Problems that are difficult for scientists to understand

Chapter 13 Ancient Civilization Tracing (1)
The Mystery of Loulan Ancient City
Thousands of years ago, the ancient country of Loulan was the most fascinating and beautiful paradise on the Silk Road; thousands of years later, it became the most fascinating puzzle on the Silk Road.Its former prosperity and later mysterious disappearance have left people with endless reveries and sighs.

In 1979, archaeologists conducted a comprehensive inspection of the Loulan site and discovered the Loulan ancient tomb that shocked the world.These tombs are made up of circles of logs, and the outer logs are arranged radially, and the whole shape is like a sun.These burials prove that as early as prehistoric times, there was already a relatively developed civilization in this area.In these ancient tombs, what people see is the well-preserved mummies that have been sleeping for more than 4000 years.

One of these mummies is a woman, whose naked body is wrapped in an exquisite blanket. The beauty of that year is still faintly discernible, and is known as the "Loulan Beauty". "Loulan Beauty" is the earliest and well-preserved female corpse unearthed in my country.As to which ethnic group she belonged to, different views have been put forward.Because the "Loulan beauty" has a sharp appearance and looks more like a foreigner, some people say that in ancient times, a group of Indo-Europeans lived in Loulan, far away from Europe.With the advancement of science, anthropologists have studied the "Loulan Beauty" from the perspective of genes and found that she is closer to the ancient Afghans.However, until now, it is still unclear where the "Loulan beauty" is from.

Around the 4th century AD, the ancient kingdom of Loulan disappeared from the history books.Archaeologists have discovered that although there are a large number of precious artifacts, silk fabrics and coins in the Loulan site, no large number of bones have been found, which shows that this is a city that has long been abandoned.So, what kind of disaster did it encounter, which made it disappear from history, and where did its descendants go?This is still an unsolved mystery.

The Unsolved Mystery of Sanxingdui's History

Located on the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan Province, the Sanxingdui site is one of the most famous achievements of early archaeology. In the 20s, the Sanxingdui site was accidentally discovered, which quickly attracted many archaeologists. In a few days, more than 20 pieces of jade were unearthed here. In 600, people dug two sacrificial pits here.

Thousands of incomparably exquisite bronze, jade and gold objects were unearthed there.The Sanxingdui site soon attracted the attention of the world because of its long history, exquisite cultural relics, unique culture and unsolved mysteries.

Later, people excavated and confirmed the east wall, west wall and south wall of the ancient city here.Therefore, experts agree that the Sanxingdui site was originally an ancient city.Experts have also studied the age of the Sanxingdui site, ranging from the Neolithic period at the earliest to the early two weeks at the latest, with a time span from 5000 years ago to 3100 years ago.Experts also speculate that this is the center of the ancient Shu Kingdom that lasted the longest on the Chengdu Plain.

So, what kind of country was the ancient Shu Kingdom whose capital was in Sanxingdui?How did its citizens create such a rich and exquisite culture?Where is the source of this culture?
During the research process, the experts found that the bronze statues unearthed in Sanxingdui are not the product of the culture in the Central Plains of my country.Some portraits are very strangely sculpted: high nose bridge, deep eye sockets, prominent cheekbones, and pierced ears, not like Chinese, but like "foreigners".So people speculate that the Sanxingdui civilization may be a mixed civilization.

People have been arguing about the culture of Sanxingdui and regard it as an unsolved mystery. The main reason is that none of the artifacts unearthed in Sanxingdui contain written information.Writing is an essential element of civilization for a nation. Why is Sanxingdui excellent in all aspects, but there is no writing?This is really puzzling.However, archaeologists have discovered some symbolic patterns with specific meanings from some unearthed cultural relics.We call this symbolic pattern the Bashu symbol.Historians have not been able to decipher these symbols so far, and what these symbols symbolize have yet to be verified.

