Great Han Empire

Chapter 416 Research and Interpretation of Prices Seen in Han Bamboo Slips
Author: Mr. Wu Gou Published on: Thursday, August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Research and Explanation of Prices Seen in Chinese Bamboo Slips——
Textual Research and Interpretation of Prices Seen in Han Bamboo Slips
Since the beginning of this century, historical and archaeological workers have successively discovered and unearthed more than 90.00 bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty in Gansu and Inner Mongolia. Near Heicheng in Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and near Jinguan in Jinta County, Gansu Province, that is, Juyan County, Zhangye County in the Han Dynasty, were excavated. Only a few were found in Dunhuang, Wuwei and other places in Gansu Province.In addition, after liberation, a small number of Han bamboo slips were also unearthed in Yinque Mountain in Linyi, Shandong, Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan, and Phoenix Mountain in Jiangling, Hubei.These Han bamboo slips, especially the Juyan Han bamboo slips, are a group of very precious ancient cultural relics, and they are also very important historical materials for studying the society and history of the Han Dynasty and the relationship between the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities in Northwest China.Most of these handbooks are the daily correspondence of the soldiers guarding the frontier at that time, the daily accounts of money and rice grains, and the registration books of the distribution of food, weapons, and utensils by the garrison agencies. They are very authentic and reliable first-hand materials.Among them, there are extremely rich records on the prices of various items, which provide us with very valuable information for studying the economic life and prices of the Hexi area and the interior.This article intends to discuss some of the prices in the Han bamboo slips (the more than 1930 Han bamboo slips newly unearthed in the Juyan area from 1972 to 1974 are still being sorted out, and the discussion in this article only involves the part of this batch of Han bamboo slips that have been published. ), combined with literature data, to make some preliminary research and interpretation.
a money comparison
The prices recorded in the Han bamboo slips are all calculated in coins, not to mention the price comparison of money.However, many prices in the documents of the Han Dynasty were calculated with gold. Therefore, before we discuss the prices found in the Han bamboo slips, it is necessary to explain the price comparison of money in the Han Dynasty so that we can convert them when discussing various prices later.
The Qin Dynasty unified the currency and implemented a second-class currency system in parallel with gold and copper coins.The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and did not change it. During the four hundred years of the Han Dynasty, except for a brief period of currency confusion, it did not exceed the scope of the second-class currency system of gold and copper coins.
Gold used as currency in the Han Dynasty was calculated in catties, and one catty of gold was also called one gold. "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Food and Huo Zhi" said: "Han Xing thought that Qin coins were heavy and difficult to use, and even made the people make pod money, and a catty of gold." Yan Shigu's note: "Gold is called gold by catty." In addition, "Historical Records" Volume [-], "Ping Zhun Shu" and "Justice" cited Chen Zan also said: "The Han Dynasty uses a catty of gold as a gold." The courts of the Han Dynasty often rewarded noble ministers with a large amount of gold, and without exception, they were all based on a catty. unit of calculation.
In the early Han Dynasty, the shape and system of copper coins changed repeatedly, but after the five baht coins were introduced by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, they became custom-made, so coins other than five baht coins were not in circulation for long.Han Qian takes money as the unit of calculation, and Qianqian is called Yiguan or Yiwei.The Han bamboo slips are cultural relics after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and most of the prices are calculated in five baht coins, which is very convenient for us to study and interpret the prices in the Han bamboo slips today.
In the Han Dynasty, there were very strict regulations on the price comparison between gold and second-class coins: one catty of gold was equal to ten thousand copper coins.All Han documents reflect such ratios.For example, "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Shihuozhi" said: "A catty of gold is worth ten thousand." Ten thousand coins." The word "thousand" here should be a mistake in the word "one", that is to say, one catty of gold is one gold, and it is worth ten thousand coins.How about Hugh's "Gongyang Jiegu" Yin Gong five years said: "Gold weighs a catty, if it is ten thousand dollars today." The "now" that He Xiu said refers to the Eastern Han Dynasty.Li Jiannong once said: "When Gai was in Han Dynasty, gold and money were both legal currency, and a catty of gold and ten thousand yuan were also the legal ratio." ① This opinion is very correct.Historians have different opinions on whether the "gold" and "gold" in the literature of the Han Dynasty are what we call gold today, but there is no doubt that a catty of gold used as currency in the Han Dynasty is equal to [-] yuan .
On the contrary, there are always some problems when it comes to materials that say that one gold is not equal to ten thousand yuan.The first article can be found in "Historical Records", Volume [-], "Lu Jia Biography" and "Justice".The predecessors have pointed out that the word "Qian" is a mistake of the word "Ten".One gold straight ten guan, that is, ten thousand yuan, is the legal ratio.
The second article can be found in Volume 33 of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", which says: "Today there are a total of gold buyers, four hundred people, and a profit of three thousand four hundred; [-] people, the price of gold is nine thousand eight hundred." "Nine Chapters on Mathematical Sciences" was probably written in the Western Han Dynasty.Although the prices of various items cited in its calculation examples generally reflect the price situation at that time, they are all hypothetical arithmetic problems, not direct records of market prices. At the same time, this problem says that the price of gold is [-]. The calculation unit and amount of gold are not specified, so it cannot be concluded that what is bought here must be a catty of gold.
Therefore, it can be affirmed that there are strict regulations on the price comparison of money in the Han Dynasty: a catty of gold is equal to [-] copper coins.At least at the official price.When we discuss various prices in the Han bamboo slips and literature below, we will use this ratio for conversion.
Ertian house price
Among the bamboo slips of Juyan Han Dynasty, there are two slips that respectively record in detail all the family properties of the Marquis Chang Lizhong and Xu Zong, the commander of the [team] at that time, including the fields and houses, and indicate the local prices of these properties. The transcriptions are as follows :
First, Lao [Che Yu]'s "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Section", page 455:
--------------
① Li Jiannong: "The Economic History of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties", page 183.
Hou Chang [Jiaole] got Guangchangli public ride to celebrate the thirtieth year of loyalty
Two young slaves, [-] yuan, [-] horses, [-] yuan, [-] district, [-] yuan
One maidservant, [-] ox carts, [-] taels, [-] hectares, [-] hectares, [-] hectares
One car, one ride, ten thousand serving cattle, two or six thousand
The price is 15 [(146) 37, 35]
Second, the 181B slip of "Jiyan Han Bamboo Series A" compiled by the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences:
Two [Dui灬] [Team灬] Long lived in Yanxi Daoli public ride Xu Zongnian fifty
Three thousand wives and one wife
One son, one man, fifty mu of land, five thousand men, one son, two men
Two male co-producers use cows to give birth to five thousand children
Lesbian Duo Male Gay Duo
lesbian duo
The prices of fields, houses, cattle and horses, slaves, etc. are clearly recorded here.We will talk about the prices of cattle, horses, slaves, etc. later, but let’s discuss the prices of fields and houses first.
"Fifty hectares of fields are [-] yuan" and "Fifty acres of fields are worth [-] yuan". The price per mu is [-] yuan, which should be a very cheap land price in the Han Dynasty.As we will discuss below, after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the average price of a stone of grain was one hundred or more than one hundred dollars. This kind of field price equivalent to the price of one stone of grain was probably due to the fact that Juyan was located in the frontier and the land was very barren.
Inland land prices are also as low as tens of dollars or more than a hundred dollars per mu. They are all very barren and barren "bad lands". Volume [-] of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" says: "Today there is one mu of good land, which costs [-] yuan; seven mu of bad land, which costs [-] yuan." The "good land" mentioned here is only [-] yuan per mu, which should be very poor land.
Although the land prices in the Han and Han Dynasties were different due to the different soil quality and the regions where they were located, and there was a big gap between high and low, but according to the literature, the general price per mu should be between more than a thousand yuan and three to four thousand yuan.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Prime Minister Li Cai "sent an imperial edict to grant [-] acres of land to Yangling, and Cai stole three hectares and sold it for more than [-] yuan." If it is out, then the mu price is between [-] and [-].In the handed down land certificates of the Han Dynasty, there are several copies of the land price recorded in the transaction, which is also the general price.For example, "Han Fan Lijia Land Purchase Certificate" says: "Five acres of land, three thousand mu and five thousand." ② Another example is "Han Wang Weiqing Purchase Land Certificate" says: "The price per mu is three thousand and one hundred, and the direct value is five thousand." Nine thousand three hundred." ③ This all reflects the general price of medium-sized land in the Han Dynasty.
