Poetry is innocent

Chapter 1 General Discussion on the Study of The Book of Songs (1)
"The Book of Songs" is an excellent treasure handed down from ancient times, and its literary value has some transcendent qualities.Since the Jin people, there have been quite a few people who have purely appreciated its diction, but from ancient times to the present, the discussions about it are very complicated. Before we study it ourselves, let’s see how many types and opinions there are in the past 2000 years. Can it be used as a reference for our own research?
People's concept of poetry in the Spring and Autumn Period: the last poem in the "Three Hundred Poems" discusses the matter to Song Xianggong, in "Shang Song"; "From Xia Nan" is a song for posterity, and this poem is especially late, almost past the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, to the late period.The earliest poems are not easy to distinguish. The ones without rhyme in "Zhou Song" are probably very early, but "Zhou Song" is definitely not all early.Legend has it that "Shimai", "Wu", "Huan" and "Lai" were all written by Zhou Wengong after King Wu conquered Shang ("Guoyu" and "Zuo Zhuan"), but such legends, and Xi Si's "Lu Song" are exactly the same. It is unreliable to test my father's "Shang Song", but "Ya" and "Song" always contain a lot of things from the Western Zhou Dynasty, and some of them may be very early.

It is difficult to determine the age of a genre of wind, because folk lyrics can be circulated for a long time, and after many changes, they can be written: for example, many of the songs written by people today are very long-lasting things, but the things written down come later. . "Bin Feng·July" is a year-old song of farmers under the feudal system, and it is the most difficult to determine its origin and flow.

All the love poems in "Wind" may be time-tested because of the differences in language and titles, but the language records may have been rewritten by later generations (for example, "I have changed my car" to me, as evidenced by Shigu Wen , I and I are quite different from each other).There is no other simultaneous book to reflect the difference in titles, and the stories and emotions since Adam and Eve are not from the Zhou, Han and Tang Dynasties, so is it not too difficult to determine the age of these things?However, in "Guofeng", except for Bin and Nan, the names of the people mentioned are all from the Spring and Autumn Period, and the most poems in the Spring and Autumn Period are always in the Spring and Autumn Period. If there are differences among countries, some names from the Yin Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty are used instead, such as Bei, Wei and Tang. Although the words are late, there must be a very early history of the customs of various countries.

Roughly speaking, part of the era of the "Three Hundred Poems" is in the second half of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and part of it is in the early and middle period of the Spring and Autumn Period.This can be assumed, at least for now.Then, if there are still many remains of the Spring and Autumn Period, these things are not difficult to determine. Unfortunately, there is only one treasure of "Guoyu" in the records of the Spring and Autumn Period. Unfortunately, this treasure was split into two books at the end of the Han Dynasty. So many are intentionally falsified that we are not allowed to use them casually now.But if we want to know the role of "Poetry" in the Spring and Autumn Period, we still have to rely on this book, but we must be careful when using its materials.

I think there is such a standard for us to quote the materials on "Poetry" in "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guo Yu": whoever agrees with "Zuo Zhuan", "Guo Yu" and "Mao Yi" should be placed, and I am afraid it will be them There is embarrassment in the middle, which was added and modified by scholars who governed ancient literature at the end of the Western Han Dynasty; any discrepancies between "Zuo Zhuan", "Guoyu" and "Maoyi" are valuable materials, because these are obviously not added by scholars who governed ancient literature, but rather It is an old material that has survived being altered.

The difficulty for us to read ancient books lies in the fact that the real and the false are mixed together. There are fake materials in the real books, such as "Historical Records"; there are real materials in the fake books, such as "Zhou Li"; "Guoyu"; fake books have the real face, such as the fake "Guwen Shangshu" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Just like the difficulties in the world, the difficulty lies in the fact that it is very difficult to distinguish between good people and bad people. "The difference between the two is turbid", and reading about the world will be troublesome from then on.

Closer to home, I took the materials of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu" to ask for the use of "Poetry" in the Spring and Autumn Period. I can't predict how much the result will be without doing this work. "The use of "The Analects" is no different from the use of "Poetry" in "The Analects of Confucius".First, the "Poetry" was learned by the scholar-bureaucrats of various countries, and they used the rhetoric to write well;

When it comes to the relationship between "Poetry" and Confucius, the first thing to ask is "Did Confucius delete poems?" The most clear about the deletion of poems is "Historical Records": "There are more than [-] poems in the ancients, and even Confucius, remove the others. Emphasis, what can be applied to etiquette and righteousness, the first is to pick the deeds of the Houji, the middle is to describe the prosperity of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and to the lack of sternness. It begins with the banquet, and there are three hundred and five chapters. Music can be described from this." This statement is obviously inconsistent with the Analects itself. The term "Three Hundred Poems" is frequently seen in "The Analects of Confucius", so this term was already a ready-made noun at that time.If you delete three thousand poems and think that three hundred is a matter for Confucius, it is inconvenient for Confucius to use this term so readily.Let's look at the poems quoted in "The Analects of Confucius" and what we see today are only slightly different.Wouldn't there be more than [-] poems at that time, let alone the theory of deleting poems, which are not found in "The Analects", Mencius, and Xunshu. If Confucius deleted poems, how could Zheng Weisang be among them?Therefore, Tai Shigong's statement should be a pretentious theory of Han Confucianism.

