golden ear

Chapter 339 Three Schools
The main producing areas of furniture in the Qing Dynasty were Guangzhou, Suzhou, and BJ, among which Guangzhou was the most famous.Known as the three masterpieces of Qing Dynasty furniture.

During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large number of Western missionaries came to China and spread some advanced science and technology, which promoted the prosperity of China's economy, culture and art.Due to its specific geographical location, Guangzhou has become an important gateway for my country's foreign trade and cultural exchanges.

With the further development of foreign trade, various handicraft industries such as: ivory carving, porcelain firing, cloisonné, etc. have also been restored and developed.In addition, Guangdong is the main producing area of ​​precious wood, and most of the high-quality wood from Southeast Asian countries is imported from Guangzhou, so the materials for making furniture are relatively abundant.These unique favorable conditions endow Cantonese furniture with a unique artistic style.

One of the characteristics of Cantonese-style furniture is that the materials used are thick and abundant.The main components of Cantonese-style furniture, such as legs, columns, etc., generally do not use splicing methods, no matter how curved they are, but are customarily dug out of one piece of wood.The same is true of other parts, so Cantonese-style furniture is mostly thicker.

Cantonese-style furniture pays attention to the consistency of wood, and most of them are made of one kind of wood.The Cantonese-style furniture that you usually see, such as red sandalwood or mahogany, are all of the same wood, and no other kinds of wood are mixed.Moreover, Cantonese-style furniture is not decorated with lacquer, so that the wood is completely exposed, which makes people feel solid and clear at a glance.

The second characteristic of Cantonese-style furniture is the deep and deep carving of decorative patterns, the skill of cutting and the fine grinding.Its carving style is influenced by western architectural carvings to a certain extent. The carving pattern has high bulges, and some parts are almost round carvings.Coupled with fine grinding, the surface of the pattern is as smooth as jade, without any traces of chiseling.

All in all, just one word, expensive!But all the widely made furniture are made of real materials, with meticulous carving and full of nobility.The owner of Shanxi Coal is the favorite. There was once an antique big bed with carved dragon patterns in red sandalwood, which sold for more than 3000 million!There is really no best, only the most expensive.

"Pay attention to its decorations. The decorative themes and decorations of Cantonese-style furniture are influenced by Western culture and art. After making utensils with traditional Chinese methods, they are decorated with Western-style patterns by carving, inlaying and other techniques. This Western-style The pattern is usually a peony-shaped pattern, and it is also called passionflower."

"This kind of pattern has smooth lines and various changes, and the branches can be stretched at will according to different shapes. It is characterized by one or a few flowers as the center, stretching out in all directions, and most of them are symmetrical up and down. If the decoration is in a circle On the shaped utensils, the branches and leaves are mostly circular, and the decorations on each side are ingeniously connected, so it is difficult to distinguish their beginning and end.

"In addition to Western-style decorations, Cantonese-style furniture also has a considerable number of traditional decorations. For example, various forms of seawater cloud dragons, seawater river cliffs, cloud patterns, phoenix patterns, Kui patterns, bats, chimes, wrapped or folded branches flowers, and various Lace decoration, etc. At first glance, many Cantonese-style furniture have traditional Chinese patterns, but when you look closely, there are more or less Western-style traces. It provides a basis for us to identify Cantonese-style furniture."

After watching a few widely made furniture, Mr. Ouyang took Wu Tianyuan to Su's furniture, and continued: "Su-style furniture refers to the furniture produced in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River centered on Suzhou. Su-style furniture was formed earlier. The world-famous Ming-style furniture is mainly Su-style furniture. But after entering the Qing Dynasty, with the change of social atmosphere, Su-style furniture also began to change in the direction of cumbersome and flashy.”

"In order to save materials, Su-style furniture is often mixed with other firewood in the dark when making furniture such as tables, chairs, and stools. This situation is mostly reflected in the materials used for the belts inside the utensils. Now the Palace Museum collection A large number of Su-style furniture, [-] out of [-], have this phenomenon, and this is true of Su-style furniture in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Su-style furniture is painted on the inside, the purpose is to prevent the belt from getting damp and keep the wood from deforming. , but also has the effect of covering up ugliness.

"That is to say, Su's works are the most tricky?" Wu Tianyuan heard the implication of Ouyang's old man.

"That's right. Su Zuo has the longest history and the highest craftsmanship, so the means of decoration is the best." Old Master Ouyang used the word "modification" with a lot of meaning.

"The mosaic and carving of Su-style furniture are mainly manifested in the cabinets and screen joints. Take this ordinary cabinet as an example. The cabinet frame is usually made of hardwood, and a pine or fir board is slotted in the middle, and then it is painted according to the lacquer process. After the lacquer surface has dried in the shade, start to decorate. First draw a drawing on the lacquer surface, then dig grooves with a knife according to the pattern, and insert the inserts of various textures made in advance according to the drawings into the grooves. Glue it firmly and it’s the finished product.”

Things are like this. Ancient Guangzhou was a port with the most aniseed materials, so the craftsmen there did not cherish the materials and used them very expensively.However, there are not many materials shipped to Suzhou, so the craftsmen naturally have to consider the cost, find ways to save materials, and force to increase the sense of design.It is estimated that Ming-style huanghuali furniture was born in this way?

"The decorative themes of Suzhou furniture are mostly taken from the drawings of celebrities in the past dynasties, mainly including pine, bamboo, plum blossom, rocks, flowers and birds, landscapes and various myths and legends. The second is traditional decorations such as "sea water cloud dragon, sea water river cliff, dragon playing with pearls" ", dragon and phoenix bring prosperity" and so on. Fragmented flowers are also very common, and local decorations are mostly tangled lotus and tangled peonies. Western patterns are extremely rare. Generally speaking, it is Su-style tangled lotus or Cantonese-style Western fan The lotus has become a feature that distinguishes the Soviet style from the Cantonese style."

"Then what about our work in Beijing? Is it the most down-to-earth?"

At last, Jingzuo Furniture, as one of the three major schools and the only representative of Northern Workers, Wu Tianyuan was curious about what is so special about it.

"Jingzuo furniture is generally made of furniture made by the Qing Palace Office. The Office has a separate Guangmu office, which is filled by excellent craftsmen selected from Guangdong. Most of the utensils made reflect the Cantonese style. However, due to the large number of wood It was transported from Guangzhou, a cart of wood, and it took several months to transport it to BJ. Needless to say, the manpower, material resources, and expenses along the way. The emperor himself is well aware of this. Therefore, the manufacturing office must First draw the auspicious painting and present it for viewing, and then it can be completed after the emperor approves it."

"It is often recorded in these imperial criticisms that the emperor felt that certain parts were too large in material after reading it, and promptly ordered that certain parts be reduced. Especially Emperor Yongzheng, he was very cautious and frugal, and had high requirements for art. , so basically everything has to be seen by him before it can be made to order.”

"Over time, it has formed the characteristic that Beijing-made furniture uses less materials than the more widely made furniture. In the ordinary woodwork of the office, most of the craftsmen are recruited from the Jiangnan region, and the workmanship tends to be Soviet-style. The difference is that they were in the Qing Palace. The furniture made is slightly larger than those in the Jiangnan area, and there are not many cases of adulteration."

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(End of this chapter)