Among the prices recorded in the remnants of the Eastern Han Dynasty Stele in Pixian County, Sichuan Province unearthed in recent years, among them, there are the following types of land prices that can be tested:
------------
① "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Li Guangzhuan"
②③ Contains Volume [-] of Luo Zhenyu's "Zhensongtang Collection of Ancient Relics".
(1) Five hundred mu: "Eight mu of field, four thousand in quality (straight)."
(2) About [-] mu: "Zhang Wang Tian has [-] mu, with a quality of [-]."
(3) One thousand mu: "Yuan Shi Tian Ba ​​□ □, quality [-]." According to the lack of text, it is suspected to be the word "ten mu".
(4) More than [-] mu: "The former Wang Wentian has an area of ​​[-] mu, and the Jia (price) is [-]."
(4) Two thousand mu: "Thirty mu of field, [-] in quality." Also, "Fifty mu of field, [-] in quality."①
Except for item (1), the price per mu is between [-] and [-] renminbi, which is also the general price of medium-sized land in the Han Dynasty.
The price of land in the Han Dynasty was as high as one gold per mu, that is, 110 yuan. This kind of land was called Gaoyu, or a cemetery that people thought had good geomantic omen.For example, "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Dongfang Shuo Zhuan" said: "The name between Fengjiao is Tupao, and its price is one gold per mu." "Hou Han Shu" Volume [-] "Du Du Zhuan" contains its "Lundu Fu" cloud: "The ointment of Juetu is priced at one gold per mu." Wang Fu's "On the Qianfu" also said: "In the county of Zhongzhou, the size of the land cannot be expanded by half, but there are millions of households and one mu of land." Wang Zongyan said: "The whole Treated as gold, it is said to be expensive." ② It is also worth [-] per mu.
This kind of price per mu is worth one gold, and the proof can also be found in the handed down monument coupon.For example, "Han Tang Yiling Fei Feng Stele" says: "Ancestral good land is worth one gold per mu." ③ "Li De Buying Land Ticket" handed down in Yanguangzhong of the Eastern Han Dynasty also said: "Buying more than one mu of land is worth [-] yuan ”④
Of course, whether it is in the literature or in the stele coupons, the price of one gold per mu is generally said to be expensive, and it does not mean that the price per mu is exactly [-] yuan.
From this, it can be concluded that the land price of [-] yuan per mu mentioned in the Han bamboo slips refers to the barren and barren land in the frontier areas, and cannot represent the better land in the interior, or even the price of ordinary land.
Houses in the Han Dynasty were calculated based on districts (blocks), which were not only good or bad, but also different in size. Therefore, the expensive ones can cost more than one million yuan per district, while the cheap ones are worth only a few thousand yuan, and the prices vary greatly.The family properties of Li Zhong and Xu Zong listed in the two slips quoted at the beginning of this section are:
House in one district, ten thousand.
One district of the house, straight three thousand.
The latter should be quite cheap housing prices.Volume [-] of Wang Chang's "Jin Shi Cui Bian" contains a "Remnant Stele of Zheng Zizhen's House" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. There is a price list of houses in the inscription, which can be compared with the prices recorded in the Han bamboo slips.Ming
----------
① Xie Yanxiang: "Remnant Monuments of the Eastern Han Dynasty Unearthed in Xipu, Pixian County, Sichuan", "Cultural Relics", No. 1974, 4.
② "Theory of Qian Fu · Shi Bian" cited by Wang Jipei.
③ Hong Shi: "Li Shi" Volume Nine.
④ See Zhu Jiang: "Four Unpublished Land Bonds", "Cultural Relics", No. 1964, 12.
cloud:
The area of ​​the house where I live is worth a million, so Zheng Zizhen started to use the area of ​​the house as money (the lower part is missing), so Zheng Zizhen
In Zhenshe, there are [-] houses in the first district, so the Pangai building is merged with the eleventh in the second district (the lower part is missing, suspected to be ten thousand characters), so Lu
The first district of Zijinlou is [-], the first district of Guxianglou is [-], the first district of Fenglou is [-], and the first district of Cheshe
Ten thousand, □□ Fenglou District [-], [-], □□ Zixinshe District [-], Ten thousand.
There are 11 districts of houses listed here. The price of one district is incomplete, the second district is suspected to be worth [-], and the first district is worth one million. The prices of the remaining seven districts are all above [-] to [-]. house.As for one of the districts, it is a million dollars, which is rare and expensive.
It also cited the remnant stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Pixian County, Sichuan, and there are four testable house prices:
(1) The back building of the middle pavilion, Jia Siwan.
(2) Su Boxiang's home, Jia 17.
(3) She six districts, Zhi[[-]] [-].
(4) Kangxiu Building, with a quality of [-].
Items (1), (2), and (4) did not specify the unit of the house, but from the article, it should refer to the price in a district.If this judgment is correct, then the lowly ones are worth 17 yuan, and the noble ones are worth [-] yuan.This also proves that the Han Bamboo slips say that ten thousand yuan in the district should be a common house price, and three thousand in the district is very cheap and cheap.
Three food prices
From the bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty, it can be seen that the grains put into the scope of exchange in the Hexi area in the Han Dynasty mainly included millet, wheat, and grain (rice).The price comparisons of these kinds of grains are not far apart. Generally, the price of stone (one stone is also called one dendrobium in Han Dynasty, ten buckets or one hundred liters) costs one hundred yuan to more than one hundred yuan.
(1) Slip 188 of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
Xie Xian, both of Hong and Shengzhi, said: "I will be self-sufficient in literary affairs. Please pay the responsibility now."Hiro was not blamed,
Victory has already got three millet stones, straight 360; three millet stones, straight 360;
Already one hundred and one hundred, two thousand four hundred and three less.
按此简释文又见《居延汉简考释释文之部》第173页〔（149）26、9〕，前“直360”，该书“六”作“九”。从后云凡得千一百的话来看，应以作“九”为是。这里粟的石价为120钱和130钱。
(2) Slip 268 of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
Three buckets of millet, thirty coins.
Stone price is 150.
(3) "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Textual Research and Interpretation Section", page 281:
Millet one stone, straight 110. [(178) 167, 2]
(4) Also on page 301 of the above book:
In addition to [He Pang] [He Huang] money two hundred and four to take as □, to buy grain, straight to a hundred. [(285) 198, 118]
Although the unit of the valley is not clearly stated here, it is worth a hundred dollars, so it should refer to one stone of the valley.
(5) There is also a slip on pages 317-318A of the above book, which is a bill for grain prices, which is reproduced as follows:
□□Six hundred money received, one hundred and fifteen money purchased, five dou Dou twenty-three
Pay two hundred and twenty to buy Liang millet, two stones and ten stones, pay six to buy ten stones
Pay 210 for the purchase of millet, two stones and one hundred and fifty for the purchase of [-] for a bucket of soy
Pay a hundred and ten for barley, a stone for a hundred and ten
Where the money is 680 six [(373) 214, 4]
The fifth sentence of the Jianwen's "杨肉" should be a mistaken wording of "梁肉".
(6) In the newly unearthed Juyan Bamboo Bamboo Slips in [-], there is a book "Laobian Envoys Crossing the Boundary Zhongfei" in the third year of Wang Mang Dihuang ① saying:
Eight buckets of rice, straight one hundred and sixty, three stones of corn, straight 450. (EJT21: 3, 4)
Combining the grain prices of the above six slips, they can be listed as follows:
Liang rice stone price 200 money (6)
Millet stone price 150 money (2)
Corn stone price 150 money (6)
Millet stone price 130 money (1)
Millet stone price 120 money (1)
Millet stone price 110 money (3)
Millet stone price 110 money (5)
Barley stone price 110 money (5)
Millet stone price 105 money (5)
Valley stone price 100 coins (4)
Now what we are going to discuss is, what kind of price is this kind of grain price with a stone price of more than [-] yuan?What is the relationship between it and the food price recorded in the literature?To this end, we must first find out the parity of grain in the Han Dynasty, and then we can
--------------
① See "Cultural Relics" No. 1978, 1, plate [-].
