University · Moderate

Chapter 57
When Zigan saw Master Yi, he asked Yan, saying: "Everyone is suitable for bestowing and hearing songs. What kind of songs are suitable for those who give them?" Master Yi said: "Yi, a cheap worker, why should I ask what is appropriate. Please recite it. What I have heard, my son insists on himself. Those who love should sing "Shang". Those who are gentle and capable of breaking, should sing "Qi". , the stars are rational, and all things are nurtured. Therefore, the "Shang" is also the voice of the five emperors. If it is wide and quiet, soft and upright, it is suitable to sing "Ode"; Those who are respectful, frugal and courteous should sing "Xiaoya"; those who are upright and quiet, honest and modest, should sing "Wind". Straightforward and loving, the legacy of Shang is also known by businessmen, so it is called "Shang ". "Qi" is the voice of the legacy of the three dynasties, and the people of Qi know it, so it is called "Qi". Those who understand the sound of Shang will repeatedly break it when things happen; those who understand the sound of Qi will give up when they see benefits. Temporary and repeated breaks are courageous. Giving up at the sight of benefits is righteousness. There is courage and righteousness, which can protect this without singing? Therefore, the singers go up like a resistance, down like a team, twists and turns like a bend, and stop like a table. Moment, the hook in the sentence, so numerous that it is like a string of pearls. Therefore, the song is for words, and the long words are also. When you say it, you say it; if you don’t have enough words, you make it long; if you don’t have enough words, you sigh; I lament the insufficiency, so I don't know how to dance with hands and feet." "Zigong Wenyue".

Note: In this paragraph, from "Lovers Yige Shang" to "Businessman is called Shang because of his knowledge", there are erroneous slips and extensions.According to "Historical Records·Leshu" and Zheng Xuan's "Notes on the Book of Rites", the corrections and deletions are made as follows, and then interpreted.

When Zi Gan saw Master Yi, he asked Yan, saying: "Everyone has their own suitability for bestowing and hearing songs. What kind of song is suitable for those who give it?" Master Yi said: "Yi, a cheap worker, why should I ask what is appropriate. Please recite What he hears, but my son is self-absorbed. Those who are wide and quiet, soft and upright should sing "Ode"; "Xiaoya"; those who are upright and quiet, honest and modest11, should sing "Wind"; those who are straightforward and loving, should sing "Shang"; those who are gentle and capable of breaking, should sing "Qi". Straighten yourself and Chen Deye, move yourself and the heaven and earth should be in harmony, the four seasons are in harmony, the stars are in harmony, and all things are nourished. Therefore, the "Shang" is the voice of the five emperors, and the merchants know it⑤, so it is called "Shang"; "Qi" is the voice of the three generations, Qi people know it, so it is called "Qi". Those who understand the sound of "Shang" will repeatedly break it when things happen; those who understand the sound of "Qi" will benefit from it. Letting go. Breaking down repeatedly in the face of an event is brave; yielding when seeing benefits is righteousness. There is courage and righteousness, which can protect this without singing? Therefore, the singer goes up like a resistance, goes down like a team⑥, twists and turns like a fold, and stops like a tree. ⑦, the middle moment ⑧, the hook in the sentence ⑨, so many that the end is like a pearl ⑩. Therefore, the song is for words, and the words are long. The words are B12, so the words are; the words are not enough, so the words are long; the words are long Insufficient words, so I lament B[-]; I lament the insufficiency, so I don’t know how to dance hands and feet.: "Zigong Wenyue".

【Note】

① Gan: Tong Gong.

②Good: Yinhao.

③ Upright, quiet, honest and modest: "Historical Records·Leshu" is written as "upright, honest and modest".

④ husband: sound support.

⑤ knowledge: sound to, general history.The same below.

⑥Team: sound affix, same drop.

⑦槀: The manuscript, the same.

[-] 倨: Sound giant.Middle: Yin Zhong.The same below.

[-] sentences: sound groove.

[-] tired: sound thunder.

