Poetry is innocent

Chapter 14 On So-Called "Satire"

Although the later generation of "Three Hundred Poems" is small, the words named after the wind later became a new style of writing, and it became a poem of horses in the Han Dynasty, and now it is popular to describe this event separately.

[-]. "Wind" and "satire" are one word

Such characters with radicals are always made by Han Confucianism, which is a common practice, and the original common practice of "feng" and "satire" can be proved.

"Preface to Poetry": "So the wind." "Classic Interpretation": "Ru Zi: Xu, Fufengfan; not used today."Also, "wind, wind also". "Explanation": "He is like a word. The wind is like a word, and the blessing and the phoenix are reversed. Cui Lingen's collection of annotations, the next is the word satire. Liu Shiyun: Animals are called wind, and Tuoyin is called irony. Cui Yun: Using wind to sense things is Call it irony."

"Zuoshi" Note in the fifth year of Zhao Dynasty: "This is a satire." "Explanation": "This is also a style."

If you read it like a satire, there are many annotations in "Hanshu" (collected from "Jingji Umperration"), the next collection of annotations in "Shihuozhi", the collection of annotations in "Yiwenzhi", the collection of annotations in "Yan Wangyi Biography", and the collection of annotations in "Qi Mourning Hui Wangfei". Annotations of Biography, Annotations of Guanying Biography, Annotations of Lou Jing's Biography, Annotations of King Wu of Liang Xiao, Annotations of Wei Qing Biography, Annotations of Huo Qubing Biography, Three Notes of Annotations of Biography of Sima Xiangru, Biography of Bu Shi ", "Yan Zhu Biography" Collection Notes, "Wang Bao Biography" Collection Notes, "Jia Don's Biography" Collection Notes, "Zhu Yun Biography" Collection Notes, "Chang Hui Biography" Collection Notes, "Bao Xuan Xuan" Collection Notes, "Wei Yuancheng Biography" Collection Notes, Three Notes to "The Biography of Zhao Guanghan", Collected Notes to "Biography of Feng Yewang", Collected Notes to "Kong Guang Biography", Collected Notes to "Zhu Bo Biography", Collected Notes to "He Wu Biography", Two Comments to the First Episode of "Yang Xiong Biography", "Yang Xiong Biography" The third commentary to the second episode of "The Biography of Dong Xian", the third commentary to the first episode of "The Legend of the Huns", the second commentary to the second episode of "The Legend of the Xiongnu", the second commentary to the second episode of "The Legend of the Southwest Yi", the second commentary to the "Biography of the King of Southern Guangdong", and the first chapter to "The Biography of the Western Regions" Collected notes, see the second set of notes in "Yuan Hou Zhuan", see the second set of notes in "Biography of Wang Mang", see the second set of notes in "Wang Mang's Biography", see the first set of notes in "Xu Zhuan", see the second set of notes in "Xuan Zhuan", and see the second set of notes in "Later Han·Cui Qi Biography" .Press, from this point of view, wind is a noun, satire (Fufengfan) is a verb, and its meaning is the same.

[-]. Wind is a generic term for poetry (discussed earlier).

"Poetry Daya": "Jifu's reciting, the wind is good." (This elegant is called the wind)
Also "Xiaoya": "Either enjoy drinking wine, or be miserable and afraid of blame, or go in and out of the wind, or don't do anything." Zheng Jian thought that "the wind is still blowing", uneasy; The upper part is compatible with Zhanle drinking, and the lower part is the opposite of Mishi.

"Chunqiu Fanlu": "'Wen Wang was ordered, and he has this martial arts. It is both cutting down on Chong and making a city in Feng', and the wind of music." ("Wen Wang was ordered", in "Ya")
"Lunheng": "'Fenghuyu', Fengge also." Press, this explanation is practical. "The Analects of Confucius" He Zhu, wind, cool, meaningless.

Therefore, the word in "Poetry" is wind, and it is called satire (verb) when it is recited; it refers to poetry in general, not just Fifteen Kingdoms.Poetry is also named after wind, and there are also examples in the West. For example, Arig is called wind in Italian. Today, Arie in Germany and Air in France are used as the name of songs.