Compare with the grain price in Hexi.
We know that the food parity in the Warring States Period is clearly recorded. "Historical Records" Volume [-] "Huozhi Biography" quoted "Ji Ran" and said: "Fu Tiao, the peasants are sick at twenty, and the terminal is ninety. The terminal disease will not make money, and the agricultural disease will not provide grass. It is no more than eight. Ten, if you don’t reduce it by thirty, then the end of the farm will be profitable, the level of production will be equal, and there will be no lack of customs.” According to legend, "Ji Ran" is a book written in the late Spring and Autumn Period (some people think that Ji Ran is a person's name), but it is actually about the Warring States period. In this case, that is to say, the parity price of food in the Warring States Period was between [-] and [-] yuan.This is consistent with Li Kui's conversion of the stone price of millet into [-] qian when calculating expenses for a farmer with five members.Thirty qian for millet and stone, which is the lowest price among par prices.
However, there is no record of grain parity in the Han Dynasty in the literature.There are a lot of information about grain prices in the Han Dynasty literature.These materials can be roughly divided into two categories: one is that there are occasional good years, and the price of food is very low. Give the family enough" and so on.The second is due to famines, especially due to the cruel oppression of the rulers and the melee between the rulers. For example, in the last years of the Qin, Western Han, and Eastern Han dynasties, production was destroyed and wars continued for years, resulting in high food prices and tens of thousands of dollars in grain and stone. , The situation of the people cannibalizing each other.But there is no record of food parity alone.In order to obtain the parity of grain in the Han Dynasty, we have to conduct textual research on relevant materials.
We found in the relevant materials of the Han Dynasty that in the Western Han Dynasty, when it came to the price of grain and stones tens of dollars, there must be words of praise, saying that it was too cheap; The words of condemnation were said to be too expensive; in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when it came to the price of stones of more than a hundred dollars, there were words of praise, saying that it was too cheap, and when it came to more than a thousand dollars, there were words of condemnation. Dialect is too expensive.It can be inferred that the parity should be between this too cheap and too expensive.
During the so-called "Governance of Wen and Jing", food prices were very cheap.It is said in history that at that time, "the common people had no internal and external corvees, and they had to rest on their shoulders in the fields. The world was rich and rich, and the millet cost more than ten yuan, and the chickens and dogs barked, and the fireworks were thousands of miles away." It should refer to Su Yishi.Another source says that the grain and stone cost tens of dollars at that time: "Emperor Hanwen practiced frugality and practiced morality, ... the grain to the stone cost tens of dollars, and everyone envied it." The price of food is very cheap, and the parity price must be above this price.
200 years later, the situation has changed a lot. By the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the price of Gushi was more than [-] yuan, and it was also called a "grand event", which deserves the praise of historians.For example, during Emperor Shun’s fifth visit, he was the prefect of Zhangye. Wu Fang only got the title of "Xun Li". However, it was the same Zhangye.
------------
① "Historical Records" Volume [-] "Law Book".
②The third and fifth volumes of "Taiping Yulan" quoted Huan Tan's "Xin Lun", and the Song version of "Yulan" did not have the word "ten".
③ Volume [-] of "Records of the Later Han Dynasty".
To be condemned by the emperor.For example, Zhao Chongguo gave the emperor "resignation (criticism)" because of "to the east of Zhangye, there are more than a hundred millet and stones, and dozens of stalks, which are transferred and transported together, and the people are disturbed."①.
As for the price of grain and stone to [-] or [-] yuan, it had already caused very serious consequences in the Western Han Dynasty. "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Feng Fengshi Biography" said: "The age is not up, the capital is two hundred, the capital is two hundred, the border county is four hundred, the Kanto is five hundred, and there is famine in all directions." "Under Records" says: "Emperor Yuan ascended the throne,... the land of Qi was hungry, more than three hundred grains and stones, and many people starved to death." When the price of grains reached two, three, or four hundred stones, it was already "famine in all directions", "many people were hungry "Death", it can be seen that the parity of grain prices in the Western Han Dynasty must have been below [-] renminbi.
However, from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the entire Eastern Han Dynasty, there is no record that hundreds of grains and stones are considered too expensive.At this time, generally the price of the stone must be more than [-] yuan before it is considered too expensive and will be condemned by people.For example, "East View of Han Ji" Volume [-] "Emperor Guangwu Emperor Ji" said: "When Wang Mang was in the east of Luoyang, there were two thousand meters and stones....The people starved to death seventeen or eighteen, and the people ate each other." "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" Volume [-] "Zhu Hui Biography" said: "Jianjun Middle School, Nanyang was hungry, and there were more than a thousand rice and stones." Also in the same book as the volume [-] "An Emperor Ji" note quoted Fu Hou's "Gujin Note" said: "In the second year of Yongchu, the state county Great hunger, two thousand rice and stones, the people eat each other, the old and the weak abandon the road." "Book of the Later Han" Volume [-] "Yu Xu Biography" notes "Xu Han Shu" said that Yu Xu was appointed as the prefect of Wudu, so he could When I arrived in the county, due to the corruption of the previous officials, the county government was chaotic, and the people were in dire straits, so that "a thousand grains and stones, and eight thousand salts and stones." ②During the Eastern Han Dynasty, if the price of grains and stones was several hundred dollars, it must have been a bumper harvest, which is worthy of historians. They sang praises.
To sum up, it can be seen from the literature that in the Western Han Dynasty, grain prices of tens of stones were called too cheap, and more than a hundred dollars were called too expensive; Its too expensive.Then we can infer that the parity price of grain in the Western Han Dynasty was around a hundred dollars, while in the Eastern Han Dynasty it rose to hundreds of dollars.The price of grain in the Han Bamboo Bamboo quoted above, with stone prices ranging from a hundred renminbi to more than [-] renminbi, was the par price in the Western Han Dynasty.
Among the bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty, only two bamboo slips have been found so far that the grain prices recorded do not conform to the above inference.One is the 1574th slip of "Juyan Han Bamboo Series A":
Dong Ci entered the valley with 66 shi, the direct money was 180 shi, the money was [-] seven, and the money was four
thousand 490 seven.
Second, on page 244 of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination, Interpretation and Interpretation":
Water Qianqiu enters the valley, 66 stones, six buckets and six liters, up to two thousand one hundred and twenty-three, and the money is one thousand two hundred.
Three thousand three hundred and twenty-three. [(15) 192, 39 90, * 90, 45 19,
26〕
------------------
① "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Zhao Chongguo Biography".
② Volume [-] of "Taiping Yulan" quotes "Continued Han Shu" as "each stone is five hundred".
The stone price of these two cases is 35 yuan.This should be a very special and individual example, probably because the grain harvest in Juyan area was so abundant at that time that the grain was so cheap that the price of a stone was 35 yuan.However, since they are only original bills, no compliments from historians have been attached to them.
In 1974, Juyan newly unearthed a brochure of "Su Jun's Responsibilities for Kou Enshi"①, including "Ten catties of meat sold, one stone of Zhigu, three thousand stones" (EPF22:13), "Four thousand stones in the city valley" (EPF22 : 16, 27), this was due to the confusion of the currency system at that time (the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty), and it was not an exception to use the so-called "time money" for pricing. (About "Shi Xing Qian", it cannot be explained in one sentence, so it should be discussed as a special article.)
Four livestock prices
The prices of livestock listed in the Han bamboo slips include horses, cattle, sheep, and dogs.Livestock is calculated on the basis of the head, and the same kind of livestock has different sizes, advantages and disadvantages, fat and thin, so the prices are extremely inconsistent.Let’s discuss it in stages to see the general idea.
First, the price of horses.
