How does the Chinese Communist Party govern the country?

Chapter 42

Confucius, regarded as a sage by China, was an outstanding educator. He taught thousands of students throughout his life, and played an active role in forming China's tradition of emphasizing education. China's ancient scientific examination system has also been used for reference by some Western countries.The Chinese Communist Party has inherited the tradition of emphasizing education.

In April 1945, Mao Zedong proposed to establish "a new culture and education that is national, scientific, and popular among the people."In the early days of the founding of New China, in view of the fact that 4% of the Chinese population was illiterate, Mao Zedong regarded the restoration and development of people's education as an important task.Mao Zedong believed that education should be oriented to all the people, so he paid special attention to farmers' education and education in minority areas, and pointed out that farmers should be organized and supported to learn culture, and he personally formulated learning programs and goals for farmers to learn culture.He pointed out that the children of capitalists should be treated equally in education. "As for issues such as enrollment, bursaries, joining the league and wearing red scarves, we should treat them equally. It only depends on the conditions, not on the family background." He sharply criticized the disadvantages of education.In 80, Mao Zedong made such a comment: "Now there are too many courses in schools, the pressure on students is too great, and the teaching is not very effective. The examination method uses students as the enemy and conducts surprise attacks." He also said, "Now there are too many courses, killing people. , so that primary and secondary school students and college students are in a state of tension every day." Mao Zedong's emphasis on education has been well received internationally.Pierre Mendès France, who was the prime minister of France, said that "in New China, the school issue obviously takes priority."

In the era of Mao Zedong, scientific and technological work also made great progress. Major achievements such as "two bombs and one satellite" marked the level of China's technological development and established China's status as a major country.Of course, during the "Cultural Revolution", the cessation of education and the movement of intellectuals to go to the countryside seriously disrupted normal education.Later, the recommendation of workers, peasants and soldiers to go to college was implemented, and there were unhealthy phenomena such as looking for connections to go to school and going through the back door.

After the "Cultural Revolution" ended, Deng Xiaoping, who came back again, took the initiative to ask for education technology.Deng Xiaoping knew very well that educational technology is the core element that determines a country's competitiveness.He said that technology is the primary productive force, and the key is people.Therefore, the first major event of his comeback was to restore the college entrance examination system that had been interrupted for many years. In 1977 and 1978, a total of more than 50 college students were enrolled.Most of these college students in the early stage of reform and opening up have become the backbone of various fronts, and some have already entered the ranks of party and state leaders.Deng Xiaoping said that he was willing to serve as the Minister of Logistics for science and education workers.Under his impetus, the National Science Conference was held in March 1978. More than 3 scientific and technological workers participated in the conference, and a 6000-year plan for scientific development was drawn up.Many scientists have just come out of the cowshed, so they feel that the spring of science has come.The British Needham also believed that this conference "signifies that the atmosphere of science, technology and medicine in China has completely changed."

In order to promote the development of educational science and technology, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formulated and implemented decisions on the reform of the education system and the reform of the science and technology system.The respect for knowledge and talents advocated by Deng Xiaoping has increasingly become a consensus, and the hat of intellectuals as "stinky old nine" has finally been thrown away. In January 1985, the State Council proposed to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress a proposal to establish September 1 as Teacher's Day, which was passed at the Ninth Plenary Session of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress.Since then, September 9 every year has become a festival for Chinese teachers, and the tradition of respecting teachers and valuing teaching has been carried forward.

On November 1986, 11, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council officially approved the "Outline of High-tech Research and Development Program" (18 Program).The plan proposes goals in high-tech fields that have a major impact on China's future development, such as biotechnology, aerospace technology, information technology, laser technology, automation technology, energy technology, new materials, and marine technology.Its overall goal is to concentrate a small number of capable personnel, aim at the world's frontier in selected high-tech fields, narrow the gap with developed countries, promote scientific and technological progress in related fields, create a new generation of high-tech talents, and form a high-tech enterprise for the future. Preparing conditions for the technology industry will create conditions for China's economic and social development at a higher level and national defense security at the end of the 863th century, especially at the beginning of the 20st century. After the implementation of the "21 Plan", many major scientific and technological achievements have been made, which have played a positive role in enhancing China's independent innovation capabilities, improving the country's comprehensive strength, and enhancing national self-confidence.

With the development of economy and society, the importance of science and technology education has become increasingly prominent, and the CCP proposed to implement a major strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. On May 1995, 5, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council made the "Decision on Accelerating the Progress of Science and Technology", clearly proposing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education.