[-]. In the Warring States Period, a kind of deceitful words inherited the name of the wind
"Historical Records Funny Biographies":
The prestige king was very deceitful, so he bought wine in the harem, summoned Kun, and gave him wine.Asked: "How much can you drink to get drunk, sir?" Confronted: "I will get drunk after drinking a bucket, and I will also get drunk with a stone." King Wei said: "Mr. Did you hear that?" Kun said: "Before the wine is given to the king, the law enforcement is at the side, and the censor is behind. Kun is afraid and drinks on his knees, but he will be drunk after a fight. If you have a strict guest, Kun rolls and bows, and serves the wine in front. Time to give Yu Li, offer cups for birthdays, sing songs, drink only two buckets, and then get drunk. If friends make friends and haven’t seen each other for a long time, they meet each other suddenly. Fighting, getting drunk. If it is a meeting of the prefectures, men and women sit together, drinking and staying together, Liu Bo throws a pot, attracts each other as Cao, shakes hands without punishment, eyes can't help it, there is a faller in front, a hairpin in the back, and the thief steals Enjoy this, drink up to eight buckets, and get drunk. At dusk, the wine is late, sit together in honor, men and women sit at the same table, shoes are interlaced, cups and plates are messed up, candles in the hall are extinguished, and the host leaves his hair to see off the guests. Ze, at this time, Kun’s heart is the happiest, and he can drink a stone. Therefore, it is said, "Extreme wine leads to chaos, extreme joy leads to sadness, and everything is the same. Words cannot be extreme, and extremes will lead to decline." This is ironic. (Although this Shigong’s excerpts are not the full text, but they are full of whole sentences, and they also contain rhyme words, which can be clearly seen from the poetic style.)
The irony here is a noun, and according to the previous example, it should be the word wind. "Remonstrating with the wind" is like admonishing with poetry (a kind of deceitful words), which can be a conclusive proof that a kind of deceitful words inherited the wind in the Warring States period.As for what the trend of seeking knowledge is, there are some materials in "Historical Records" and "Warring States Policy":

"Warring States Policy" Eighth
Zou Ji has more than eight feet, and his body is beautiful.Dressed in court clothes and looking into the mirror, he said to his wife, "Who am I as beautiful as Xu Gong in the north of the city?" "Who is beautiful between me and Xu Gong?" The concubine said: "How can Xu Gong be as good as the king?" One day, a guest came from outside and sat down to talk with him. It’s not as beautiful as the King’s.” Tomorrow, when Mr. Xu comes, whoever looks at it thinks it’s not as good as it; looking into the mirror and looking at himself, it’s not as far away.When I went to bed at night, I thought about it and said: "My wife who is beautiful to me is selfish; the concubine who is beautiful to me is afraid of me; the guest who is beautiful to me is asking me for anything." Not as beautiful as Xu Gong. The wife of the minister is private, the concubine of the minister is afraid of the minister, and the guest of the minister wants to ask for something from the minister. All the ministers are afraid of the king, and within the four realms, there is no one who does not seek the king. From this point of view, the king is very deceitful." The king said, "Good." He ordered: "All the ministers, officials and people are able to face the mistakes of the few. Those who write to the widow will receive the middle reward; those who can slander the public and hear the widow's ears will receive the lower reward." At the beginning of the order, all the ministers went to remonstrate, and the court was like a market; after a few months, from time to time Advance in between;Yanzhao, Hanwei, and Wei heard about it, and they all went to Qi.This so-called victory over the court.

"Historical Records" 74
Chunyu Kun was a native of Qi.Bowen strongly remembers that there is no master in learning (for example, he argued with Mencius that men and women are not familiar with each other), and he said that Mu Yanying is a human being;A guest saw Kun in Liang Huiwang, and Hui Wang screened him to the left and right. He sat alone and saw him, but he was speechless in the end.King Hui blamed it, and asked the guest to say: "My son's name, Mr. Chunyu, is not as good as Guan Yan, and I have seen the widow, and the widow has not got it. Is Zheng not enough to speak? Why?" The guest said Kun.Kun said: "Gu Ye, I saw the king before, and the king's ambition was to expel him; I saw the king later, and the king's ambition was in the voice. I am silent." The guest repays the king.Wang Da was shocked and said: "Wow! Mr. Chunyu is a true saint! Before Mr. Chunyu came, there were some who offered good horses. The widows did not pay attention, but Mr. Hui came. When Mr. Later came, there were some who offered good horses, but they did not try it. Mr. Hui is here. Although I am holding back my heart, I still have my own selfishness. I have it." Later Chunyu Kun saw him, and he kept talking for three days and three nights without getting tired.King Hui wanted to treat him as a gentleman, but Kun thanked him and left.So I sent him a chariot to drive a horse, a bundle of silk and a biscuit, a hundred yi of gold, and a lifetime of non-office.

