China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 29

The fall of Jiangling to the north was an important turning point in the decline of the Southern Dynasty.It lost the buffer barrier in the Jiangbei area, and the northern army could easily cross the river to attack the south, making it very difficult to defend the Jiangnan military, let alone launch an attack on the north.Xiao Yi's burning of books (many precious books have since become extinct) was a catastrophe in the history of ancient Chinese culture.

●Gao Yang declared himself emperor and built the Northern Qi Dynasty
Gao Yang is the son of Gao Huan.In 535 A.D., Gao Yang was granted the title of Hushi General and the Founding Duke of Taiyuan County;

In 549 AD, Gao Huan's eldest son Gao Cheng was killed, and Gao Yang took over the Eastern Wei Dynasty.When Gao Yang abolished Gao Cheng's bad government, which was inconvenient to the people, he successfully controlled the political situation.

In the first month of the following year, Emperor Xiaojing appointed Gao Yang as prime minister, and later became the king of Qi.In May of the same year, Gao Yang abolished Emperor Xiaojing, the emperor, and established the Northern Qi regime as Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty.After Gao Yang proclaimed himself emperor, he made great efforts to govern, and the national power of the Northern Qi Dynasty reached its peak.

●Chen Ba first suppressed the rebellion and established Chen
Chen Baxian, courtesy name Xingguo, was born in Wuxing Great Wall (now Changxing, Zhejiang).Since childhood, his family was poor, but he liked to read military books.He served as an oil depot official and Zhongzhi soldier joined the army. Later, he was promoted to be the governor of Xijiang for his meritorious service in quelling the rebellion. Soon, he was named the Sima of Jiaozhou and the prefect of Wuping (in today's Vietnam) because of his meritorious service in quelling Li Ben's rebellion in Jiaozhou. General Zhenyuan and Gaoyao Taisi.Xiao Yan personally summoned Chen Baxian and awarded him the post of Zhige General, titled Xin'anzi.

After Hou Jing's rebellion, Chen Ba first sent troops to attack Hou Jing in Shixing (now Shaoguan, Guangdong), and then joined forces with Wang Sengbian, the general who conquered the East.In 552 AD, he led the army to besiege Stone City (now Nanjing) and defeated Hou Jing.After Hou Jing's defeat, Chen Baxian was appointed as Sikong and Governor of South Xuzhou by Emperor Xiao Yi of Liang Yuan for his meritorious service in suppressing the rebellion, Zhenjingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu).In 554 AD, the Western Wei Dynasty broke Jiangling, and Emperor Liang Yuan was killed.Chen Baxian argued with Wang Seng to ask Xiao Yi's ninth son, Xiao Fangzhi, King of Jin'an, to take over the system as the magistrate and live in the court.In 555 A.D., Wang Sengbian Qu served the Northern Qi Dynasty and welcomed Xiao Yuanming, who was supported by the Northern Qi Dynasty, as Emperor Liang. Chen Baxian's persuasive persuasion was ineffective, so he killed Wang Sengbian and made Xiao Fangzhi emperor.Later, he repelled the Northern Qi's southward aggression, wiped out the rebellion of Wang Sengbian's remaining party, and made Chen Gong and then King Chen in Jin Dynasty.

In 557 A.D., Liang Jingdi Xiao Fangzhi took the Zen throne, and Chen Ba proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Liang, established the Chen Dynasty, changed the year name to Yongding, and the Liang Dynasty perished.

●Yu Wenjue established the Northern Zhou Dynasty
The foundation of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was laid during the Yuwentai period.Yu Wentai held real power during the Western Wei Dynasty. Although his ruling group was centered on the soldiers of Wuchuan Town, he was able to extensively absorb Xianbei nobles and Guanlong nobles to serve him.During his administration, he paid great attention to reform.In terms of employing personnel, the system of meritocracy is adopted.In terms of economy, an equal-field system was ordered.In the military, the Fubing system was established.After reforms, the Western Wei Dynasty quickly became stronger.

