Cizhou.
"Antique Trivia"
Porcelain color like the sky (porcelain identification)
Wang Shu reported to Zhu Liang as a token, there is a golden edge bowl.Yue's "Porcelain Zhiyu" records: "The golden edge contains the light of the treasure bowl, and the secret color embraces the sound of celadon." It was made by Wu Yue Qian Liu.The secret porcelain fired by Liang was used to serve Chai Shizong, so it is called Chai Kiln.The secret porcelain cloud color is like the sky, and the sound is like a chime, extremely exquisite, it is no longer seen now.
"Song Barnyard Banknotes"
Know at a scratch (Qinmu secret knowledge)
All the wood that is real but not imaginary is only tung tree.Conversely, if you want to identify whether the root of the wood is solid, you can take a small branch and cut its back with a knife. If it is solid, the root is empty.Therefore, the reason why Sun Zhi is so valuable is that it is actually so valuable.It is used to make qin and se, because of its solid material, the phonology played by the silk strings has a wooden sound.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Pipa and Papa (pipa secret knowledge)
Wang Yu of Hanzhong heard Kang Kunlun playing the pipa and said: "There are many pipa sounds and few arpeggio sounds, which is the reason why you can't play 54 large silk strings."Musicians call it a pi from the bottom up against the drum, and a pa from top to bottom.
"Valley of Splendid Flowers"
Paulownia explosion (unique knowledge of piano materials)
When Cai Yong was in Wudi, one day he heard a sudden sound in the neighbor's house. It was clearly the sound of paulownia wood cracking, and he knew it was a good material for making pianos.So Cai Yong went to the neighbor's house to ask for this paulownia wood, and after a closer look, it was indeed a good paulownia.Later, he made a piano out of this tree.After it is made, there is a burnt place at the end of the piano, so it is called "Jiaowei".
"Biography"
Lime Tree Searching for Ginseng (Finding the Secret of Ginseng)
All kinds of ginseng have their own characteristics. "Korean Counselor" said: "Three twigs and five leaves, back to the sun and yin. If you want to come to me, you can find it with the linden tree." The leaves of linden wood resemble tung leaves. Ginseng grows in its shade.
"Ginseng Spectrum"
Sweet and cold medicine (discrimination of water)
Rain is the nectar of God.Whenever the rain falls, many containers are placed in the big courtyard, and the rain water obtained is sweet and slippery and indescribable.Using this water to make tea and medicine is both beautiful and beneficial; drinking this water all year round can lead to longevity.Secondly, well water and spring water, whatever is sweet and cold, are good medicines.The sixty-two of ninety-two transforms Kun into Kun, so Tianyi is water.A Taoist said: If someone consumes "well flower water" (well water drawn early in the morning) all year round, it will cause gangrene just like taking poisonous stone sulfur and stalactite water.This kind of thing can often be seen: take well water and store it for seven days, and there will be something like mica in the water. Taoists call it gold in water, which can be used for alchemy.
"Dongpo Zhilin"
Smooth as Spring Water (Paper Literacy)
Mei Shengyu's "Yong Cheng Xintang Paper" said: "Slippery as spring water and dense as a cocoon, you will be pleasantly surprised when you play with it. Shu paper is brittle and can't help it for a long time, and Shan Chu is thin and slow and can be lifted." From this, the thickness and density of the paper can be seen; It is said: "The width is too narrow to be used as an edict," and its narrowness can be seen; it is said: "Be careful not to cut it with others," and it is said: "The heart is upset, and it is lacking and lacking," so its length can be known, so it is called a piece of paper.He also said: "The Li family in the south of the Yangtze River has a national day, and one hundred gold is not allowed to sell one piece." It can be seen that it is valuable.According to legend, all the posts in Chunhua Pavilion were expanded on this paper, and Ou Gong's "History of the Five Dynasties" was also drafted on this paper.However, I also saw in the poem that "send it as a treasure" and said: "it has been more than [-] years now, and it has been abandoned in the corner of the big house."Zou Bingtai's "Noon Wind Chamber Cong Tan" says: "Chengxintang paper is smooth and clean, so Liu Yuan's father said: "Fold water to make palace paper." Li Bo loved to use Chengxintang paper for painting at that time.I have seen the authentic work of Li Bo at that time, but I can't tell what paper was used.Jianye Chengxin Hall, which is the site of Bingmasi in Neiqiao today.
"Antique Trivia"
Pregnant stone with flowers (name inkstone secret knowledge)
In Dai Wenjie's "Xikuzhai Poetry Collection", there are twenty quatrains chanting inkstone.Preface: When I came to Guangdong, I became more and more obsessed with inkstones, and I was unable to collect high-quality goods. However, even a feather of a majestic phoenix can be hidden and discarded. After writing "Theory of Inkstones", the second most beloved one is the following. poetry.The notes are hereby recorded as follows:
Panchi: The ancient inkstone is three inches high and two inches wide. Its color is like a horse liver.Cantonese can't raise the pit, because it is made of ancient stones, and this is the only old thing in the trunk, so it must be mentioned first.
