How does the Chinese Communist Party govern the country?

Chapter 43

Walking in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, you can see advertisements for cultural performances such as concerts and operas everywhere.There are not only well-known domestic actors on the advertising list, but also the names of internationally famous singers and movie stars from time to time.This active cultural note is brought about by the reform of the cultural system, which was unimaginable decades ago.

This is because for quite a long time after the founding of New China, a planned economic system was adopted.Under this kind of system, the cultural sector is state-owned and state-run. It has the characteristics of eating from the same pot and egalitarianism. The enthusiasm of workers is difficult to play.

During the "Cultural Revolution", a large number of films and songs were banned. Some filmmakers were sent to the bullpen and sent to cadre schools. " was suspended from work, and the Chinese experienced a cultural low tide of "[-] million people watching eight model operas".

At the end of 1978, the CCP made a reform decision.Since then, the reform of cultural units has been put on the agenda. The National Conference of Directors of Cultural Bureaus held in February 1980 believed that: "There are many problems in the system and management system of art performance groups, which have seriously affected the development and improvement of performing arts, and reasonable reforms are needed." The meeting clearly stated: "Resolutely Reform the system of cultural undertakings step by step, and reform the management system.”At this stage, the art department was adjusted, and the contract system was implemented in cultural units based on the experience of rural reforms. The status of the cultural market began to be recognized, and cultural and entertainment business activities in the form of commercial dance parties and music teahouses began to appear.Afterwards, some singers began to "walk the acupuncture points" and held concerts all over the country.Popular songs from Hong Kong and Taiwan are also widely spread in mainland China.The color of the Chinese cultural map has become increasingly rich and diverse.

In order to standardize the cultural market, the State Council approved the establishment of the Cultural Market Management Bureau in the Ministry of Culture in 1989, and gradually established a national cultural market management system.After Deng Xiaoping's Southern Talks and the 1996th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, adhering to the road of reform and opening up and actively promoting the reform of cultural undertakings has become the basic policy of cultural development. In 2000, the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Concerning Several Important Issues Concerning Strengthening the Construction of Socialist Spiritual Civilization" adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Fourteenth Central Committee put forward the tasks and a series of guidelines for the reform of the cultural system. In October 10, the Tenth Plan Proposal adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifteenth Central Committee proposed the new concept of "cultural industry" for the first time.At this stage, while highlighting reforms, the construction of the cultural rule of law was strengthened, and more than 200 laws, regulations, and policy documents were issued, including the "Copyright Law"; cultural groups such as China Radio and Television Group and China Publishing Group were also established.Since the [-]th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the pace of cultural reform has been greatly accelerated.The [-]th National Congress of the Communist Party of China divided culture into cultural undertakings and cultural industries for the first time, clarified the direction and goals of the reform of the cultural system, and proposed to formulate an overall plan for the reform of the cultural system.

The 2003th National Congress of the Communist Party of China raised a new upsurge in socialist cultural construction, promoted the height of cultural development, and further promoted the reform of the cultural system. In June 6, the national cultural system reform pilot work conference was held, and nine places including Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong were identified as reform pilot areas.

The Third Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee held in October of this year clearly set the formation of a group of large-scale cultural enterprise groups as the goal of cultural system reform. In 10, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee put forward a new slogan of liberating and developing cultural productivity.Subsequently, the central government and relevant departments held a series of meetings to plan and promote the reform of the cultural system, and formulated the outline of the national cultural "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" development plan, making new arrangements for cultural reform and development.

Due to the gradual distinction between the cultural industry and cultural undertakings, it is clear that the cultural industry is mainly market-oriented, mainly operating and profitable, and pursuing the unity of social and economic benefits.Cultural stage, cultural singing, cultural industry has achieved significant development.For example, in Minquan County, Henan Province, in the Central Plains, Wanggongzhuang is known as "the first village of Chinese tiger painting". There are 1300 people in the village, and 700 of them can paint tigers. More than 3 pieces, with sales exceeding 6000 million yuan.These peasant artists who "hoe and paint" have realized the industrial transformation of a village.For another example, in the northeast corner of Beijing, there is a 20 Art District named after a factory built in the 50s.Beginning in 798, artists from around Beijing and outside Beijing began to gather in Factory 2001, and they discovered the unique advantages of engaging in art work here with the unique vision of artists.They made full use of the style of the original factory building, slightly renovated and decorated, and turned 798 into a distinctive art display and creation space.Now 798 has attracted extensive attention from domestic and foreign media and the public, and has become a landmark of Beijing's urban culture.

At present, China's cultural industry has formed a relatively mature industrial system such as entertainment industry, performance industry, audio-visual industry, news publishing industry, network culture industry, cultural tourism industry, radio, film and television industry, and art industry.Emerging industries such as animation games and mobile TV have risen rapidly, and a number of cultural enterprises with certain strength and competitiveness have emerged one after another. Since 2004, the average annual growth rate of China's cultural industry has remained above 15%, much higher than the GDP growth rate.Take the film industry as an example. In 2000, the national movie box office was only 9.6 million yuan, but in 2011 it exceeded 130 billion yuan; In 2000, 1000 domestic films had a box office of more than 2011 million yuan, and the total annual box office of domestic films exceeded that of imported films for 2800 consecutive years.It is noteworthy that the cultural industries in Beijing, Shanghai and other places have become local pillar industries.Large-scale cultural enterprises with total assets and revenue exceeding or approaching 2011 billion yuan began to appear, such as Jiangsu Phoenix Publishing and Media Group Co., Ltd. and Zhejiang United Publishing Group Co., Ltd.The pace of listing of cultural enterprises has accelerated, and Beiqing Media Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Xinhua Media Co., Ltd. have listed at home and abroad.The rapid development of private cultural enterprises, such as Huayi Brothers Media Co., Ltd. and so on. In 20, China's cultural and creative industry reached 9 trillion yuan, accounting for 2010% of GDP.