In 556 AD, after Yu Wentai's death, his son Yu Wenjue succeeded him as Taishi and other officials, and he was granted the title of Duke of Zhou.At the beginning of the second year, Yu Wenjue abolished Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty and established himself. The country was named Zhou, and the capital was Chang'an, which was called the Northern Zhou Dynasty in history.

●Northern Qi Dynasty dug grottoes and carved scriptures
Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao Yang, started the Northern Qi Dynasty to worship the Buddha. The government and the public were enthusiastic about copying Buddhist scriptures, building temples, and digging grottoes. The Buddhist scripture engraving business was particularly prosperous.Tang Yong, the great general of Hushi in the Northern Qi Dynasty, made a vow to engrave Buddhist scriptures on famous mountains. From 568 A.D., grottoes were excavated in Beixiangtang Mountain, and each of the "Vimalakirti Sutra", "Li Jing" and "Maitreya Sutra of Buddhahood" were engraved on the inner and outer walls of the cave. , which took four years to complete.

The Beixiangtang Mountain Carved Sutra Cave opened up the tradition of engraving stone sutras in the history of Chinese Buddhism, and the engraved sutras are concentrated in the vicinity of Yedu and the mountainous area around Yanzhou in southern Shandong.In addition to the scriptures carved on Beixiangtang Mountain, there are scriptures carved on Nanxiangtang Mountain (572 AD), scriptures carved on Baoshan Mountain, scriptures carved on Zulai Mountain (570 AD), scriptures carved on Mount Tai, scriptures carved on Buffalo Mountain, and scriptures carved on Jianshan Mountain (AD 575). 579) etc.After Yu Wenyong destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, he also exterminated Buddhism in the territory, but Buddhists continued to engrave scriptures, and there were successively Zou Feng Tieshan engraved scriptures (AD 580), Gangshan engraved scriptures (AD 580), Geshan engraved scriptures ( [-] A.D.), Yishan engraved scriptures, etc., are all large-scale inscriptions on cliffs, which are unprecedented and unprecedented.The engraved classics in regular script or official script are different from the regular script of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the official script of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The style is powerful and simple, and it is appreciated and imitated by later generations.

● Zhou destroyed Qi and unified the north
After a series of reforms, the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty became stronger.In 575 A.D., Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty Yu Wenyong personally led an army of 6 to attack the Northern Qi Dynasty, and occupied Heyin (now northeast of Luoyang, Henan Province) in August, but failed to attack Jinyong City for a long time and was forced to retreat.

In 576 A.D., Yu Wenyong led his troops to attack the Northern Qi Dynasty again. After a fierce battle with the Qi army, he captured Jinyang, and took advantage of the victory to capture Yecheng in the first month of the second year. He captured the Queen of Qi and Qi died.Afterwards, the Northern Zhou Dynasty quelled other resistance forces in a relatively short period of time and unified northern China.

●Yu Wenyong exterminated Buddha and ruled the world
During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the influence of Buddhism and Taoism expanded rapidly, which not only damaged the government's taxation, forced labor, and military service, but also hindered the expansion of the economic power of secular landlords.