Said: Yinyue, Tongyue.

Sigh: sound pout.

【Translation】

Zi Gong went to see Shi Yi, asked him for advice, and said: "I heard that the songs to be sung should suit each person's personality. What kind of songs should a person like Duanmu Ci sing?" Shi Yi said: "I am a humble person. Musician, how can I ask you what song to sing. Please allow me to state what I have heard, and you can make up your own mind! I heard that generous and quiet, gentle and upright people are suitable for singing "Ode to Zhou"; People who are broad-minded and calm, open-minded and honest are suitable for singing "Daya"; people who are respectful, frugal and polite are suitable for singing "Xiaoya"; people who are upright, quiet, honest and humble are suitable for singing "Guofeng" ;Frank and loving people are suitable for singing "Ode to Shang"; gentle and decisive people are suitable for singing "Qi Feng". Singing is to directly express one's emotions and express a certain character. While singing moves oneself, thus I feel that the heaven and the earth have responded, the four seasons have been harmonized, the stars have been straightened out, and all things have developed. Because "Shang Song" is the tone left over from the time of the Five Emperors, the merchant recorded it, so it is called "Shang Song"; "Qi Feng" is The tones left over from the Three Dynasties were recorded by the people of Qi, so they are called "Qi Feng". People who are familiar with "Shang Song" can often make decisions when encountering problems; It is bravery to be able to make a decision in a situation; it is loyalty to be able to give in when one sees a benefit. "Song of Shang" contains the character of being able to make a decision in the face of a situation, and "Qi Feng" contains the character of being able to let go of a profit. Except for these poems , What other means can preserve these characters of the ancients! Singing, when the voice rises, it seems to be lifted up, when the voice is lowered, it is like an object falling, when it is bent, it is like walking around a corner, when it ends, it is as silent as a dead tree, when it is hard to turn Its square conforms to a square ruler, and its arc conforms to a hook when it turns softly. The tones are continuous like a string of pearls. It turns out that the lyrics of the song are spoken in a long voice. I was happy, so I said it; light Speaking is not enough, so I speak in a drawn-out tone; speaking in a drawn-out tone is not enough, so I start chanting; and chanting is not enough, so I dance with my hands and feet unconsciously." The above is "Zi Gong Wen Le".

Collection of Jingjie 【Original】

Confucius said: "When you enter a country, you can learn from its teachings. As a human being, you are gentle and honest, as taught by the Poetry; if you are sparse and far-reaching, you are taught by the Book; when you are broad and easy to be good, you are taught by the Music; you are quiet and subtle. , "Yi" also teaches; respect, thrift and respect, "Li" teaches; it belongs to the comparison of words and things ②, and "Spring and Autumn" teaches. Therefore, "Poetry" is not foolish, "Book" is not false, and "Le" is not. Extravagance, the thief of "Yi", the trouble of "Li", and the confusion of "Spring and Autumn". He is also a person, gentle and honest but not stupid, and he is deeper than those in "Poetry". Those who are broad and easy to be good but not extravagant are deeper than those in "Le"; It is also in "Li", and it is deeper than "Spring and Autumn" if it is a comparison of words and things without chaos."

【Note】

①Xu: Tongjie.

② Genus: Sound Lord.Than: Yinbi.

【Translation】

Confucius said: "When you enter a country, you can know the education of this country. If the citizens are gentle in speech and honest in temperament, they belong to the education of "Poetry". It belongs to the enlightenment of "Book"; if it is broad-minded and kind-hearted, it belongs to the enlightenment of "Le"; It belongs to the enlightenment of "Li". If you are good at connecting diction and comparing examples, it belongs to the enlightenment of "Spring and Autumn". All kinds of enlightenment are inappropriate, and if they are not grasped properly, they are easy to have their own biases. The disadvantage of "Poetry" teaching lies in ignorance I don't know, the disadvantage of the "Book" teaching is exaggeration, the disadvantage of the "Le" teaching is extravagance and waste, the disadvantage of the "Yi" teaching is that superstition is harmful to people, the disadvantage of the "Li" teaching is that it is tedious and trivial, and the disadvantage of the "Spring and Autumn" teaching is that Indiscriminate praise and criticism. If you can be gentle and honest without being ignorant, then you are a person who is deeper than the teachings of "Poetry". Those who can be clean and subtle without being superstitious and harmful to others are those who are deeper than the teachings of "Yi"; those who can be respectful and dignified without being fussy and meticulous are those who are deeper than the teachings of "Li" ; for a person who can compare words with words without adding praise or criticism indiscriminately, that is someone who is deeper than the teaching of "Spring and Autumn"." [Original text]