Now copy the words from "The Analects" on "Poetry" and "Poetry" below.

"Xue Er"

Zigong said: "How about being poor without flattery, and being rich without arrogance?" Zigong said: "Yes, it is not like being poor and happy. Rich and polite."

Zigong said: "The "Poetry" says, 'It's like cutting like weaving, like cutting like grinding', what does it mean to give?" By."

"Government"

The Master said: "Three hundred poems can be summed up in one sentence. Said, there is no evil in thinking."

Among the three families, with Yongche, the master said: "'Xiangwei Pigong, the emperor Mu Mu', is it taken from the hall of the three families?"

Zixia asked: "What do you mean by 'smiling beautifully, looking forward to your beautiful eyes, and always thinking that you are gorgeous'?"

Said: "Is it after the ceremony?" The Master said: "Those who give to me can do business, and then I can talk to the "Poetry"."

The Master said: ""Guan Ju" is joyful but not lewd, sad but not hurtful."

Zi said that "Shao" is both beautiful and perfect; he said that "Wu" is beautiful but not perfect.

"Tiber"

Zengzi was ill, and the disciples of the Zhaomen said: "Reveal the feet, and enlighten the hands. "Poetry" says, "Trembling with trembling, as if facing an abyss, as if walking on thin ice." From now on, I know my husband, boy!"

Confucius said: "Prosper in poetry, establish in ritual, and succeed in music."

The Master said: "From the beginning of Shi Zhi, the chaos in "Guanju" is so full of ears!"

"Zihan"

The Master said: "I will defend myself against Lu, and then I will enjoy the righteousness, and the elegance and praise will be in their place."

"The glory of Tang Di is the opposite. Don't you think about it? The room is far away!" The Master said: "Thinking about the future, how far is it?"

"advanced"

Nan Ke san returned to Bai Gui, and Confucius married him as his brother's son.

"Zilu"

The Master said: "Recite the 'Three Hundred Poems'. If you teach them politics, they will not achieve success; if you send them to the four directions, you can't be right: even though there are many, I still think it!"

"Wei Linggong"

Yan Yuan asked Wei Bang.The Master said: "When traveling in summer, take advantage of Yin's scorpion, serve Zhou's crown, and dance with music. Let the sound of Zheng be far away from sycophants; the sound of Zheng is lewd, and sycophants are dangerous."

"Ji's"

Duke Jing of Qi had a thousand horses and four horses. On the day of his death, the people had no virtue and called him Yan.Uncle Boyi starved under Shouyang, and the people call it today. "Sincerity is not used to get rich, but to be different." What does Qisi mean? (Here is the wrong slip corrected by Zhu Zhu)

Chen Kang asked Yu Boyu, "Have you heard anything strange?"Confrontation said: "Wei Ye, try to be independent, carp went to the court, and said: "Learn "Poetry"?" "Poetry". In the future, independent again, carp rushes to the court, saying: "Do you want to learn "Li"?" ". Wen Si both."

"Yanghuo"

The Master said: "Boy, why don't you learn from your husband's "Poems"? "Poems" can be prospered, viewed, grouped, and resented. Those who are near are related to the father, and those who are far away are related to the king. Most people know the names of birds, beasts, plants and trees."

Zi said to Boyu, "Is it true that a woman is "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan?"

The Master said: "Those who hate purple will take away Zhu Zhu, those who hate Zheng's sound will disturb the music, and those who hate sharp mouth will overwhelm the state!"

Zi Suo's elegant words, "Poems" and "Books" governing rituals are all elegant words.

From this article, we can conclude the following meanings:
First, use the study of "Poetry" for self-cultivation;
Second, use the study of "Poetry" as the use of words;
Third, use the study of "Poetry" as a political application, and take "Poetry" study as the proof of knowing people and discussing the world;

Fourth, from the "Poetry", don't become comprehensible;

Fifth, there is a moral requirement for "Poetry", so it is called "thinking without evil" and "release Zheng Sheng";
Sixth, Confucius made quite a lot of music. Although he put Zheng Sheng in the "Poetry", Zheng Sheng is in the "Three Hundred Psalms".