The Mystery of the Destruction of Pompeii
Pompeii is an ancient city with a long history in the Campania region in the southwest corner of the Italian peninsula, only 10 kilometers away from Mount Vesuvius.On August 79, AD 8, Mount Vesuvius erupted suddenly.In an instant, the ash from the volcano covered the sky and the sun, and hot magma flowed in all directions.Pompeii suffered the destruction of the city, and almost all the residents were killed.

But Pompeii is still a certain distance from the volcano. Why didn't the residents escape in time?How did they die?
Some scientists have analyzed that when the volcano erupted, the air was polluted by the diffuse volcanic ash, and the toxic elements such as sulfur and phosphorus contained in the volcanic ash also spread.

In recent years, archaeologists have discovered that Pompeii's formations present multiple layers of "zones" of different colors.They isolated some dusty substances unique to magma and volcanic ash from the lower "zone", and pointed out that these substances may be the real "murderer" who killed the citizens of Pompeii.Is this really the case?People can only make an answer if they find more evidence.

The Unsolved Mystery of Stonehenge

The famous Stonehenge site is located in the Salisbury Moor area of ​​southern England.Stonehenge has a history of more than 4700 years. It is like an ancient giant walking across time and space, silently guarding this mysterious and charming wilderness.

The main body of the stone array is several complete concentric circles arranged by huge stone pillars.The periphery of Stonehenge is a ring-shaped mound and ravine about 90 meters in diameter.Close to the inner side of the mound, there are 56 equidistant pits forming a circle. The pits are filled with ash and mixed with human ashes.

These potholes and trenches form the entrance to Stonehenge, and at its opening stands a single monolith.Legend has it that it once hit the devil's heel, so it is called "heel stone".

The architectural scale and engineering difficulty of Stonehenge were simply unimaginable to early humans.

It was built 700 years earlier than the oldest pyramid in Egypt.Who actually built Stonehenge?Some people think that this is the tomb built by the Celts, the early local residents. Some people think that it is the temple built by the ancient Romans for the god of Silas.

It has even been suggested that the construction stones of Stonehenge were transported from more than 160 kilometers away.Mining, transporting, and hoisting such a huge stone block, no one can complete such a huge project except a master with superb technology. Therefore, Stonehenge and the pyramid are very likely to be in the hands of the same master.

So, what is the purpose of Stonehenge?Some scholars believe that Stonehenge is an astronomical observation instrument in ancient times, and some scholars believe that Stonehenge is a special device for primitive people to hunt, but more scholars say that Stonehenge is purely a religious place for ancient people to hold sacrifices.There are also some scholars who simply regard Stonehenge as a kind of culture, because the ancients admired the perseverance and mighty like a boulder, and yearned for the firmness and firmness like a boulder.

In 1977, British scholars detected a strong ultrasonic signal near Stonehenge.After research, the ultrasonic signal was actually sent by Stonehenge!How did the ancients know about ultrasound in the era of slash-and-burn farming?Could it be the masterpiece of aliens?For hundreds of years, people have been caught in the painstaking exploration of Stonehenge.

where did the megaliths on easter island come from
There are more than 450 strange stone statues on Easter Island, each 10 meters high and weighing more than 90 tons.Carved almost entirely from a single block of boulder, they had long faces and ears, straight noses, sunken eye sockets, and a dull expression.The strange thing is that all the stone statues look exactly the same.Dozens of stone statues also wear clumsy stone hats, which are painted bright red, as if to show that they are different.

The indigenous inhabitants of Easter Island, the Polynesians, settled on the island around the 12th century.Why did they create such huge and numerous statues of human faces on the island?
According to the analysis of some psychologists, it may be that the residents of the island want to obtain some kind of sustenance and happiness from this artistic labor in the lonely and boring life of being isolated from the outside world for a long time.It may also be that they are mentally trapped in depression and emptiness, and they want to express a fanatical religious belief by building giant stone statues in order to obtain some kind of relief.It may also be to create a psychological deterrent to the wild animals that haunt the island or the foreign invaders who enter the island.Their true motives are still unknown.

