University · Moderate

Chapter 12 Interpretation of "Governing the Country and Peace of the World" (1)
[Original text]

The so-called leveling the world means those who govern the country: the elders ① and the people are filial; the elders ② and the people are younger;Therefore, a gentleman has the way of cleanliness.

【Note】

① Laolao: Respect the elderly.The previous word "old" is a verb, respect.The latter word "old" is a noun, old man, old man.

②Long length (zhǎngzhǎng): Respect the elders, respect the elders.The first word "long" is used as a verb, which means to treat elders as elders.The latter "long" is a noun, referring to the elders.

③Shirt (xù): Compassionate, compassionate, generous.Gu: A person who lost his father in childhood is called Gu.No times: not violated.Times, back, paradox.

【Translation】

What is said is that in order to make the world peaceful, the root is to first govern the country well.What's the point?It is because the ruler respects the elders, and filial piety will arise among the common people of the country; the ruler respects the elders, and the respect for the elders will rise among the common people; , the people below will not violate the law and do evil.Therefore, the monarch should be able to extend himself to others, and play a role in morality.

[Original text]

What is evil at the top, do not let the bottom do it; what is evil at the bottom, do not put it at the top; what is evil at the front, do not do it successively; what is evil at the back, do not do it at the front; What is evil to the left should not be handed over to the right. This is called the Tao of the Moment.

【Note】

[-] evil (wù): loathe, hate.

② The Way of Discipline: One of the Confucian ethical thoughts.It means that every word and deed of a gentleman should have an exemplary role in morality.絜 (xié), measure, that is, measure.Moment, a tool for making square objects.

【Translation】

I hate people above me who treat me with disrespect, so I shouldn't treat people below me with disrespect; If I hate the people in front who treat me unkindly, I should not do unkindness to those behind me; If people treat me unrighteously, I should not do unrighteousness to those on my left; I hate that people on my left are dishonest to me, so I should not treat those on my right with dishonesty.This is what we call moral demonstration.

[Original text]

"Poetry" says: "Happiness is only for the gentleman, and the parents of the people." What the people like, what the people hate.These are called the parents of the people.

"Poetry" says: "Jiebi Nanshan, Weishiyanyan. Heheshi Yin, the people have their eyes ②." Those who have a country should not be careless, and if they are established, they will be slaughtered for the world ③.

"Poetry" says: "Yin's teacher is not lost, and he can't be worthy of God. The ceremony is supervised by Yin, and life is not easy." Tao ④ If you win the crowd, you will gain the country; if you lose the crowd, you will lose the country.

【Note】

①Lezhi Junzi: These two poems are quoted from "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Nanshan Youtai".乐 (lè), entertainment with rites and music (yuè).Only: the modal particle is like "喵".

②Jiebi Nanshan: These four poems are quoted from "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Jienanshan". The poem "Jie Nanshan" is a satire of Zhou Wang's ruling Taishi Yin.Shi Yin: Taishi Yin's family refers to the descendants of Yin Jifu who was the Taishi when Zhou Xuanwang was king.Taishi is one of the three princes of the Zhou Dynasty.festival, majestic look.Dimensions, words.Yanyan, high and steep cliffs.Great, brilliant.Tool, pass "all".Look, watch.

③ Provision: Deviation.Kill (lù): To kill, to kill.

④ Yin Zhiwei lost his teacher: These four poems come from "The Book of Songs Daya King Wen".Lose a teacher, lose everyone.Gram, yes.match, meet.Yijian was in Yin, meaning that the failed Yin Shang should be used as a reference.Yi Jian, the original poem is "Yi Jian", and it is appropriate to use... as a reference.Junming refers to the destiny.Jun, big.Dao refers to "the way of the moment".

【Translation】

The "Book of Songs" says: "A good and happy monarch is the parents of the common people in the world." The monarch should love what the common people like and hate what the common people hate.This is called being the parents of the common people in the world.

"The Book of Songs" said: "The majestic and majestic Zhongnan Mountain is steep and unattainable. The powerful and powerful Taishi Yin, the eyes of the people are all on you." Those who hold the power of the country must not be careless.If there is any deviation, it will be tolerated by the people of the world!

The "Book of Songs" says: "When the Yin Dynasty has not lost the hearts of the people, it can still enjoy the rule in accordance with the will of heaven. It should be learned from the rise and fall of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and realize that it is not easy to keep the destiny and protect the country forever." These are: If the ruler can set a moral example, he will gain the support of the people and enjoy the country; otherwise, he will lose the support of the people and lose the country.