Horses are not only an important tool in production, but also used in wars. Therefore, in the Han bamboo slips, the price of horses is divided into plow horses, chariot horses, and war horses.Generally speaking, war horses are expensive, while farm horses and chariot horses are cheap.Judging from the bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty, the general price of plow horses and cart horses is four to five thousand yuan for the cheap ones, and more than ten thousand yuan for the expensive ones.The second section listed Hou Changlizhong's family property, including:
With five horses, [-] straight.
Each horse is only worth four thousand.Also, on page 51 of the second volume of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips and Interpretations": "Horse, five thousand three hundred."Volume 450 of the book said: "Ask the price of cattle and horses? The answer is: the price of horses is 810 four cents and six cents eleven cents, and the price of cattle is [-] eight cents and two cents eleven cents." This kind of four or five A horse worth a thousand dollars should refer to a bad horse or an old horse.
Generally, the price of better plow horses and carriage horses should be around 175 yuan. On page 465 of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Research and Interpretation Department", it says: "A total of 229 horses were declared in total, and the order was announced to compensate the sect, and it was declared to pay the sect with □ thousand and six hundred." [(2) 12·245] Ten A thousand, that is, ten thousand, should be the price of a horse.Also, there is a slip on page [-] of the second volume of "Explanation of Quicksand Falling Slips", which says: "The law of speech says: The thieves of the livestock are killed, and the compensation is paid by the share. The Shaozhong is ordered to pay [-] yuan, and the dead horse's flesh and blood. Pay Xun and ask for peace." This is probably a part of a verdict (called Yuanshu in the Han Dynasty), which means: Xun's horse was killed by Shaozhong's horse, and Xun went to sue, so it was judged that Shaozhong should pay one-third of the horse's price for three Thousands of money to Xun please reconcile.Luo Zhenyu's textual research said: "If the money is three thousand, the price of the horse is one-third, and the price of a horse is nine thousand." Also, the [-]th slip of "Juyan Han Bamboo Series A": "The [-]rd Marquis Chief Zhao Bei, responsible for Juju The money for horses in Changchi, Yanyang is [-], and the emigration is responsible for delaying the collection, which is heavy." [-] should also be the price of a horse.The above examples,
------------
① Both photos and explanations can be found in "Cultural Relics" No. 1978, 1.
The price of a horse is around [-].
As for the price of war horses, there is no record in the Han bamboo slips.Only the 177th Jian Jian of "Ju Yan Han Jian Jia Bian" says:
He also asked the senior officials to hold a letter to greet him: I heard that ten horses cost nine to thirty-three thousand, and I heard from Sister Guangde
Fuhong, please buy a horse for tens of millions, so it is expensive for beans.
There are many mistakes in this brief.It was said earlier that "ten horses cost nine to thirty-three thousand", which should be the total value of ten horses. However, due to the innumerable missing characters, it is impossible to determine what characters are missing.Later, "a horse costs tens of millions of dollars", which refers to the price of a horse, but the price of a horse is tens of millions of dollars, which is incomprehensible. It is suspected that the word "thousand" is a typo of "ten".If this speculation is correct, then a horse is worth [-] yuan, which is more than ten times more expensive than a good farm horse or chariot horse. This kind of horse is of course a war horse.
The price of a horse is one hundred thousand, which is the par price of war horses in the Western Han Dynasty. "Hanshu" Volume 15 "Jingwu Zhaoxuanyuan Chengchen Table" records such a thing: "Liang Hou was a thousand, Taishi four years, sitting and selling a horse, the price was 15, too flat, Zang (stolen) More than 20, exempt.” Here, “Zang 20 or more” is a legal term in the Han Dynasty, and it is a sentencing limit for the order of conviction.If a horse is sold for 15 yuan, you will be exonerated for the stolen goods, so how much is the real stolen goods?How much is it?What is the average price of a horse?We know that more than [-] years before the Marquis of Liang became the Marquess of Thousand Freedoms, that is, in the sixth year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, out of the need for the war against the Huns, the imperial court ordered to increase the parity of war horses to encourage horse breeding. "Han Shu" volume six "Emperor Wu Ji" said: "there are few horses in the world, and there are [-] average mares." The price of war horses in Jianzhong, assuming that the original par price is [-] horses, is to double the par price of war horses. However, this decree seems to be abolished soon, otherwise Lianghou would only get [-] yuan if he sold a thousand horses. If the price is lower than par, you will not be convicted of "excessive parity".
Second, the price of cattle.
The family property of Hou Changlizhong and Xu Zong, the chief of the team, quoted in the second section above:
Serve cattle two, six thousand.
Use two cattle, straight five thousand.
That is to say, the price of a cow is two to three thousand yuan.This price can be confirmed by the price of cattle in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic".Volumes [-] and [-] of the book list three kinds of cattle prices:
(1) The price of cattle is one thousand eight hundred and eleven cents and two cents.
(2) The price of cattle is one thousand two hundred.
(3) The price of cattle is 750 [-].
------------
①In the Han law, there is also the title of "Zang 250 and above" (see "Hanshu" Volume [-]
"The Biography of Xiao Wang"), "Zhi Shiquan and above" (see "Han Shu" Volume [-] "Kuang Heng Biography" Volume [-]
"Xue Propaganda"), etc.
The price of cattle is more than a thousand yuan, and the expensive one is more than three thousand yuan, which not only shows the difference in size and fatness of cattle, but also the relationship between supply and demand.
However, there is a record in the Han stele that a cow is worth [-] yuan.The remnant steles of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Pixian County, Sichuan Province were cited above. There are three places that say "one cow is worth five thousand" and "one cow is worth five thousand"①.Why is the price of cattle so expensive!The prices of fields and houses recorded in this remnant stele range from high to low due to different textures, but the prices of cattle and slaves are very uniform.Cattle are always divided into big and small, fat and thin, why are they all worth fifteen thousand?We infer that the remnants of steles should be the property of residents registered by the government of the Han Dynasty, according to which the books were collected and counted. Recounting is used to prevent wealthy households from gathering cattle and slaves in large numbers.If this conjecture is correct, then the value of a cow worth [-] yuan is not the real price, and the above conclusion that the price of cattle in the Han Dynasty was between more than [-] yuan and [-] to [-] yuan is still in line with reality.
Third, sheep price.
"Juyan Han Bamboo Notes" Volume 42, page [-]: "One sheep, nine hundred." On the same page: "One sheep, one thousand." This kind of sheep priced at nine hundred to one thousand yuan is very expensive. Yes, probably quite fat sheep, are not far from the lowest price of cattle.Judging from the price of sheep listed in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", it is generally worth more than a hundred to several hundred dollars per head.Juan [-] and Juan [-] of this book list four kinds of sheep prices, the cheap ones are more than [-] yuan, and the expensive ones are more than [-] yuan, reflecting the general situation of sheep prices in the Han Dynasty:
(1) The sheep price is 150.
(2) The price of sheep is 170 seven.
(3) The sheep price is five hundred.
(4) Sheep one, straight gold 21/590.Converted into money [-] five yuan.
This price of sheep worth hundreds of heads can also be confirmed in the newly unearthed Juyan Han bamboo slips.The above-quoted "Labor Messenger Crossing the Boundary Zhongfei" says:
Two sheep, straight five hundred. (EJT21:5)
"Taiping Yulan" Volume [-] quotes "Sou Shen Ji" saying: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Nanyang Song Dingbo sold ghost sheep, "sold for thousands of five hundred." "Sou Shen Ji" was originally a novel, and the theory of selling ghost sheep was repeated It is nonsense, and the price of sheep is not enough to be believed.
Fourth, the dog price.
In the Han Dynasty, generally speaking, sheep were more expensive than hogs, and hogs were more expensive than dogs, when the advantages and disadvantages, size, fat and thinness were roughly equal. This can be clearly seen in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic". The problem is that sheep are always the most expensive, followed by hogs and dogs.
"Juyan Han Bamboo Notes" Volume 61, page [-]: "Hu dog, straight six hundred." This should be a hunting dog, or an army used in the garrison
----------------
① Xie Yanxiang: "Remnant Monuments of the Eastern Han Dynasty Unearthed in Xipu, Pixian County, Sichuan", "Cultural Relics", No. 1974, 4.