Scientists found no machinery or means of transport on the island.How did people in ancient times transport these huge and bulky stone statues to the place where they were placed?It is generally believed that the huge stones on the island were moved to their resting places on logs.This explanation is actually unreasonable.Because the sea breeze is very strong, there are almost no trees on the island; moreover, according to scientists' calculations, it takes 15000 people to work non-stop for 1000 years to carve these stone statues.

Yet the island is so desolate that it cannot feed even 2000 people.It seems impossible for the residents of the island to carve out these huge stone statues on the hard volcanic rock with primitive tools.Others believe that the maker of the stone statue may have wrapped a rope around the stone statue, pulling it from left to right, and moved it bit by bit.However, this method requires the rope to have strong toughness, and there are almost no plants on the island that can be twisted into high-tenacity ropes.

Fog shrouded Easter Island, challenging human imagination, perhaps only those silent stone statues can solve this endless mystery.

Do prehistoric civilizations really exist?
How can people think of "prehistoric civilization" without those puzzling "evidences"

this phrase?But these things were discovered, and people had to connect them with prehistoric civilization.

According to some evidence left over from ancient times on the earth, some scientists infer that before human civilization appeared, there was once (or several times) human civilization on the earth, but it disappeared due to some geological disasters or other force majeure reasons.This is the so-called prehistoric civilization.

Did prehistoric civilization really exist?Is it just an unfounded assumption by some historians?This is the question that many people are asking, and it is also one of the greatest mysteries in the history of human civilization.

In 1880, a group of exquisite stone tools were unearthed nearly 5500 meters underground in Mount Taibo, California, USA, which were identified as relics of 1968 million years ago. In 6500, archaeologists Juxter and Sarfati discovered some different types of metal pipes in a limestone layer in France, and the age of the rock layer was 28 million years.It can be traced back to the hundreds of exquisite metal balls unearthed in the Clark Mountains of South Africa, [-] billion years ago.

The experience of archaeologist Juan Amanta is equally thought-provoking.In Prilawa, Mexico, he found a broken iron spear head in the jawbone fossil of an animal, which was identified as a weapon 26 years ago.

Based on these undeniable facts, some scholars put forward the theory of prehistoric civilization.They argue that human development is not as previously thought, but rather cyclical.There are different civilizations on the earth in different periods, and the catastrophes on the earth in different periods destroyed the civilizations at that time, and even exterminated most of the creatures at that time.Those lucky enough to survive, start from the original state, reproduce and develop, enter the next civilization, and be destroyed in the next global disaster, repeating itself, following the law of "birth-development-death", repeating the cycle.Everything develops in cycles.People have birth, old age, sickness, and death, and plants and animals also have birth, old age, illness, and death. The development of society is cyclical.Similarly, the development of human beings is also likely to be cyclical, which can be found through the various relics of prehistoric human civilizations excavated and discovered today and the tools left by prehistoric humans in the Stone Age.

So, what destroyed prehistoric civilizations?Many scientists believe that the destruction is caused by periodic disasters, while others believe that the destruction is caused by alien forces.But so far, these have become puzzles that linger in people's minds, just like the existence of ancient civilizations.

The Mystery of Prehistoric Footprints
According to the viewpoint of evolutionary culture, human beings evolved from ancient apes.From the ancient ape to the human has gone through a long process of ape man, hominid and homo sapiens, and the emergence of homo sapiens is only tens of thousands of years.So, where did the footprint fossils similar to modern humans found now come from?
In 1938, the footprints of dinosaurs living in the Cretaceous period were found in the bed of the Laxey River in Texas, USA. Archaeologists were surprised to find 12 human footprints fossils at the same time nearly half a meter away from the dinosaur footprint fossils, even There is a human footprint superimposed on a three-toed dinosaur footprint.Cut the fossil from the middle, and found that the section under the footprint has compression marks, which cannot be done by imitation products, and it is obviously not a fake.In addition, human finger fossils and an artificial hammer were found in the same rock formation nearby, and a part of the handle was still tightly attached to the hammer's head.The head of this hammer contains 96.6% iron, 0.74% sulfur and 2.6% chlorine.This is a very strange alloy, and it is impossible to create this kind of chlorine and iron metal.What remains of the handle has been turned to coal.To turn into coal in a short period of time, the entire formation needs three-toed dinosaurs and human footprints interlaced to generate considerable pressure and a certain amount of heat.If the hammer is dropped in the crevice of the stone, due to insufficient pressure and temperature, there will be no process of coalescing the handle.This means that the hammer was there when the rock formation hardened and solidified.The rock formations where the artificial tools were found are consistent with the rock formations where the dinosaur footprints are located, while no dinosaur footprints or artificial tools have been found in other rock formations.This shows that humans and dinosaurs did live in the same era.