[Original text]

Therefore, a gentleman should first be cautious about ①virtue, and if there is virtue, there will be ②people; if there are people, there will be soil; if there is soil, there will be wealth;

Virtue, the original; wealth, the end.

The outer base and the inner end ④, fighting for the people to seize ⑤.

Therefore, when wealth gathers, people disperse, and when wealth disperses, people gather.

Therefore, those who go out in a way of saying ⑥ will also enter in a way; those who come in in a way of goods will also come out in a way.

【Note】

① almost: in, in.

② this: so, so.

③ Use: Refers to various goods for the country to enjoy.

④ Outer root and inner end: Treat the root as the outside, and the branches and leaves as the inside, meaning to overwhelm the guest and take the lead, and reverse the priority.Here "base" refers to virtue, and "last" refers to wealth. "Outside" means to despise "inside", which means to attach importance to.

⑤ Compete for the people and seize: fight for the people and make the civilians fight.To rob, to rob.

⑥ Paradox (bèi): ​​Reverse, meaning to go against the truth.

【Translation】

Therefore, the monarch must first carefully cultivate virtue.With virtue, you will have the people; with the people, you will have the land; with the land, you will have wealth; with wealth, the state will have expenses.

Virtue is the root of the tree, wealth is the tops of the tree.

If the monarch talks about morality on the surface, but actually values ​​wealth in his heart, then the people will compete for each other's interests, and things like robbing wealth will happen.

Therefore, wealth gathers in the king, and the common people will disperse.When wealth is scattered among the people, the people will surround themselves with the king.

Therefore, every government decree issued by the king against the truth will inevitably be resisted by the common people against the truth; wealth that is obtained without reason will be plundered by others in ways that go against the truth.

[Original text]

"Kang Gao" said: "Only fate is not constant." If the Tao is good, you will gain it; if you are not good, you will lose it.

"Book of Chu" said: "The state of Chu has nothing to treasure, but kindness is treasure."

The uncle said: "The dead are not treasured, but benevolent relatives are treasured."

【Note】

① only: only.Destiny: Destiny.Unusual: There is no certain routine.Always, always.

② "Book of Chu" sentence: "Book of Chu", the history book of King Zhao of Chu.King Zhao of Chu sent Wang Sun Yu as an envoy to Qin.Zhao Jianzi of the state of Jin asked how the precious jade of the state of Chu was doing now.Wang Sunyu replied: The state of Chu has never regarded beautiful jade as a treasure, but only good people, such as Guan Shefu and Zuo Shi Yixiang, such famous officials with both virtue and ability as treasures.See "Mandarin · Chu Yuxia" for details.There are similar records in Liu Xiang's "New Preface" in the Han Dynasty.Chu State: The name of the ancient country.In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the country was established in the Jingshan area. Later, it annexed more than 50 small countries, and its territory continued to expand. It became one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was later destroyed by Qin.

③ Uncle Offender: Hu Yan, named Zioff, was the uncle of Jin Wengong Chonger, so he was called Uncle Offender.Dead people: People in exile, referring to Chong'er.Jin Wengong Chong'er was the king of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the son of Jin Xiangong, who reigned from 636 BC to 628 BC.Because Duke Xian of Jin was slandered by Li Ji and wanted to make his youngest son his heir, he forced Prince Shen Sheng to hang himself to death.The son Chong'er fled for 19 years. When he was in the state of Di, Duke Xian of Jin died.Qin Mugong sent someone to persuade Chong'er to return to the country to take charge of the throne. At this time, Chong'er reported the matter to Zifan, who thought it was impossible. When returning home with troops, his brother-in-law taught him to say this sentence.See "Book of Rites: Under the Tan Gong".

【Translation】

"Kang Gao" said: "There is no certain routine for the preservation of only the destiny."

This means that if you do good deeds and accumulate virtue, you will gain your destiny, and if you don't do good deeds, you will lose your destiny.

"Book of Chu" said: "There is nothing in Chu State that can be regarded as a treasure, but "goodness" is regarded as a treasure."

Chong'er's uncle Zifa taught Duke Wen of Jin to say this: "People in exile have nothing to treasure, but love their relatives as a treasure."

[Original text]

"Qin Oath" ① said: "If there is a minister ②, Duan Duan ③ has no other skills. If his heart is restless, he is as if he has tolerance ④. People have skills, as if they have them. People's sage ⑤, If his heart is good, it is as good as ⑥ if it comes out of his mouth. It is also beneficial to be able to tolerate it, so as to protect our descendants and the people. ⑧. If you violate it, you will not be able to understand it, and you will not be able to tolerate it, so that you cannot protect our descendants and the people, it is also said to be perilous!"

【Note】

(End of this chapter)