Dogs are even more expensive than the highest price of sheep mentioned above.As for the price of food dogs, it is much lower. Volume [-] of "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" says:
The dog price is one hundred.
Volume Eight says:
The dog price is 120 one.
This is the general price for food dogs.
In addition, the price of playing dogs specially for the nobles to play and play is astonishingly expensive.For example, the fourth volume of "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" says: "Yang Bainian had a bulldog named Qing [Majiao], and he bought it for a hundred gold." A hundred gold is generally called expensive, not actually worth millions of dollars.Also, "Three Kingdoms·Wu Zhi" Volume [-] "Sun Hao Zhuan" notes "Jiang Biao Zhuan": "(He Ding) also ordered all the generals to get good dogs, and they all searched for them from thousands of miles away. One dog reaches thousands of horses (silk), The price of a royal dog with tassels is [-]." Of course, this very expensive dog price is only a very special case and cannot be regarded as a general price.
five cloth silk price
The prices of cloth and silk seen in the bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty include cloth, silk, silk, plain, and practice.Cloth is linen, which is the cheapest clothing material for the Han people.Silk is an ordinary silk fabric, and its price is slightly more expensive than cloth.Silk, or silk, is fine and colorful silk, and its price is so expensive that ordinary people can no longer wear it.Silk that has always been fine white is more expensive than silk.Practiced as a rare and precious variety of silk, it is the most expensive among cloth and silk.Now discuss them separately.
First, cloth price.
The price of a piece of cloth recorded in the Han bamboo slips is between two hundred and four hundred dollars.For example:
(1) Slip 547 of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
Nineteen pieces of eight-inch six-and-a-half-inch (big) half-inch cloth were produced in Guanghan, and the length was four thousand three hundred and twenty, and they were given to one hundred and one officials.
Volume 220 of "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Eighty strands of cloth are stalks." "Historical Records" Volume [-] "Xiaojing Benji", "Justice" and "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Wang Mang Biography" are all quoted Meng Kang said: "A piece of cloth means eighty strands." Therefore, cloth can be divided into seven strands, eight strands, nine strands, and ten strands, and eight strands of cloth is one kind of cloth.A piece of cloth and silk in the Han Dynasty is four feet or forty feet, and nineteen pieces of eight inches and half an inch are worth [-] yuan, which is equivalent to [-] yuan.
(2) On page 76 of Volume [-] of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips and Interpretations", it says:
Eight pieces of cloth and eight bolts, two hundred and thirty straight.
This should refer to the price of two hundred and thirty horses.Or there is a heavy text under the "horse", which has been worn off because of wear and tear, and because the original slips have not been seen, I dare not speculate.
(3) Slip 1656 of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
Yang Tong, who died in Beiqiu Gongli, Weijun, bought eight pieces of cloth and eight pieces, two hundred and thirty pieces, and one thousand eight hundred volumes.
(4) Note 2426 of the same book:
Jinglu [team 灬] died in Gaopingli, Linyi, Dongjun County, called Haiweng, and sold three pieces of nine-fold curved cloth, one thousand three pieces
One hundred and thirty-three, Fan Zhiqian.
Here, there are three pieces of "Fanzhiqian" in Yunbu, so the piece of cloth should be more than 330 yuan, and the first word "Qian" is obviously Yanwen.
The cloth price recorded in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" is very close to the price of two or three hundred yuan for this kind of horse.The second volume of the book said: "Today, I paid 370 yuan to buy nine pieces of cloth, two feet and seven feet. If you want to rate it, how much is it? The answer is: one piece is 240 four cents, 120 nine cents and 120 four cents." In Juan 120, there is a case where the price of a piece of cloth is more than a hundred dollars, and it is said: "Today there is a piece of cloth, and it costs [-] yuan." This should be the lowest price of cloth.
Second, silk price.
There are several bamboo slips in the Han Dynasty that recorded the price of silk, and now they are listed from cheap to expensive as follows:
(1) Slip 2044 of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
One thousand ninety pieces of silk, three feet five inches and half an inch, and three hundred and fifty-four thousand two hundred coins.
The equivalent price is 320 four yuan.
(2) Slip 1583 of the same book as above:
Twenty taels of silk from Hanoi, eight horses, one zhang, three feet, four inches, half an inch, straight two thousand nine seventy eight, and given to the envoys one
In the third year of Yuanfeng, the first month is the end of September, and the accumulation of August is less than half a month.
The price of a horse is more than 350 yuan.
(3) The same as the 2036th letter of the above book:
In the first month of June, I received twenty taels of silk in Hanoi, three □, two chi, less than half □, straight to 58 [-].
This slip is short of text, and according to the meaning of the text, the first "□" should be the word "ten".Carefully discerning from the photos and plates, the word "chi" in the interpretation should be a misinterpretation of the word "horse".After correction, the original text should be "32 horses less than half a horse, straight to 58 [-]." The equivalent price of a horse is [-] yuan.If the horse is interpreted as the ruler according to the "Juyan Han Jian Jia Bian", the price of the horse is more than [-] yuan, which does not make sense.
(4) The same as the 2428th letter of the above book:
Hou Shijin hoped that in the first month, he would offer two horses of silk straight to nine hundred.
The horse price is 450 yuan.
(5) The same as the 973th letter of the above book:
Two thousand eight hundred and sixty two, six bolts of silk bought by Zhao Dan.
The price of a horse is 470 yuan.
It can be seen that the price of silk is generally four to five hundred yuan.
One of the bamboo slips in the Han Dynasty records that the price of a horse with silk is 1149 yuan. "Juyan Han Jian Jia Bian" No. 13 Jian Yun: "You Shushi: 440 officials and chiefs, [-] horses, [-] feet, [-] inch and a half, and [-] [-] three." The equivalent price is exactly [-] money.This should be a rather special case.
Third, the price.
"Quick Sand Falling Bamboo Notes" Volume 42, pages 43-[-]:
Ren Chengguo Kangwen, one horse, two feet two inches wide, four feet long, 25 taels in weight, six hundred dollars
eighteen.
Rencheng was founded in the Yuanhe first year of Emperor Zhang, so here we are talking about the price of silk in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The price of a horse is generally six or seven hundred yuan, and it was the same in the Western Han Dynasty. Volume [-] of "Taiping Yulan" quoted "Customs of Customs" as saying: "(Linhuai and Huaihe two people) competed for the horses, and the prime minister Xue Xuanjue said: 'There are hundreds of money for horses, why are there so many!'"
There are several cases in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", which are also worth hundreds of horses.The second volume of the book:
Today, I have paid 720 yuan to buy a horse with two feet and one foot.
The matching price is more than 470 yuan.
Again Book Three:
Today, there is a piece of bamboo with a length of ten feet, and the price is directly 120.
The price of a horse is 510 yuan.
This horse, which costs more than [-] yuan, should be relatively inferior.Generally, the price of a horse should be six or seven hundred yuan.
There is a bamboo slip in "Juyan Han Jian Jia Bian" which records that the price of a horse is as expensive as more than 1205 yuan per horse.The 360th slip of the book says: "I am responsible for acting on behalf of Hu [Team 灬] Zhang Zhang amnesty: I bought a ten-zhang straight money of 408." But there are problems in the explanation of this slip.Lao [Che Yu] included this slip on page 360 in "The Department of Examination and Interpretation of Juyan Han Bamboo Slips", and divided "Qian 340" into another slip and put it on page [-]. Jane combined into one, not necessarily!Therefore, it cannot be determined based on this simplification that some of the horses in the Han Dynasty cost more than [-] yuan, and even if there were, it was an extremely special case.
Fourth, prime prices.
The price of plain horses is more expensive than silk, and the price of ordinary horses is around seven or eight hundred yuan.
(1) "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Section" page 358:
□Su Zhang six feet, straight 260 eight. [(7)284, 36]
The price of a horse is seven hundred and eight dollars.
(2) Slip 212 of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
Fenbohui uses Baisu two feet, straight [[-]].
The price of a horse is eight hundred.
