Poetry is innocent

Chapter 2 General Discussion on the Study of The Book of Songs (2)
The origin of "Mao Shi" is not obvious, and the teachings of Zixia and Xunqing are all lies.It was probably contrived by a person after Emperor Wu who ruled the three schools of "Poetry" but failed to show it. He wanted to make a fuss about setting up academic officials (separating the family to establish a doctor, and to open up the source of wealth, which caused a lot of these fabrications, especially in the "Book" study. ).At the beginning, no one adopted him, but Liu Zijun wanted to overthrow the Confucian classics of the Fourteen Doctors because he was well-informed and talented, so he took advantage of it.Add some words that corroborate the "Zuo Zhuan" found from "Guoyu", and add some words that are similar in meaning to the original text of "Poetry", so as to break down the three schools, and then it will become a popular study.Just look at the "Mao Zhuan" and "Mao Preface" in which there are some very obscure and crude words, such as "not obvious", "from time to time", etc. At the same time, there are some very clear and miscellaneous words, which are not from the same Known in the hands of first-class talent.

Now that the Three Schools’ legacy can’t be kept in thousands, we can’t compare how much Mao Shi has reformed the Three Schools. However, based on the legends we have seen, some parts of “Mao Shi” are as good as the Three Schools, and some places , quite able to make sense of the text of "Poetry", it is not as good as the three schools of thought.Therefore, "Mao Shi" is a falsification in the historical sense, and it is progress in the sense of "Poetry" study; although "Mao Shi" came from a low-level background and its origin is unknown, there are still some things that came out of self-effort.

The Study of Poetry in the Song Dynasty
After learning the righteousness of the people of the Six Dynasties, the justice of the Tang people is almost as good as the lectures of the stereotyped era, and it is really no better than the learning of the Ming Dynasty.Since the revival of ancient studies in the Northern Song Dynasty, people have been able to boldly think about it. All the legends that do not make sense can never escape the eyes of the Song people.

Uncle Ouyang Yong is actually a person who has a lot of troubles. He developed some very old viewpoints in history, literature and Confucian classics, and at the same time introduced many new viewpoints, shaking future generations (not to mention).He began to disbelieve the Preface to Poems.In the last few dynasties of the Northern Song Dynasty, many people discussed the value of the "Preface to Poems" and the compromise between the poetic meaning.But pedantic scholars such as Cheng Zi raised the "Preface to Mao Poetry" even higher, and Wang Jinggong said that the poet himself wrote the narration.Until Zheng Jiaji's theory was successfully negated, it overturned the tradition since Zheng Xuan.

Zhu Ziyang made a "Book of Poems", which is more able to give full play to this new meaning, using the text of "The Book of Songs" to explain the new meaning, so all unreasonable and beautiful theories are wiped out, and "Guofeng" is the wind, because it is based on the Ming dynasty. .Ziyang Shu is actually a collection of books, and the rhyme is taken from Wu Cai's "Ye Yun". From the perspective of Chen Gu, "Ye Yun" is really ridiculous, but before the concept of ancient rhyme came out, it was just The ancient rhyme concept has a fetal shape.Exegesis mostly picks Mao, Zheng Jian and the posthumous writings of the three schools, and is familiar with rituals (see Wang Bohou's words on him).Although it is an original idea to use Fu to promote the three styles, it is nothing more than the meaning of "Mao Shi" to promote the style alone.

Ziyang is the most scolded because of this book, Neo Confucianism and Sinology attack together, but this book is Wengong’s greatest contribution to Confucian classics, using this book to explain the meaning of "Poetry", some bad theories cannot be attached, but The role of literature is nakedly reappeared.It's a pity that Wengong is still a Taoist, and seeing the role of these "Poems", he called these love poems as lewdness, and he only dared to deal with the so-called changing wind in this way, not the big and small "Ya" and "Zhounan" "Zhao Nan" and "Bin Feng" are the best way to go.But he didn't dare to go as far as possible. This is also the reason of the times, so it's not a big surprise.

Now we look at Zhu Yizun's "Confucian Classics", and we can feel that the emancipation of human classics in the Song Dynasty and the sharp vision, naturally all kinds of false theories and absurdities emerged one after another. (Wen Gong’s concept of literature is often very thorough. For example, he often has very insightful words on "Chu Ci", Tao Poems, Li, and Du Poems, not only that "Three Hundred Pian" has original ideas)

In addition, because people in the Song Dynasty were uneasy about studying "Mao Shi", polymath scholars collected the remains of the three schools.For example, Luo Mi is not a person who can test the six arts, but he used "Shang Song" as "Song Song", "Yin Wu" as Song Xiang Gong, and the original "Han Shi" ("Han Shi" is lost at the end), and he can get confirmed.