Trilobites were creatures that existed between 5.4 million and 2.5 million years ago and have long been extinct.In the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of Antelope Springs, Utah, American scientist Meister actually found the footprints of an adult wearing casual shoes and a child's footprints, about 26 centimeters long and 12.7 centimeters wide, embedded in the rock formation, just in one On top of a trilobite fossil.It was identified by the famous chemist Melvin.A.Cook of the University of Utah that this is indeed a human footprint.

In 1976, a research team led by the famous archaeologist Mary D. Leakey discovered a group of footprints very similar to the characteristics of modern humans in northern Tanzania, Africa, and the eastern line of the Great Rift Valley in Africa. Footprints on volcanic sedimentary rock.According to radioactive measurements, the volcanic ash sedimentary rock has a history of 340 million to 380 million years.There are two strings of footprints, parallel and next to each other, extending about 27 meters.

It is evident from these footprints that its soft tissue anatomy is distinctly different from that of apes.When human beings walk, gravity is transmitted from the heel, through the outer arch of the foot, the ball of the big toe, and finally to the big toe, which is straight forward.When orangutans and australopithecus walk upright, the gravity is transmitted from the heel, but is transmitted to the middle toe through the outside of the foot, and the big toe protrudes sideways.

What do these footprints indicate?Are they really the footprints of prehistoric humans?
Did "Sky Gardens" Really Exist?

The "Sky Garden", which is also a world miracle, has a very different fate from the ancient Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China, because it has long since disappeared.Archaeologists are not willing to be lonely, and follow the clues provided by the literature one after another, looking for the remains of the "sky garden" and trying to find its original appearance. It cannot be said that there is no success, but we must continue to work hard.

When it comes to the ancient Babylonian civilization, the first thing that makes people talk about and imagine is the "hanging garden".

It is known as one of the seven wonders of the world.

Of course, Babylon's "hanging gardens" were never hung in the air. The origin of this name is purely because people combined the Greek "kremastos" and the Latin "pensilis" which meant "protruding" in addition to "hanging". Due to mistranslation.

For thousands of years, there has been a beautiful and moving legend about the "Sky Garden".The new Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (reigned from 605 BC to 562 BC) married Medes, the princess of Medes, as his queen.The princess is beautiful and lovely, and won the king's favor.But as time went on, the princess gradually became sad.Nebuchadnezzar did not know why.The princess said: "My hometown is full of lush green mountains and overgrown with flowers and grasses. But here is the endless Babylonian plain, and I can't even find a small hill. How I long to see the mountains and winding trails of my hometown again!" It turned out that the princess got homesick. sick.Therefore, Nebuchadnezzar II asked the craftsmen to build layered terraced gardens in his palace according to the scenery of the Medes mountains.It is full of exotic flowers and plants, and a quiet mountain path has been opened in the garden, with gurgling water beside the path.The craftsmen also built a tower in the middle of the garden, standing in the air.The ingenious garden scenery finally won the favor of the princess.

It can be seen that the "sky garden" is not a garden "suspended" in the sky as in the legend, but just a metaphor for people.Because the garden is higher than the palace wall, it feels like the entire imperial garden is suspended in the air, so it is called "sky garden", also known as "hanging garden". The "Sky Garden" itself is strange and spectacular, and perhaps no other garden can compare with it.

(End of this chapter)