(3) "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Section" page 333:
Buy Bai Su one foot, straight 250. [(472) 214, 26]
The price of a horse is one thousand dollars.This price is generally consistent with the literature records. The third volume of "Nine Chapters of Mathematical Sciences" says: "If you have five hundred dollars today, how much can you get?"In addition, "Taiping Yulan" volume [-] quoted "Ji Ran" and said: "Bai Su produced three assistants, eight hundred (horse)." The name of the three assistants only existed in the Western Han Dynasty. Here we talk about the situation in the Han Dynasty.
As for the rare and precious varieties of fine silk, it costs more than a thousand yuan a piece. "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Department" page 358:
One horse is trained in vain, and it costs four hundred. [(7)284, 36]
And the 247th slip of "Juyan Han Bamboo Series A":
The extermination of the captives [Team 灬] garrison soldier Liang Guomeng Dongyang Li public servant Zuo Xian said to himself: "So Le Zai [Team 灬] Chief Zhang Zhongshi
Zao Lian one horse, straight to one thousand two hundred, is actually seen in the history of Jiaqu Lingshi.
Also in the 1064th slip of the above book:
Ten stones to buy and train a horse, do not try until the middle of October, □ the mother's house.
The ten stones are probably grains and millets. At that time, the general grain price in Hexi was more than a hundred yuan, and the price of a horse was ten stones, which was also more than a thousand yuan.
According to this, in general, the price of cloth in the Han Dynasty was two to three hundred dollars for a horse, four to five hundred dollars for silk, six to seven hundred dollars for silk, seven or eight hundred dollars for plain cloth, and more than a thousand dollars for training.
Six clothing prices
The clothes of the Han Dynasty, some collars are worth hundreds of dollars, and some are worth thousands of dollars, all of which are found in Han bamboo slips.Most of the clothes made of silk and fur are worth more than a thousand or even thousands of dollars, while cloth clothes are worth only a few hundred dollars, or even cheaper.
"Quick Sand Falling Bamboo Notes" Volume 42, page [-]:
One collar of Li Long's Wenpao, straight 380; one collar, straight 450.
Also on page 29 of Volume [-] of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips and Interpretations":
The official attacked one leader, straight to two hundred and thirty.
The above did not explain what material the robe and skirt are made of, but evidence from other bamboo slips shows that a collar worth only a few hundred dollars must be made of cloth.For example, the 1373rd Jane of "Juyanhan Jianjia Series" says:
On July 350th, the deceased Zhang Zhonggong bought a single shirt with a soap cloth badge and a collar, and it cost [-] taels.
Another example is page 380 of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination, Interpretation and Interpretation":
The thirty-fourth soldier Lu [艹训] bought a collar of cloth for a robe, and it cost four hundred; he also bought soap cloth from Li Zhong, the soldier of Zhang. [(152)
49, 10〕
"Hanshu" Volume [-] "Shi Huo Zhi [-]" contains Li Kui's analysis of the expenditure of a medium-sized peasant household in a family of five, saying: "The per capita rate of clothing is three hundred, and five people spend one thousand five hundred per year. "Three hundred dollars per person, if it was in the Han Dynasty, could only make a collar of coarse cloth.
Silk and fur clothing are much more expensive, and only landlords and bureaucrats can wear them. The 187th slip of "Juyan Han Bamboo Series A":
In the second year of Jianshi's leap month, Bingxu, Jiaqu ordered Shi Dong Zifang to buy a collar from Ouweiqiu, a thousand hundred and fifty.
Note 902A of Ibid.:
In May of the first year of Yangshuo, Ding Weishuo, Bingchen, ...responsible for killing Prince En, the head of the North Right [Team], with an official robe, and went straight for thousands of years.
Five hundred dollars.
Also attach the 22nd slip to the above book:
In the third year of Yuanyan,... □□[Team 灬] The pawn Zhang said he was responsible, and the thirty-eighth [Team 灬] chief□□official robe
One collar, straight to 450□ask□.
Also on page 369 of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Textual Research and Interpretation Department":
I bought a collar of soap and practiced a robe for straight money of 55, which is counted today. [(69)1, [-]]
Such clothing prices are consistent with the cloth prices we discussed in the previous section.Han people generally need two feet of material for one collar for making a single robe, and one horse for one collar for making a double robe (the length of one foot in Han Dynasty is about 0.69 feet in the city).The price of Han cloth is generally three to four hundred yuan per piece, so a piece of cloth robe is worth two to three hundred yuan, and some is worth four to five hundred yuan.The price of training is generally more than [-] yuan per horse, so the collar of the training robe is worth more than [-] yuan, and some are worth more than [-] yuan.
Seven price
There are no less than hundreds of kinds of utensils seen in Han bamboo slips, and most of them are used for frontier fortresses, and most of them have no price records.Among them, some utensils with prices are recorded, and due to the lack of literature materials, it is impossible to conduct a comparative study on the prices of the same item.Only the prices of some of the utensils are listed below.
car price.
The family property of Hou Changlizhong mentioned in the second section above:
Two taels of bullock carts, four thousand straight.
Take a car and go straight to ten thousand.
Bullock carts are agricultural tools, and they are rough and simple to make, so one is only worth two thousand dollars.In addition, there are those who are only worth more than a thousand dollars each. The 1964 slip of "Juyanhan Bamboo Series A":
Where 58 taels, the money is 710 taels.
The car is worth more than 370 yuan.Also in the 1998th slip of the above book:
Eight taels on the right, with 770 six yuan.
The car is worth 340 yuan.The above two bamboo slips do not specify what kind of utensils they are, but they are priced in vehicles, and each vehicle is worth more than [-] yuan, so it can be concluded that it is the price of an ox cart or a simple horse-drawn cart.
Cars are much more expensive. "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Pingdi Ji" says: "Conquering the world to inform the Yijing, Guji, astronomy, calendar, Zhonglu, elementary school, history, Materia Medica and Five Classics, Analects, Erya, Xiaojing professors, I drive a rickshaw for what I do.” Shigu’s note: “Use a horse to drive a rickshaw to ride a rickshaw.” Therefore, a rickshaw is a kind of higher-level person’s car, so its price is more than five times that of an ox cart.
knife price.
Knives have different uses, advantages and disadvantages, so prices vary. The 1374th slip of "Juyan Han Bamboo Series A":
One stabbed saber, straight seven thousand.
The price of one knife is as high as seven thousand, so it can be seen that it is a precious knife, and it is definitely not the price of an ordinary knife. "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Yang Pu Biography" said: "If you want to ask for a Shu knife, ask the king how much it is? The answer is: the rate is hundreds." Said: You are in charge of the arsenal, and I asked you the price of the Shu knife, but you can only give a general answer, dereliction of duty, and serious mistakes.However, the Shu knife is also a very valuable utensil, so the price is several hundred yuan, which is generally not bad.As for hatchets, kitchen knives and craftsmen's knives, they are of course much cheaper.
Sword price.
Swords are weapons, and the swords used by general garrison officials cost hundreds of dollars each. "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips and Interpretations" Volume 16, page [-]:
Sword one, straight 650.
Also on page 73 of the same volume as above:
Sword one, straight seven hundred.
As for the price of the sword, it must be much more expensive than this.
bow price.
Page 369 of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination, Interpretation and Interpretation" says:
One slingshot, three hundred straight. [(59)462, 2]
"Juyan Han Bamboo Series A" No. 107:
Pay nine hundred and buy a bow.
If the missing text of the latter is "three", the price is the same as that of the former one.
seat price.
"Juyan Han Bamboo Series A" No. 2534:
Three feet and five inches of cattail seats, Guibu edge, two, three hundred straight.
The mat is impromptu, similar to today's straw mats and cattail mats, each worth 150 yuan.
Yu price.
"Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Part" page 428B:
Baby one, straight thirty, □□ placed.Infant one, Zhi seventy, □ four, June Xinhai six □.
[(162)123, 22]
Baby and Ying are the same sound, and they are used in ancient times.Yingnaiwa bowl. "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Han Xin Zhuan": "Using wooden poppy fou to cross the army to attack Anyi." Shigu's note: "Poppy fou is also called a bottle with a big belly and a small mouth." Therefore, the baby is the bowl.Lao [Che Yu] may have made a mistake when he attributed this brief description to wine and food.