"Historical Records" 46
Zou Jizi saw King Wei with a drum and qin, and King Wei was delighted, so he gave up his right room.After a while, Wang played the qin, and Zou Jizi pushed the door in and said, "It's good to play the qin!" Wang was very displeased.Go to the piano and press the sword and said: "The master has not seen his appearance, so how do you know his goodness?" Zou Jizi said: "If the husband's big strings are turbid and warm in spring, he is the king; if the small strings are clean and broken, he is the prime minister; grab it Those who are deeply happy are government orders; when the sound is harmonious, big and small benefit each other, and those who return to evil without harming each other are four seasons. I know that it is good." Wang said: "Good pronunciation." Zou Ji said: "What is the only voice? The husband ruled the country and killed the people, all of which are in it." The king stopped talking again, and said: "If the husband speaks five tones, the letter is not as good as the master. If the husband governs the country and kills the people, why is it? Between silk and tung?" Zou Jizi said: "A husband whose big string is turbid and warm in spring is the king; a small string that is clean and broken is the phase; whoever grabs deep and enjoys it is the government order; Jun is harmonious and sings Those who benefit each other big and small, return to evil without harming each other, are four seasons. Those who restore the husband without chaos, so govern prosperity; No one who kills the people is as good as the five tones." The king said: "Good." Zou Jizi saw the three months and was sealed, Chunyu Kun saw it, and said: "Speaking well! Kun has a foolish will, I wish to Chen Zhuqian .”

Zoujizi said: "I would like to be taught." Chunyukun said: "If you gain everything, you will prosper, and if you lose everything, you will perish." Zoujizi said: "I am willing to accept orders, please be careful not to leave." Chunyukun said: " Paste the thorn shaft, so it is slippery. However, it cannot be transported to wear it." Zou Jizi said: "I am ordering, please be careful about things." Chunyu Kun said: "The bow glue used to be dry, so it is suitable, but it cannot be passed on. Let the gaps be sparse." Zou Jizi said: "I would like to accept the order, and please attach myself to the people." Chunyu Kun said: "Although the fur of a fox is bad, it cannot be replaced with the skin of a yellow dog." Zou Jizi said: "I am honored to accept the order. , please carefully choose a gentleman, and don't mix villains among them." Chunyu Kun said: "If you don't compare big carts, you can't carry them for a long time; if you don't compare qin and zithers, you can't make their five notes." Zou Jizi said: "I am honored to accept orders, please be careful. Revise the law and supervise traitorous officials." After Chunyu Kun finished speaking, he went out to the door, faced his servant and said, "This is a man who responds to me with the slightest words in my words, and he will be sealed soon. "During the period of residence, he was granted the title of Xiapi, and the title was Chenghou.

Zou Jizi and Chunyu Kun are such people, their words are such words, and such words are the wind.By this time, wind is no longer a poetic style in a narrow sense, but a tricky rhetoric in a broad sense. "Xunzi·Chengxiang" still has a whole chapter of the deceitful poems, and only the "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records" have left such windy words.But compared with the Fu style of Meima, its style is obviously visible.

[-]. Because of this kind of deceitful words are often used as remonstrance, the Confucianists in the Warring States and early Han Dynasty saw such a "wind", and even developed the concept of stabbing poems in the interpretation of poems. Wait, so "Three Hundred Poems" has really become a book of advice.Gu Xianqu, Shi Xianyan, a kind of rhetoric, each contains a kind of moral (the so-called Moral in Europe), the origin must be far away.However, between the Zhou Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, the interpretation of the "Three Hundred Poems" is probably because the tricky words at that time were not only famous for their style, but also for their allegorical meaning. Originally like a sly poem, it became the poetics of Mencius to the Three Schools.

[-]. From this point of view, the word satire does not have the meaning of "sarcasm and irony" as later generations call it, this meaning is extended and added.

[-]. I suspect that "On" and "Discussion" were all in the form of tricky poetry at first, and then turned into prose.

"Zhuangzi·Qiwulun": "Beyond the Liuhe, the sage exists but does not care; within the Liuhe, the sage discusses but does not discuss.