The son of heaven is connected with the heaven and the earth, so virtue matches the heaven and the earth, benefits all things, shines with the sun and the moon, and illuminates the world without leaving the small.In the imperial court, there is the preface of Taoism, benevolence, sage, etiquette and righteousness; in Yan, the sounds of "Ya" and "Song" are heard; when walking, there is the sound of wearing rings;There is courtesy in the residence, there is a degree of advance and retreat, all officials are in the right place, and everything is in order. "Poetry" says: "A gentleman who is a gentleman, his manners are not insatiable ⑧. His manners are not insatiable, he is exactly the four kingdoms." This is what it means.

【Note】

① Reference: Tong San.

② place: sound pestle.

③ Intuit: Yinte.

【Translation】

The son of heaven and the heaven and the earth are juxtaposed into three.Therefore, the merits of the son of heaven are comparable to the heaven and the earth, and at the same time bestow favors on all things, and shine together with the sun and the moon, illuminating the world without leaving out the small.When he was in the court, he paid attention to the implementation order of benevolence, sanctity, etiquette and righteousness; when he lived at home, he listened to the correct sounds of "Ya" and "Song"; Bells, and the music that echoes the bells.There are certain etiquettes in the place of residence, there are certain rules for advancing and retreating, each of the hundreds of officials is in his own right, and everything he does is in his own order. "The Book of Songs·Cao Feng·Luojiu" said: "A good man and a gentleman have no mistakes in their manners. There is no mistake in their manners, and they lead the countries in the four directions correctly." This is what is said. 【original】

To issue orders and the people speak of it is called harmony, to be intimate with each other is called benevolence, to get what the people want without seeking what they want is called trust, and to remove harm from heaven and earth is called righteousness.Righteousness and faith, harmony and benevolence, the weapon of the overlord.If you have the intention to govern the people but do not have the tools, you will not succeed.

【Note】

① Say: Tongyue.

②Wang: Sound Wang.

【Translation】

To issue orders and make the people happy is called "harmony", to be intimate with each other is called "benevolence", to satisfy the people without asking for their own needs is called "faith", to clear away the evils between heaven and earth is called "benevolence". It is called "righteousness".Righteousness and faith, harmony and benevolence, these are the tools of overlords and kings.If you have the will to govern the people without the tools, you cannot succeed. 【original】

Ritual is to Zhengguo what balance is to weight, Shengmo is to straightness, and rules are to squareness.Therefore, in Hengcheng County, one cannot be deceived by the severity; the Shengmo is honest, one cannot be deceived by the straight; the rules are sincere, one cannot be deceived by the square;Therefore, people who are respectful and respectful are called people who are not respected by etiquette and who are not respected by etiquette.Therefore, if you worship the ancestral temple, you will respect; if you live in the court, you will have a high and low position;Confucius said: "There is no one who is good at propriety in governing the people in peace." This is what it means.

【Note】

①圆: Tongyuan.

②County: The original character of Xuan.