Also on page 69 of Volume [-] of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips and Interpretations":
Thirteen big poppies, six small poppies, one thousand eight hundred and five dollars.
The average size is more than [-] yuan a piece.It is not far from the previous seventy coins.
Eight wine food prices
The price of wine depends on the quality of the wine. Generally, it is more than ten yuan to dozens of yuan per bucket, and sometimes it is called a thousand yuan for a bucket of wine. Volume [-] of "Taiping Yulan" quoted "Dian Lun" as saying:
At the end of Xiaoling, all officials drank wine, and the wine was worth a thousand dollars.
This is a special case.
Volume [-] of "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" says:
Today, there is a bucket of fine wine, which costs fifty dollars; and a bucket of wine, which costs ten dollars.
This is the general case.
The above-quoted "Labor Messenger Crossing the Boundary Zhongfei" says:
Two stones of wine, straight 280. (EJT21:6)
This is also the general price.
According to "Hanshu" Volume [-] "Zhaodi Ji", there is a record of "wine is worth four money".This should be a mistake of fighting, because Han people often write fighting as "sheng", which is easily confused with the word "sheng".This is to say that after the wine official sold it, the price of the wine was so cheap that it cost four dollars.
The price of meat varies depending on the type of meat, and it is generally a few dollars per catty. "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Section" page 351:
One hundred catties of meat, seven hundred straight. [(584)]
What kind of meat is not specified, probably beef, mutton and the like.When we discussed the price of livestock above, we calculated that one sheep cost several hundred dollars at that time, and at least two fat sheep would cost a hundred catties of meat. Therefore, seven dollars per catty of mutton was equivalent to the price of several hundred dollars per sheep.
There is a detailed account on page 428C of "Juyan Bamboo Slips of Textual Research and Interpretation", from which we can get a glimpse of the prices of various meats in Juyan area at that time:
head sixty liver fifty
Lung sixty over twenty milk twenty
Stomach one hundred [upper than lower] one hundred coins, ten coins and twenty tongues
Width Thirty Heart Thirty Realms Ten
□ Huang Jiang Ten □ Ten
Three Hundred Bowels
Selling straight six stones, seventeen, four and fifty. [(252)286, 21 backs]
Also on page 431 of the above book:
One cow [Yuejin], female, straight sixty. [(535) 217, 29]
The previous brief did not specify the head, lungs, liver, etc. of the livestock, but it is certain that they are large livestock such as cows and horses.A sheep's head, liver, lungs, milk, tongue, stomach, heart, etc. must not be worth more than three hundred dollars.
During the Han Dynasty, salt was the bulk of the exchange.However, there is no record of salt price in the Han bamboo slips.It is probably because salt is a monopoly of the government, and the salt used by the guards is rationed by the government, rather than purchased.There is a piece of material in the literature that the stone price of salt in the Eastern Han Dynasty is [-], which is probably a par price. "Book of Later Han" Volume [-] "Biography of Yu Xu" quotes "Book of Continued Han" and says: "When Xu arrived (Wudu), there are thousands of valleys and stones, eight thousand salt stones, and three thousand households. Eighty rice stones, four hundred salt stones."
During the Han Dynasty, there were many wine and restaurant restaurants in the market, and many famous people were born as restaurant servants.It is not a problem for this kind of restaurant to sell wine. Does it also sell meals?According to the "Hanshu" Volume 99 "Wang Mang Biography": "Wang Ye... is to take the rice and meat soup sold in the market and hold it into view. Mang said: the people's food is so salty." It seems that there are also food for sale in the market. shop.
Judging from other materials, it seems that it costs fifteen yuan to eat a meal, and one yuan to drink water. Volume [-] of "Tongyi Tongyi" and "Yanli" say: "Hao Zilian in Taiyuan couldn't eat when he was hungry, and he couldn't get clothes when he was cold. He didn't take anything from others. He once had a meal with his sister, and left [-] yuan to sit under the mat silently. Drinking water every time , and often cast a penny in the well.” Whether the food on the market is fifteen yuan a meal is missing in the literature, so we have to doubt it.
Zhao Qi's "San Fu Jue Lu" (Huang Shi's collection) said: "(Zhao Qi) hides his name, buys clothes and clothes, and sells cakes in Anqiu, Beihai. A little inspection of the extraordinary people, asked: "Is there a cake evil?" Said: "Sell it." Song said: "How much to buy? How much to sell?" Qi said: "Buy thirty, sell thirty." "①One piece of cake is thirty dollars
--------------
① This story can also be found in the "Three Kingdoms · Wei Zhi" volume [-] "Yan Wen Biography" citing "Wei Lue · Yongxia
The Biography of Sun Binshuo, the text is slightly different.
Too expensive, here should be the price of a book of cakes.
Nine helper price
In the Juyan Han bamboo slips, there are two specific and clear records of the monthly wages of helpers:
First, on page 412 of "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination, Interpretation and Interpretation":
The monthly value is four hundred and twenty-four, and the payment is two hundred and thirty, where 660 is less than eighty. [(B20) 326, 6]
Second, on page 324 of the same book:
From November to February, accumulate April, until 426. [(226) 17, [-]]
The format of this second article is similar to the format for distributing garrison salaries in the Han bamboo slips, so some people suspect that it is not the servant's price but the salary.Actually this is wrong.In the Han bamboo slips, those who say "straight" must refer to the price, without exception, as evidenced by the countless examples cited above.Here it is said that the total of "two thousand eight hundred" in four months is the wages of course.However, in the Han Bamboo Bamboo Slips, the “money for the salary” must be clearly recorded in the payment of salaries. This can be proved by several examples in the “Juyan Han Bamboo Series A”:
(1) 20 yuan of money for the end of April and June has been paid. (chapter [-])
(2) The money for the three months of October and December has been paid, and the money has been paid. (Chapter 198)
(3) Before the end of the first month, three thousand and six hundred money accumulated for three months has been paid (No. 246)
(4) Ten (misinterpreted in "Part A", it should be the word "seven") has been paid for six months at the end of nine months and three months.
thousand. (chapter 1059)
(5) The first month of the first three years has not been obtained, and the three months of the three months have been accumulated for three months. (chapter 1894)
(6) From April to June in the first year of the first year, the money accumulated in March will be 2111 yuan. (Chapter [-])
It can be seen from this that the format of the "straight [-]" mentioned above is by no means the same as the "how much money for use" mentioned here, and it is undoubtedly the monthly wages of the helpers.That is to say, the monthly salary of helpers in Hexibian County in the Han Dynasty was between [-] and [-] renminbi.According to literature records, the wages of helpers in the Mainland range from more than [-] yuan to nearly [-] yuan per month.For example, Volume [-] of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" has a calculation question using the price of a servant as an example, saying: "There is a bail today, and the price is [-] for one year old. Today, I will take [-]. What is the day?" [-], the monthly price is only more than [-].
In addition, the fourth and fifth volumes of "Qunshu Zhiyao" quoted Cui Shi's "Political Theory" of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and talked about the wages of servants: "A man who is a long-term official for a hundred miles... For a month's salary, he will get twenty millet and two thousand dollars. Chang Although the official wants to respect the covenant, he should still have one follower, and if he has no slaves, he will take the guest again, and the guest will be mediocre for a thousand months." This is a passage called poor by the minions of the feudal regime, which says that the monthly price of a servant is one thousand , while exaggerating, it's actually not that expensive.Therefore, the monthly price of domestic helpers in the Hexi area quoted above in the Han bamboo slips should be the general situation in the Han Dynasty.