At the end of the Song Dynasty, there was a great scholar Wang Bohou, who created the source of simple learning in modern times for 300 years. Now try to look at the engraved scriptures attached to "Yuhai" and "Jiwen of Hard Learning", and they are all made by Gu Tinglin and Yan Baishi. topic.In the "Book of Songs", he has "Poetry Test", which tests the poems of four schools; he has "Poetry Geography Test", which no longer relies on Zheng Pu.Although there are not many searches, the difficulties of founding are often like this.This is actually the biggest topic in the study of "Poems". Compared with Qing Confucians who restricted "Zheng Jian" and "Mao Zhuan", he can really see its greatness.

The Study of Poetry since the Ming Dynasty
Since the Ming Dynasty, the greatest contribution to the study of "Poetry" has been the two matters of ancient rhyme and exegesis. These are both linguistic matters.

Chen Jili (No. [-]) Gu Ningren (Yanwu) started to study ancient rhymes systematically, and later each school succeeded, and more than ten people formed their own system, while Jiang, Dai, Kong, Duan, and Wang invented many of them.

Exegesis Fang, those who specialize in exegesis of "Poetry", such as Chen Huan, Ma Ruichen, and Hu Chenggong, are among the second-rate figures in exegesis; those who dredge all scriptures to become exegetical friends, such as Hui, Dai, Duan, and Erwang , Hao, Yu, Zhang, etc. did not specialize in the study of "Poetry", but made the greatest contribution to the study of classics.

However, people who talk about ancient sounds are often unable to examine the sounds, and rarely fully understand the differences in dialects. They gather the rhymes of the Zhou Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty as one thing, and the results cannot be classified. It is possible to establish a system with its own source.This is to be manufactured by people from now on, with new materials and new viewpoints.

Having said that, people of all ages have made great contributions to the exegesis in The Book of Songs. As for the system of names, objects and etiquette, the existing materials are too chaotic, and the new materials are not much, so there are many lawsuits, and there are always lawsuits. Inconclusive.

After Kong Xunxuan, Zhuang Cun and Zhu Jun developed Gongyang studies, Jinwen Confucianism shocked the whole country for a while, and the person who ruled "Poetry" by Jinwen Confucian scholars was unfortunately not Liu Shenshou, who was knowledgeable and knowledgeable, but the ambitious and talented one. Wei Mo deep.Wei Shi is basically a scribe, he likes to talk about fame and fame, and the study of textual research is not in line with his nature.He made "Ancient Poetry" just to develop the theory of Qi, Lu, and Han "Poems" he had seen. It is much more objective to study "Poetry"!Chen Gongfu (Shou Qi) and Pu Yuan (Qiao Cong) father and son have collected a lot of good materials, but they have not yet sorted out the clues. These materials are all for our use.

How do we study the Book of Songs

We should have three attitudes when studying "The Book of Songs", first, appreciate his diction; second, treat him as a pile of extremely valuable historical materials; third, regard him as a very valuable book of ancient linguistics materials .But before appreciating diction, one must first search for what kind of book it is, so the work of linguistics and textual research is the basic work.

We accept the exegetical solutions given to us by the modern masters, fully use the attitude of Zhu Wengong and others to seek the original meaning of this text, and seek the originality of the present "Book of Songs" in "Mao Xu", "Mao Zhuan" and "Zheng Jian", and finally From the posthumous theories and posthumous texts of the Three Schools of Poetry, we learned about the face of the study of the Book of Songs in the early years, and revealed some valuable early legends, but everything is judged by the text, and it is only regarded as the leftover words of the ancient times. Ethics, do not talk about politics, only in this way can help.The outline is as follows:
([-]) First seek the meaning of "Poetry" in the text of "Poetry".

([-]) All the legends from "Zuo Zhuan" and "The Analects of Confucius", regardless of the three schools of "Mao Shi", or Song Confucianism and modern Confucianism, must be broken down by this text.If it fits with this article, follow it; if it doesn't fit, leave it;

([-]) The study of sounds, exegesis, words, and names and objects, following the work of Confucianism, in order to lay the true foundation of the study of The Book of Songs.

([-]) The system of rites and music, because "Rituals", "Book of Rites", "Zhou Li" and other books have not been sorted out in a scientific way, and the legends of the philosophers have not been analyzed clearly. It is better to talk less about these topics. Leave it for later.

I hastily drafted ten research topics for the "Book of Songs", and prepared for the attention of those who are interested in doing this.

([-]) Variations of Ancient Poetry
The different texts of the engraved version of the Song Dynasty have been collated and recorded in detail by various schools; the different texts of the Stone Classics are also exhausted; the different texts of the four schools are briefly compiled by Chen's father and son; The value varies, but there is no system at present.In addition, Han Confucian scriptures were mostly revised from the books of the time, and ancient literature was "fabricated by Xiangbi". If some original characters can be corrected based on inscriptions on gold and stones, it would be the best job.For example, in the current version of "Xiaoya", "My chariot is both attacking" and "Shiguwen" is "My chariot is both attacking". The functions of Wu and Wo are completely different, and Hu Ke has his own research.And the word I has added radicals.Han Confucians add radicals to divide characters, but the division may not be the same, so it often leads to misunderstanding.