At the same time, cultural undertakings have also developed. A series of key cultural projects to benefit the people, such as the national cultural resources sharing project, the radio and television project for every village, and the rural film screening project, have been successfully implemented, and the framework of a public cultural service system covering both urban and rural areas has been basically established. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, 83 service nodes at all levels were built in the national cultural information resource sharing project, covering 90% of administrative villages; the construction of comprehensive cultural stations in townships basically realized that there are comprehensive cultural stations in every township.The village-to-village project of radio and television was completed ahead of schedule, covering all administrative villages and natural villages with more than 20 households that have been electrified.In terms of rural film projection projects, by the end of 2011, 246 rural digital cinema lines and 47692 digital projection teams had been established, forming a digital film projection pattern all over rural China. In 2011, 812.3 million films were screened in rural areas, attracting 17.53 billion viewers.Rural bookstores have grown from scratch. Up to now, the central government has invested 180 billion yuan to send 150 billion books to rural areas for farmers to read. It is planned to build 64 rural bookstores.It is very worthwhile for China to put in the effort to do this. Western developed countries had a reading law as early as more than 100 years ago, which stipulated the amount of books collected by each family, and the government issued book purchase subsidies every year.The free opening of public cultural facilities in China is being gradually implemented.Museums have been open for free for more than four years, and 4 public museums across the country have achieved free access. In 1804, the relevant state departments formulated the "Implementation Plan for Promoting the Free Opening of National Art Museums, Public Libraries, and Cultural Centers (Stations)". In 2010, the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued "About Promoting the National Museums, Cultural Centers (Stations) Free Opening Opinions”, fully deploying the free opening work of the three places.By the end of 2011, basic cultural service items in art galleries, public libraries, and cultural centers (stations) will all be open for free.These projects play an important role in improving the quality of citizens, improving employment skills and changing the mental outlook.

As soon as the reform of the cultural system was started, the transformation of cultural units within the system into enterprises and into the market also started accordingly.At present, decisive progress has been made in the transformation of state-owned operating institutions into enterprises, and the transformation of publishing, distribution, film and television production and other industries into enterprises has basically been completed.More than 10 state-owned copying and printing units and more than 3000 state-owned Xinhua Bookstores across the country were all converted into enterprises.Except for a few non-profit publishing units that intend to retain, all central departments, localities, and university publishing houses have been transformed into enterprises.Most newspapers and periodicals have also realized the restructuring of enterprises.As of the end of 2010, 461 state-owned art troupes across the country have completed or are in the process of transforming into enterprises.At present, there are more than 17.2 registered establishments and more than 4300 canceled public institutions nationwide.Some non-profit cultural units such as museums and libraries have also taken steps to reform themselves, gradually transforming to clear responsibilities, standardized behaviors, high efficiency, and excellent services.The cultural macro-management system is also being reformed, the separation of government and enterprises has become a general trend, and the management of state-owned cultural assets has also taken steps. In the Outline of the Cultural Development Plan announced in February 2012, it was clarified that the goal of the construction of the public cultural service system during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period is to gradually establish six levels of public cultural facilities at the central, provincial, city, county, township, and village levels, so as to realize the "county-owned Libraries and Cultural Centers", "Comprehensive Cultural Stations in Townships", "Cultural Activity Centers in Communities", and "Cultural Activity Rooms in Villages", and gradually improve the public cultural services that combine fixed cultural facilities, mobile cultural facilities and digital cultural positions The network basically realizes the full coverage of public cultural services.

The rapid development of China's cultural industry has contributed more and more to the national economy.But it is still lower than developed countries such as the United States. The cultural industry accounts for 25% of GDP in the United States, 11% in the United Kingdom, and less than 3% in China.China's cultural industry accounts for 3% of the world's cultural market, while the United States accounts for 43% and Japan accounts for 10%.This shows that there is still a lot of room for the development of China's cultural industry.

In 2011, the Sixth Plenary Session of the [-]th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made arrangements for cultural reform and development, clarified the goal of building a culturally powerful country, and drew up a blueprint for cultural development.However, some foreign media actually think that this is the CCP’s attempt to seek a political solution to the cultural issue, and it is an act of “pushing them to the top”.In fact, this is an inevitable move for the CCP to change the mode of economic development, and it is also an inevitable move to promote the development of Chinese culture.Some Japanese media believe that China's economic strength has risen to the second in the world, and it is also thriving in international politics and military affairs, but its culture is suppressed by Hollywood movies and popular culture, and it is still in a state of "cultural deficit".

The central topic of the Sixth Plenary Session is to enhance China's soft power. The purpose of this move is to create a unique socialist culture in the process of cultivating culture in the future, enhance the patriotic feelings of the people, and prevent the infiltration of European and American culture as much as possible.This judgment is more in line with reality.Financial Times reporter Gideon Brahman said: "The Chinese themselves are increasingly concerned about developing 'soft power' these days. The Beijing government understands that many countries are uncomfortable with China's rise. However, if China looks Like an attractive and friendly country, foreigners may not feel nervous about this rising country."

(End of this chapter)