Floating algae: square inkstone, extremely clean, with floating blue and white flowers, obtained when passing through Lingyang Gorge by boat.
Wen Yu: Gao Yao He Shiqing wrote "Baoyantang Inkstone Discrimination", which is the preface I wrote for him. It is based on banana leaf inkstone, five inches in diameter, sharp at the top and full at the bottom, covered with roses and purple blue flowers, with two eyes on the back, Strong and clean, it seems to be made of stone from Daxi Cave during the Qianlong to Jiaqing period, and it was given the name Yanyu Zhai.
Red cotton: Vertical square, no pool, five inches high, engraved with a branch of red cotton, with blue and white flowers all over the face, with a rose purple blue and white flower, as big as a bean.
Qingxia: Tianyan, less than three inches in size, looks like flying clouds, a piece of blue sky, reflecting the sun, if there are crumbs in it, it is the so-called blue and white dust.There is betel nut inscription in the right corner, which is the brightest.
Jade catkin: Oval like a palm, the heart of the inkstone is like a fish brain, rippling and floating, rouge is pressed on all sides, blue and white are sandwiched in between, and it is brilliant.Shi Ruan said: It seems to be made of Shidong stone.
Yunyu: Piece of clouds with big palms, roses and purple blue flowers, gorgeous and lively, there is a colorful nail on the right, as plump as Daxidong.
Xuejiao: Gao Xiaoyun is obsessed with inkstone.In the 13th year of Daoguang, Lu Zhijunkun opened the Daxi Cave, and Xiaoyun won more than ten fine works.When I went to Zhaoqing, I saw ice patterns on the banana inkstone left behind, but unfortunately the inkstone has green nails in the heart, which is the flaw of Jinyu.
Purple jade: The cloud is three inches long, with blue and white flowers on both sides, and a very bright rose and purple blue and blue flowers on the left corner. It is the cleanest one in Daxi Cave.It's hard to come across these days, but this inkstone was obtained from the Lingyang Gorge.
Jade silk: gold thread, oval double inkstone.One inkstone has a silver thread, the other has a gold thread, both of good quality and color, and the second view on the right of Daxi is the offering tool of Luoding Prefecture Examination Institute.In the old cases, the study and government had to accept the study supplies, but I came to Guangdong to refuse them all.
Wang Shan: Natural inkstone.It is more than three inches high, with ice patterns on both sides, rose purple blue flowers on one side, and cinnabar ding marks on the other side.
Ningzi: Fuqingzi is not cut in half, with a diameter of four inches. The back is engraved with very fine landscapes, and the whole body is covered with roses and purple blue flowers. The stone is very strong.It was made of Daxi old stone, and Xiaoyun Yougao sent it to me, asking me to draw a picture. In return for this inkstone, I made a picture of Langa Gorge for him.
Beetle bamboo slips: The small inkstone is in the simple shape of ancient times, and the left side is carved into a small insect with colorful nails. The production is also very special.According to Yan Gong, it is Daxi Stone.
Qixia: A small square inkstone, with many colorful inkstones on the pond, the quality and color of which are the same as those of beetle bamboo slips.
Shuyu: The stone is only about three inches long, with ice-patterned frozen blue and white flowers, on which there are green, white, multicolored, gold and silver threads, white jade belts, and gleams.In particular, the sound of knocking is like rotten wood. It is Daxidi Stone, but its flaws are not concealed, and it cannot bear to be discarded.
Moon wave: The inkstone is large and full-footed, delicate and silent, the hall is broken and frozen, about four or five inches, and there is a halo in the center like moon ripples, shining brightly and revealing, it is a masterpiece of Chen Mazikeng.Recently, connoisseurs can't distinguish miscellaneous pits. Whenever they see inferior stones, they always say Mazikeng. In fact, Mazikeng is only one of the lower old pits, and the rest of the old pits are not as good as Mazikeng.
Luoteng: Luo Zhuyin Yiyi inkstone.The 泐 pattern is ocher yellow, which is the ice pattern of Dongdong Cave.I have seen a large west stone with five points of sardine interlaced, forming a branch of natural plum blossom, above Wu Shihua's Jiji.I inscribed it and said: "Whoever casts the plumpness of the stone and the slenderness of the flower is the furnace of heaven and earth." These are all unique products in inkstones.