([-]) The theory of friendship among the three schools of poetry

The Three Schools of Poems are just like the Gongyang Spring and Autumn Annals, which is a systematic political ethics. If you do not find their fellowship, like Kongzhuang and Zhuang, you will not know the role of the Three Schools of Poems in the Han Dynasty. .The materials compiled by Chen Gongfu and his son can be used as a backup, and one or two outlines can be obtained by referring to the theory of Han Dynasty politics, punishment, rituals and music. This is a major topic in the history of Confucian classics.Wei Moshen's work on this topic is rough and subjective, and most of it is insufficient.

([-]) Circumstantial Evidence of Mao’s Poetry
Those who take Mao's "Poems" as annotations are mostly "Mao Preface", "Mao Zhuan" and "Zheng Jian" letter-testing.How Mao's theory is corroborated with the ancient texts such as "Zuo Zhuan", "Zhou Li" and "Er Ya" etc. After finding out its origin, it may be possible to determine how "Mao Shi" was established and how ancient literature evolved in the late Han and New Dynasties.How can we be "Mao and Zheng Gongchen" again today?Then the big topic of the history of Confucian classics can be quite a subject of research.

([-]) The Song Dynasty’s Commentary on the New Narratives of Poetry

The new "Poems" of the Song Dynasty had extremely incisive theories, but the Qing Confucians were not able to catch them. The prefaces were deleted, and the theories of style and righteousness were pierced.If you compile the theories since Uncle Ouyang Yongshu, it will be more meaningful and can be picked up, and Song people's thoughts can also temporarily get a part of it.

([-]) The theory of Mao Gong's independent standard Xing style
The theory of the six poems is purely caused by "Zhou Guan", which combined six unrelated things to form the sacred number of Qin and Han Dynasties (the first emperor changed the number to six).The fu is the Fu of Qu, Song, Xun, and Lu, and it is better than the debate (Zhang Taiyan said). If Xing is the so-called Qixing, it starts with the first sentence or two in the original tune, and there are new words below it. Modern ballads still exist in this style, and Mr. Gu Jiegang once discussed it very well.Today, we can take the Xing style marked in "Mao Zhuan" and correct it with later generations' literary words, and we should see the role of this style.

([-]) Is there any dialect difference in the "Three Hundred Poems"?If so, what is the difference?
Those who have always discussed the past have not taken dialect as one of their viewpoints, so they are always confused.We now have a "Guangyun" compiled by Mr. Ke Luojulun, and "The Rhyme of the Book of Songs" compiled by several famous authors. The difference between the two is 1000 years; Does the rhyme in The Book of Songs follow the dialects of other countries for changes?If this work is successful, the income will be great.

([-]) Supplementary textual research on geography in "Poetry"

Wang Bohou's examination of the geography of "Poetry" does not have a lot of evidence; however, we are working today, and we have more evidence than before, and there must be those who have made more achievements than those of our predecessors. The biggest topic in the study of "Poetry" is geography and time. Kang Cheng saw this and pretended to write "Book of Songs". The narration said: "If you want to know where the source and flow are clear and turbid, you can find it from top to bottom (this is based on country); If you want to know where the weathered fragrance and odor reach, you can observe it from the sidelines (this is based on time): this is also the outline of "Poetry". If you give one outline, you will have ten thousand eyes, and you will explain one volume, and all the chapters will be clear." Mr. The ambition is great, but the result of the husband is not.Kang Cheng really doesn't know geography and can't test the times. This is our job today.Starting from the "Shui Jing Zhu", it should be a good method, Mr. Ding Shan said.

([-]) Research on Words in The Book of Songs
The words in "Book of Songs" have the most research value, but Wang's father and son only know their combination and don't ask for their division.For example, "words" in words, some are above the verb, some are under the verb, and some are combined with other words.If you prove how to divide it, you will know how to use it.

([-]) Research on idioms in "Poetry"
That is the question raised by Wang Jing'an in Haining. There are many idioms in "Poetry", such as "Yi Confucius", "Bu Xian" (that is, Pi Xian) and so on.But those who interpret and train words in terms of words have lost a lot.

([-]) Research on obscure language in "Poetry"
There are several characters in "Poetry" that have not been found so far, such as the characters "Shi Xia", "Shi Zhou" and "Bu Shi" in "Shi Xia", "Shi Zhou" and "Bu Shi", and "Shi Zai Shi Zai" in "The Analects of Confucius". Irrelevant, it should contain the meaning of beauty and kindness, but not its exactness.When reading "Poetry", it is advisable to write it down at any time for assessment.

([-]) Copying out historical materials from [-] chapters of "Poetry"
The "Book of Books" is history and there are many false accusations, while the "Book of Songs" is not a history but contains real historical materials.

(End of this chapter)