The theory here is called reason; the discussion is called friendship; the distinction is called comparison.It is like saying that in the external affairs of Liuhe, the sages keep them but don't dredge them; in the internal affairs of Liuhe, the sages clear them up but not wrong them. There are right and wrong in the Spring and Autumn Period.These do not refer to the name of the style.However, although it does not refer to the style of writing here, the source of these names may be the transformation of tricky poems into rhymes.

The text of "Nine Debates" still exists, and the text named after the debate still exists.As for the name of the theory, in the middle of the Warring States period, Tian Pian wrote "Twelve Treatises", and today his "Qiwu" is still in "Zhuangzi" (details after the examination).In the later years of the Warring States period, both Xun Qing and Lu Buwei wrote treatises (see "Historical Records").However, this is a later meaning. The Analects of Confucius is named after the theory, which is the summary of the language.Also "Book of Jin·Shuxi Biography": "In the second year of Taikang...stolen Wei...Anli Wang Tomb, got dozens of bamboo books...."Analects of Confucius·Shichun", "Book" and "Zuo Zhuan" "Divination divination. Master Chun seems to be the name of the book maker." The divination divination in "Zuo Zhuan" was originally popular in the Zhouyi of Jin Dynasty. The teacher was an official, and Chun was the name, and the person who passed the book immediately. The divination and divination in "Zuo Zhuan" are all rhymes and tricky poems, or is this the earliest use of the theory?

The word "discussion" appears in "The Book of Songs", "or going in and out of wind discussion", it should mean going in and out of singing, so that we can "do nothing about things" below.Zheng Yu also said: "Jiang is the successor of Boyi. Ying is the successor of Boyi. Boyi is able to respect the gods of the sons, and he is also the one who assists Yao. Boyi is able to discuss all things, and he is also the one who assists Shun." Wei Zhaojie: "Baiyi Animals, plants, trees, birds and beasts should be discussed so that each has its own advantages." This is a really incomprehensible solution.The above mentioned Boyi Neng Li, the next sentence should be called Boyi Neng Le, he wrote trick poems to describe all things, and Chen Yili, now see "Xunzi Fu Pian" and so on.

About the classical Chinese, the name of the deceitful poems in the Spring and Autumn Period, entered the Warring States Period and became the style of prose.I am pretending to be like this now, and the materials are not enough, so I will write it down for later examination.

[-]. The origin of the horse Fu style
In the early Han Dynasty, Fu was by no means a category. The "Hanzhi" is divided into four schools, and I am afraid that it is not enough to distinguish them.These Fu styles have their own origins. There are still many styles of miscellaneous poems in the Warring States Period, and there are still many famous ones today, which will be discussed in detail later (Chapter 12, Chapter [-] of "Lecture Notes on the History of Literature").Now we only talk about the origin of Mei Cheng and Sima Xiangru Fu.Of all the fus that survive today, only "Qifa" is a long novel, while "Zixu" is the most prosperous of Sima's Fu ("Shanglin" is actually in "Zixu", which is divided by others).The system of these endowments can be divided into the following matters.

([-]) Extravagant rhetoric.

([-]) It is not a poetic style, but only prose, in which there are only sentences that rhyme.

([-]) There is always a moral (moral) no matter how extravagant the display is, it will always return to the right way in the end, which is exactly the same as Chunyu Kun's drinking, Zou Ji's not as good as Xu Gongmei's speech.

If we use this kind of Fu style to collate with "Chu Ci", it is completely different; if we collate with "Song Yu Fu", the words are mostly the same, but the style is absolutely different;The poem about a horse is indeed the style of the Warring States Period. The words are taken from the line of "Song Yu Fu", and the style is based on the line of "Satire Ci", which has nothing to do with "Qu Fu".There must be some very interesting ones about Chunyu Kun's style of Zouzi, but unfortunately I can only see the outline of two articles now.

Jia Yi's "Oath of Cherishment" says: "Walking through Danshui and galloping here is the legacy of Daxia." The word "legacy" is difficult to understand.Jiguan's "Huainan·Yuan Dao Xun" says: "Look at the joy of physical feathers and martial arts, listen to the loud, beautiful and exciting sounds, promote the great music of Zheng and Wei, and combine the legacy of Chu."Knowing that the so-called legacy is just poetry, it can be a proof of this.

(End of this chapter)