Shuangwan: The small inkstone is made of cirrus clouds, the diameter of the two eyes is four to five minutes, and the stone is also fine, so keep it for a grid.I love stone eyes very much, and I have successively obtained the flowing clouds and the moon, the sea and the sky, the lotus and the interest, and the clouds and the stars.Today I got another big inkstone and two small inkstones, and I can't put it down without touching them every day.
I used miscellaneous pits, blue and white, banana white and other stones to chisel the pond, and carved stone snails, stone crabs and other objects in the pond, and poured clean water into it.
"Antique Trivia"
The more tidy, the more vulgar (Bao Yan secret knowledge)
Xing Ziyuan and Wang Bogu wrote: "In the middle of the spring, Zhu Rong was unkind, and extended to outer Tibet. One or two stones were researched and turned into pond fish. Annoying Gong bought one, which was worth ten thousand and killed him." According to this, we can know that Duanshi was at that time. A good inkstone can be bought for ten thousand, but now the inkstone purchased at tens of times is unavoidably inferior.Nowadays people value Song inkstones very much, but most of them are counterfeit products, which are far less valuable than Ming Dynasty stone inkstones.Emperor Qianlong's royal inscription on the inkstone, it is said that the more neatly it is done, the more vulgar, it should be regarded as self-made.Therefore, whenever you find a person with a style on an inkstone or a bright stone made of rough, you can buy it for collection no matter how expensive it is.
"Antique Trivia"
Blue sky and blue water (Secret Knowledge of Baomo)
Meng Zhongcheng likes to collect all kinds of ink. Among the inks in his collection, there is an ingot of Zhu Ziyang's ink, which is an ancient relic of the Southern Song Dynasty.It is also said that there is a kind of ink called Luo Wenlong ink, which is as green as the sky and as blue as the water, and as difficult as coral wood.
"White Drunk Words"
Peach Blossom Cave (Secret Knowledge of Smoke Bottle)
Zhao Weishu's "Smoke Bottle Test" says: When the smoke bottle was first manufactured, it looked like an ancient medicine bottle, so it was called a bottle at first, and it was called a pot later.Snuff bottles are all made of five-color glass, first made of glass and pearls, and later made of fashionable transparent glass, off-white, the color is like gelatin, and some are like snow.The prefect of Yan Yan Township of the Han Army told me: In the Kangxi era, the red and blue suits are the only ones left today, commonly known as 36 Tiangang.I have lived in the capital for nearly ten years, and I have seen two reds and one blue, which proves that what Yan Taishou said is true, there are green and black, or blue and green, or black. If there is no red, there is blue. Those on red land, however, are rare.There are also sets called two-color, three-color, four-color, five-color, or overlapping sets, and the carvings are exquisite.The most famous one is Xinjia skin, which is the most refined and clean, and its color is made of crumbs and treasures, which is dazzling; it is called Lejia skin, which is white as ice and snow, and its color design is very strange. Red, purple and verdant, naturally overlapping; it is called Yuanjiapi, which is similar to Xinjiapi.In addition, there is also one called Gu Yuexuan. The ground is Chequ, which also has five colors, with paintings on the top and small poems in the middle. On the foot of the pot, there is Gu Yuexuan. The inscriptions are the most beautiful when they were made in the Qianlong period.There are also carved fairy mountain pavilions, rare birds and animals, which are like stars in the sky and are called Taohua Cave.Since then, there have been carved jade, Luo Zhenbao and the like to show off and compete for attention.In the past, when pots were made, they could be used for taking and drinking, or they were different. Some were as small as an inch, and some were as small as a knuckle.After the Jiaqing era, the large snuff bottle began to be fashionable.Later, it gradually grew to a surplus.Some rich and noble people have agate snuff pots in their homes, which can hold two liters. The diameter of the mouth of the pot was about [-] fen at first, but later it was changed to a narrow mouth, which should not exceed [-] fen, so that the device would not leak out.There are forty rhymes in Wu Wanting's "Ode to the Long Rhythm of Snuff Bottles", in which there are a few lines: To the virtue of suirouyuan, Tihang actually offers wonders.The picture is enhanced by Ruicao, and the instrument spectrum is noteworthy for the army.
"Antique Trivia"
Bao Se (Chapter Stone Secret Knowledge)
As for the stone engraved with seals, Qingtian stone was fashionable in the past, and the variety called "light" was the most expensive. Over the past 30 years, Fujian Shoushan Stone has also been well-known. The stone is warm and chestnut, suitable for engraving, and the five colors complement each other, radiant, red like mohe, yellow like steamed chestnut, white like Kexue.However, due to the long-term excavation, the mountain stones have been exhausted. Recently, they are often filled with Furong mountain stones, which no longer have the same precious color as before, and their value is less than one-fifth of the Shoushan stone.Both Shoushan and Furongshan are in Fuzhou.
"Xiangzu Notes"
(End of this chapter)
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