Taking "Three Hundred Poems" as cultivation and rhetoric is Confucius' concept of poetry.About a few years before Confucius, the "Three Hundred Poems" had been assembled from various parties and became the general education at that time.Confucius once edited the "Ya" and "Song" (I don't know whether it refers to music or both, and I don't know if the order of "Ya" and "Song" has Confucius's start), but it has never reached the "Three Hundred Poems". Let Zheng Sheng's request.

The Study of Poetry in the Western Han Dynasty
Beginning with Mencius, the "Book of Songs" surpassed Confucius' "primary education" and entered Confucian political philosophy.Mencius said: "When the traces of the king die, the "Poetry" will die, and after the "Poem" dies, the "Spring and Autumn" will be written." This is simply the words of the Confucianists in the early Han Dynasty.Mencius's discussion of "Poetry" is very grand and extravagant. It is not based on "Poetry" for words and prosperity, and it is not true to attach some historical events. .There were so many people in this kind of atmosphere in the Warring States Period and the early Han Dynasty. The author of "Three Hundred Poems" found many people, such as Zhou Gong, Xi Si, Zheng Kaofu, etc., which can be found in "Lu Lan", "Book of Rites", "Han Jing Shuo" and so on. Seek it in the article.So a beautiful book of literature has become a huge ethics.

In the early Han Dynasty, "Poetry" was divided into three schools, "Lu Shi" from Lu Shengong, "Qi Shi" from Qiyuan Gusheng, "Han Shi" from Yan Taifu Han Ying, and "Lu Shi" and "Qi Shi" were particularly prominent.

The essence of "Lu Poetry" has the so-called four beginnings. Tai Shigong said: "The chaos of "Guanju" began with "Feng", "Lu Ming" began with "Xiaoya", "Wen Wang" began with "Daya", and "Qing Dynasty" "Temple" is the beginning of "Ode." "Guan Ju" and "Deer Ming" are both stab poems. "Ming" stabs Yan." Later, he actually used the "Three Hundred Articles" as a book of remonstrance.Although this is absurd in explaining the "Book of Songs", it can make the "Book of Songs" not lost.

"Qi Shi" and "Han Shi" may not be much different from "Lu Shi" in the interpretation of the scriptures. The difference between the three schools should be the quotation of scriptures to explain political ethics.The purpose of Qi Xue is different from that of Lu Xue, and it is very mixed with the five elements, so "Qi Poems" has the theory of five periods. "Han Shi" probably went to Thailand, but there are quite certain opinions in the scriptures. For example, "Yin Wu" refers to Song Xianggong, that is, people in the Song Dynasty recovered from "Han Shi" according to "Historical Records".Judging from the theories of the Qi, Lu and Han families compiled by recent people, it seems that Qi, Lu, and Han families are probably talking a lot, Han Neng is restrained, and Lu Jie is between the two. of political philosophers.

"Mao Shi"

"Mao Poetry" originated in the late Western Han Dynasty, was mastered by Wang Mang, prevailed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and achieved in Zheng Jian. Since then, the three schools have declined, and Mao Sui has become the special school of "Poetry".

There are many reasons why Mao defeated the three schools, not all due to the preference of the court and the power of politics to cultivate it.

First, although Shen Gong and Yuan Gusheng are the great masters of the founding period, they always put too much emphasis on political philosophy, and the interpretation of the "Poetry" may not be satisfactory to people's hearts. However, the three doctors are always ambiguous, and all the very strange and strange theories There must be many, although they may be pleasant for a while, they will be tiresome in the long run.However, "Qi Poetry" is mixed with the five elements and is extravagant. I am afraid that those who have knowledge and understanding will not believe it.At the end of the Han Dynasty, there was a study of "Poetry" that was relatively unreliable, and explained "Poetry" with more meanings and less empty talk. It may be a person who "emerged as the times require".

Second, when a set of ancient Chinese classics came out, "Zhou Li" and "Zuo Shi" were in turmoil for a while, and "Mao Poetry", which was created to invent each other with them, can even use the power of ancient literature to spread.Those who are attracted by the system of "Zhouguan" moved by the words of "Zuo Zhuan" can't help but believe in Maoshe's three schools in the study of "Poetry".

Thirdly, the Great Confucianists of the Eastern Han Dynasty gave up their studies at home and studied at home. The ignorance of the three schools is indeed no match for the genius of Liu Zijun, and the collection of more than a hundred doctors by Wang Mang; The opportunity to like "Mao Shi".Zheng Kangcheng's Confucianism prevailed for a while, and he took Mao from "Poetry" and polished it with his Confucianism, and "Mao Shi" borrowed Zheng's systematic Confucianism to form the basis. "Poetry" learned.

(End of this chapter)