【Translation】

Rituals are used to govern the country, just like using scales to weigh weights, using ink strings to correct straightness, and using compasses and square rulers to draw circles and draw squares.Therefore, as long as the scale is hung honestly, one cannot lie about the weight; as long as the ink string is stretched honestly, one cannot be deceived about the straightness; Deceive people in terms of radius; adults and gentlemen understand etiquette, so you can't deceive him with treachery.Therefore, those who respect rituals and follow them are called righteous people; those who do not respect rituals and follow rituals are called undao people.Courtesy is actually the way of giving way.Therefore, if you serve the ancestral temple according to the rites, you will be sincere and respectful; if you enter the court according to the rites, you will have the appropriate rank for the high and the low; They will grow up in order.Confucius said in the "Book of Filial Piety": "There is nothing better than etiquette to stabilize the emperor and govern the people." This is what he said. 【original】

Therefore, the ritual of the pilgrimage[-] is used to clarify the righteousness of the ruler and ministers; the ritual of engagement is used to make the princes respect each other; the ritual of funeral sacrifices is used to clarify the kindness of courtiers; The ritual of a faint marriage ②, so it is clear that men and women are different.The place where the husband's rituals, prohibitions and chaos arises ③, and the place where the water stops and stops comes naturally ④.Therefore, those who regard the old workshops as useless and ruined will inevitably be destroyed by water; those who regard the old rites as useless and go away will inevitably suffer from chaos.

【Note】

① Jin: sound into.

② Faint: The original word for marriage.

③ husband: sound support.

④ Square: sound room.

【Translation】

Therefore, the ceremonies for the princes to meet with the emperor on a regular basis are used to demonstrate the morality between the emperor and his ministers; the rites for the princes to ask each other regularly are used to encourage the princes to respect each other; the rites for funerals and sacrifices are used to show that they are ministers. For the love of children; the ceremony of drinking in the countryside is used to show the order of seniority; the ceremony of marriage is used to show the difference between men and women.Using Li Li to prevent the root cause of disasters is like using embankments to prevent the flood from coming.Therefore, if the old dikes are considered useless and destroyed, there will be floods; if the old rites are considered useless and abandoned, there will be disasters. 【original】

Therefore, if the rites of a blind marriage are abolished, the life of the couple will be miserable, and the crimes of adultery will be many.If the etiquette of drinking in the village is abolished, the order of seniority and youth will be lost, and the prison of fighting will be complicated.If the ceremonies of funeral sacrifices are abolished, the kindness of the courtiers will be reduced, and there will be many people who will die twice and forget their lives.If the ceremony of betrothal appointment is abolished, the position of the monarch and ministers will be lost, and the evil deeds of the princes will be defeated, and the invasion of the mausoleum will be defeated.

【Note】

① Pi: Sound analogy, common and secluded.

②Double death and forget life: Wang Nian and Sun Yun: "'Life' should be 'first'. "Han Shu·Li Le Zhi" and "Lunheng·Thin Burial" are all written as "Double death and forget first". "Time: Tongbei.

【Translation】

Therefore, if the ceremony of marriage is abolished, then the way of marriage between husband and wife will become rough, and the crimes of adultery and out-of-the-way will inevitably increase; frequent; if funerals and sacrificial ceremonies are abolished, then those who are ministers and sons will become ungrateful, and those who betray the dead and forget their ancestors will inevitably be gangsters; If it disappears, the behavior of the princes will be bad, and bad things such as betrayal and aggression will inevitably happen. 【original】

Therefore, the teaching of rites is also weak, and its restraint of evil is not yet formed. It makes people move away from good and far away and commit crimes without knowing it. "Book of Changes" said: "A gentleman is careful at the beginning, and the difference is as good as a yak ①, and it is a thousand miles ②." This is what it means.

【Note】

①Hao: pass cents.Yak: Yinli, Tongli.

② Miao: Tong Miao.

【Translation】

Therefore, the effect of ritual on enlightenment is subtle. It can prevent evil before it has formed, and it can make people gradually become kind and stay away from crime without knowing it.Therefore, the previous holy kings paid special attention to it.The book about "Book of Changes" once said: "A gentleman treats the beginning carefully. If there is a slight mistake in the beginning, there will be a thousand miles of mistakes in the future." This is exactly what it means.

(End of this chapter)