Rejuvenating the country through science and education refers to fully implementing the idea that science and technology are primary productive forces, adhering to education as the foundation, placing science and technology and education at an important position in economic and social development, and enhancing the country's scientific and technological strength and the ability to transform science and technology into real productive forces , improve the scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation, transfer economic construction to the track of relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of laborers, and accelerate the realization of national prosperity. From May 5th to 26th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council held the National Science and Technology Conference in Beijing.The meeting required party committees and governments at all levels to conscientiously implement the decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, take scientific and technological progress as a major task, put it on the agenda, and formulate practical and feasible measures in light of the realities of various localities and departments. In September 30, the 1997th National Congress of the Communist Party of China reaffirmed the importance and urgency of implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, emphasizing that education and science and technology should be placed in a strategic position of priority development, and the development of education and science should be regarded as the basic project of cultural construction. In March 9, at the press conference for Chinese and foreign journalists at the First Session of the Ninth National People's Congress, the new Premier Zhu Ji solemnly announced: "Rejuvenating the country through science and education is the biggest task of this government." After the meeting, the National Science and Technology Education Leading Group was established, and the State Council Prime Minister Zhu Ji personally served as the team leader.

After 1997, in order to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, efforts were made to promote ten tasks including increasing investment and earnestly supporting the development of science and education, and significant progress was made on some key issues.By the end of 2001, 12 provinces and municipalities had basically implemented nine-year compulsory education and basically eradicated illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults (referred to as "two basics"), and 2573 counties and other county-level administrative units had passed the "two basics" inspection. The coverage rate is over 90%.The national enrollment rate of primary school-age children reached 99.1%, and the gross enrollment rate of junior high schools reached 88.7%; Vocational education and adult education have basically established a vocational and adult education system with a complete structure and a complete range of majors; the development of higher education has accelerated, and the adjustment of professional structure has been strengthened With the rapid development of private education, a multi-form school-running system has initially taken shape; the legal system of education has made historic progress, and the basic framework of an educational law and regulation system with Chinese characteristics has initially formed, and education has gradually embarked on a legal system. Educational track; breakthroughs have been made in various educational reforms, especially the educational management system reform and enrollment reform.During this period, in the field of higher education, the "211" and "985" projects were implemented, and efforts were made to build a number of high-level universities.In terms of science and technology, after 1992, the science and technology system carried out pilot reforms focusing on structural adjustment, talent diversion, and mechanism transformation in accordance with the policy of "stabilizing one end and letting go of one end".

After the central government convened the National Science and Technology Conference in 1995, the reform of the science and technology system entered a new stage of mutual promotion of structure adjustment and transformation mechanism.Driven by more than ten years of reform, China's scientific and technological work has initially formed a three-level strategic pattern of facing the main battlefield of economic construction, developing high-tech and its industries, and strengthening basic research; A series of major scientific and technological actions such as the 863 Program, the Torch Program, the Spark Program, the Liaoyuan Program, the National Engineering Research Center Construction Program, and the National Key Industrial Experimental Program; carried out the renewal of key equipment in some national key laboratories, and organized the implementation of major national scientific projects construction.The role of scientific and technological progress in economic and social development is increasing day by day.

Entering the new century, Hu Jintao proposed that education is the cornerstone of national rejuvenation, and education equity is an important basis for social equity.At this stage, free and compulsory education in urban and rural areas will be fully realized, and school-age students will no longer have to pay tuition fees from elementary school to junior high school.The state paid for it, and started providing free lunches to school children in impoverished areas.Vocational education has developed rapidly, and higher education has also entered the stage of popularization. The gross enrollment rate of the school-age population has reached more than 20%.

The reform of the college entrance examination system is also actively advancing. After the implementation of the "2010-2020 National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan Outline", the difficulty of going to school has been alleviated to varying degrees.

The development of education has greatly improved the quality of the whole nation, promoted scientific and technological innovation, and cultural prosperity, and made irreplaceable contributions to economic development, social progress, and improvement of people's livelihood.Hu Jintao also paid special attention to the construction of the talent team, and proposed the strategy of strengthening the country with talents, rewarding talents who have made great contributions to China's science and technology, and formulating and implementing the Thousand Talents Plan to attract high-level talents from overseas.In terms of science and technology, it also proposed the strategic goal of building an innovative country and formulated a road map for building an innovative country.

China is still vigorously developing high-tech including the Internet of Things, focusing on the reform of the scientific and technological system. The development of science and technology, especially aerospace technology, has made great progress. The Shenzhou series of spacecraft were successfully launched, and the Chinese people realized their dream of walking in space. In 2012, China's "Shenjiu" spacecraft carried three Chinese astronauts successfully flew into space, and achieved artificial rendezvous and docking with the "Tiangong-[-]" target aircraft.Among the three astronauts, Liu Yang is China's first female astronaut to successfully fly into space.The progress of aerospace science and technology shows the development achievements of China's science and technology, and provides a solid scientific and technological support for the development of Chinese culture.

(End of this chapter)