The government of the Han Dynasty had regulations on the practice of more parity for two thousand months. "Han Shu" Volume [-] "Gou Wei Zhi" says: "The river-governing soldiers are not those who receive Pingjia, but for the six months of foreign corvee." The note quotes Ruchun said: "Law said, Pingjia January, get two thousand money "Also "Historical Records" Volume [-] "Wu Wangbi Biography": "Zu Jianchang, Noir and Ping Jia." "Justice" says: "The poor want to hire more money, and the next straight ones pay money to hire him, on the second month Thousands." This means that the government of the Han Dynasty hired people to control the river, or the people hired people to perform corvee on their behalf, and the official government set a flat price of two thousand per month.The parity price of this kind of official labor must be much higher than the private wages, because only in this way can the employers pay more to restrict them from hiring (avoiding) slaves, so that the employees can get more benefits than others. Generally, helpers pay higher wages, but they are willing to practice more, so as to encourage people to serve corvee.At the same time, from the "Biography of Wu Wangbi", it is difficult to get the parity stipulated by the government for hired people, so Liu Bi used the method of "Zui and Pingjia" to buy people's hearts.Therefore, [-] yuan per month is by no means the average price of private servants, and it cannot be used to deny the general monthly wages of [-] to [-] yuan in the Han bamboo slips.
There are also three articles about the wages of servants in "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips Examination and Interpretation Department".On page 258 of the book:
□Cheng Chenglu Juyan died Li Mingchang Gu Qian 51. [(116)40, [-]]
page 57:
In the middle, the king of Lijue, who is not in trial in the same county, came to hire Jia Qian with 269 yuan. [(159)23, [-]]
page 453:
Zhangye Juyanku died Wu Ben, a doctor in Yangli, Luhunhe, Hongnong County, at the age of twenty-four, hired a doctor in Yangli in Tongxian County
Zhao Qin, twenty-nine years old, Jia twenty-nine thousand. [(124)107, 2]
None of these items stated how much time they paid for "Gu Qian" or "Min Jia Qian", and it was impossible to determine how much their monthly wages were.It is obviously unfounded to insist that the first [-] yuan is one month's wages, and the second [-] yuan is two months' wages①.
To sum up, the following opinions can be drawn on the wages of domestic helpers in the Han Dynasty:
(1) The "parity price" stipulated by the government is [-] yuan per month, but this is just an empty letter to encourage people to serve and restrict people to avoid service, except for Liu Bi who "soldiers and soldiers" in order to achieve political goals and buy people's hearts. Except for "Pingjia", it has never been practiced at all;
(2) The general wages of domestic servants in the folk should be four to five hundred yuan or seven to eight hundred yuan per month.Such wages do not include the food and drink of the servant himself, so when Cui Shi calculates the expenses for the "Hundred Li Chief Official", he counts the food of the servant as the owner's account;
(3) Different times, different regions, different types of work, and different ages and physiques of helpers will all affect the wages, so there is a big gap in the wages in the Han bamboo slips and literature.
------------------
① See Jian Bozan: Wage Labor in the Han Dynasty, p. 375 of "Historical Issues".
[-] slave price
Slaves are people, not things.But in a society where there is a slave trade, slaves are treated like objects, so there is also a price in the exchange. On page 455 of "The Department of Textual Research and Interpretation of Juyan Bamboo Bamboo Slips of Han Dynasty", Hou Changlizhong's family property is listed as follows:
Two small slaves, up to [-];
One maid, [-].
[-] renminbi per person for a maidservant and [-] renminbi per person for a minor slave were the normal prices for slaves in the Han Dynasty, roughly the same as the prices for slaves and maidservants recorded in literature. Volume [-] of "Quan Han Wen" contains the King of Han's "Tong Yue" and said: "On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in the third year of Shenjue, Wang Ziyuan, a man from Zizhong, bought his dead husband from Yang Hui, a woman from Anzhili, Chengdu. Fifty thousand." It's already a beard, of course it's not a slave, probably because it's old, so it's the same price as the slave in the Han bamboo slips.
Also, volume three and five of "Yiwen Leiju" quoted "Customs of the Customs" and said: "Nanyang Pangjian begged the master of Cangtou to make cattle and horses to farm, and he paid [-] yuan." A slave who can make cattle and horses to do farming is naturally strong and strong. , so it is worth [-].
There is a story in "Dong Guan Han Ji" that when Zhu Hui was the county governor, Ruan Kuang, the prefect, married a daughter and wanted to buy Hui's maidservant as a dowry. The price of a maid is given to the Kuang family, and the price of three gold is not far from the price of a maid.
During the Han and Wei Dynasties, real objects were used instead of coins, so the value of silk was used to buy and sell slaves and maidservants. "Three Kingdoms·Wei Zhi" Volume [-] "Wang Chang's Biography" quotes "Ren Gu's Farewell Biography" and said: "Buy raw animals together with others, each hires eight horses, and the younger ones come to redeem, and the current price is [-] horses. Buyers together If you want to redeem at any time, you can take the original price of eight horses. If you buy it together, you will also get the original price." The so-called eight horses and sixty horses are silk and the like.Since the number of people who were accomplices with Ren Gu is unknown, the purchase price is unknown.The redemption price has risen to [-] horses. According to the price of [-] to [-] yuan for silk horses, [-] horses are about [-] yuan, which is similar to the price of slaves and maidservants recorded in the Han bamboo slips and "Tongyao".
Therefore, it can be considered that the price of slaves and maidservants in the Han Dynasty was generally [-] to [-] yuan per person, although they varied according to age, physical strength, and ability.
Among the remnants of the Eastern Han Dynasty monuments unearthed in Pixian County, Sichuan Province in recent years, there are three records of the total value of the five slaves:
Five people, up to [-].
Nu □, □□, □ Sheng, maidservant Xiao, Nu Sheng, and five people, totaling [-].
Nu Li, Nu □, □ Rat, and five people, totaled [-] ②.
--------------
① "Book of the Later Han" Volume [-] "Zhu Hui Biography" notes and quotes "East View of the Han Dynasty".
②Xie Yanxiang: "Remnant steles of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Xipu, Pixian County, Sichuan", "Cultural Relics", No. 1974, 4.
We have already mentioned in the fourth section above that the price of cattle and slaves recorded in this stele is very special. Regardless of size, fat or thin, they are all the same price.This is probably a basis for the government to collect and count taxes, not the real price of slaves.Therefore, it is more realistic to say that the price of slaves and maidservants in the Han Dynasty is generally [-] to [-] yuan.
Author: Plumber Published on: Thursday, August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Academic Value.——
Mr. Wu Gou Xuean:
All the papers posted have academic value!
Unknown as original or cited?Can you please advise?
In addition, I would like to ask for the author's consent to post it in traditional Chinese instead of our site's literature database (non-commercial).
(Documents and discussion areas of Chinese historiography and cultural relics:
)
thanks!
Author: Mr. Wu Gou Published on: Thursday, August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article subject: Reply to plumbers——
All posts signed by Mr. Wu Gou are my old works, welcome to repost.Hope to keep in touch too.
Author: Plumber Published on: Thursday, August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Thanks and Advice!——
Thank you sir for agreeing!
It really makes Qing Leng Xiaozhan rich in connotation, and I also hope that there will be more exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait history!
After our site converts the article into traditional Chinese for proofreading, it will be reviewed by you; however:
Whether it is convenient to tell the honorable name, one is to respect the academic circle, and the other is to protect the rights and interests of the author.
E-MAIL:[email protected]
Our site URL: (Qingteng Bookstore), please give us your criticism!
(traditional)
(Simplified)
(Historical Literature Area)
(Historical News Area)
(Information Technology and Historiography ^)
By: Plumber Posted on: Thursday Aug 26, 2004 7:16 pm Post Subject: Thanks! ——
This good article by Mr. has been published in traditional Chinese at:
Please take the time to review and express our highest thanks!
Author: You Xia Published on: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article subject: I am a troublesome person——
[color=#DC143C] Click it.Brother Hydro.Sorry. [/color][em24]
Author: Plumber Posted on: Thursday Aug 26, 2004 7:16 pm Post Subject: Thank you! ——
thank you!Why do you say sorry?
Author: Dodo Posted on: Thu Aug 26, 2004 7:16 pm Post Subject: ——
It turned out to be Mr. Xu Yangjie. This article was published in "On Chinese Literature and History". "History of Chinese Family System" in Chaoxing.
(End of this chapter)