Yu Wenyong, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was a talented and generous monarch who paid the most attention to martial arts and worked hard to govern.During his reign, a series of reforms were carried out in politics, economy and military.According to "Guang Hongming Ji" Volume 7 "Syllabus Dai Wangchen Delusion Solution": In 567 AD, Shu County Gongwei Yuansong wrote a letter saying: "National governance is not in Futu, Tang and Yu have no Buddhist pictures, but the country is safe, Qi, Yu, etc. There are temples in Liang, but the oaks are lost. The Great Zhou started the movement, and he admired the transformation of Tang and Yu from afar, so it is better to leave Qi and the end of Liang." His opinion was highly appreciated by Yu Wenyong.Taoist priest Zhang Bin also wrote to request the abolition of Buddhism.Therefore, Yu Wenyong called a group of ministers, famous monks and Taoist priests to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three religions.The intention is to lower the status of Buddhism, placing Confucianism first, Taoism second, and Buddhism last.However, Zai Yuwenhu, a great believer in Buddhism, was in charge of the government at that time, and he did not agree. In addition, Daoan, Juanluan, etc. wrote a letter slandering Taoism. Therefore, despite many discussions, the three religions could not be determined.In 572 A.D., Yu Wenyong punished Yu Wenhu and began to take power in the court.In December of the following year, a group of ministers, Taoist priests, and famous monks were called for a debate, and it was determined that Confucianism was the first, Taoism was the second, and Buddhism was the last.Because famous monks such as Seng Dong, Seng Meng, Jing Ai, and Dao Ji stood up to fight and tried their best to slander and reject Taoism, the ranking failed to be realized this time.In 574 AD, Yu Wenyong once again convened ministers, famous monks, and Taoist priests for a debate.At the meeting, the struggle between Buddhism and Taoism was fierce.According to the "Continued Biography of Eminent Monks: The Biography of Zhixuan", Zhixuan defeated the Taoist priest Zhang Bin during the debate. Yu Wenyong defended Taoism and denounced Buddhism as unclean. Zhixuan replied: "Taoism is especially unclean!"

Yu Wenyong originally wanted to repudiate Buddhism this time. Because Taoism's superstitious alchemy and false teachings have been exposed by Daoan, Zhenluan, Zhixuan and others, it has been completely exposed. , the scriptures and images were all destroyed, dismissed the recluses (that is, monks and nuns) Taoists, and ordered them to return to the people."After the decree is issued, it will be implemented immediately. "Bringing the Buddha and burning scriptures, expelling the monks and destroying the pagoda...the treasure temples and gardens are all common houses, and the recluses are all made of white clothes."

After the Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed in 577 AD, Yu Wenyong summoned famous monks many times in the new hall of Yecheng to explain the reasons and significance of respecting Confucianism and destroying Buddhism. The 500 monks who attended the meeting were silent. threaten.Ren Daolin, a Buddhist, also wrote a letter against the destruction of Buddha, threatening with karma.Yu Wenyong said that he is not a Wuhu and has no intention of believing in Buddhism.After weighing the pros and cons, he finally decided to destroy Buddhism in the former Qi State, and the temples were "allowed to be destroyed." Therefore, Buddhism in the entire northern part of China was banned.

Emperor Wu of Zhou exterminated Buddhism more thoroughly this time.According to the records in Volume 11 of "Fang Lu": At that time, all the pagodas built by officials and privates in the east of Shanxi in the previous generation were destroyed and swept away.Melt and scrape the holy face, burn the classics.There are a total of 300 temples in Bazhou (exited), all of which were given to princes and dukes as houses.Sanfang Shizi reduced by [-] million, all returned to the army and civilians, and returned to the registered households."

During this extermination of Buddhism, the Northern Zhou government not only obtained a large amount of monastery wealth, but also obtained nearly 300 million registered civilians, which made production develop day by day, "rents and transfers increased every year, and military divisions prospered day by day."Thus, it provided a solid material foundation and strong military strength for the unification of the Sui Dynasty and the struggle against the Turks.

##No.15 series Wenyuan wonderful flower
●The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
During the fierce struggle between the Sima Group and the Cao Wei Group, Ji Kang and Ruan Ji were the backbone of the scholar class, including Shan Tao, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu, Wang Rong, and Liu Ling.They take the spirit of Zhuangzi as their sustenance, and often place their love on the village of secluded springs in the bamboo forest.At that time, the Sima Group was becoming more and more powerful, and the important members of the Cao Wei Group were killed wantonly, and many celebrities became victims of political struggles.Some celebrities lost confidence in their own future, and they also became suspicious of the famous religion that concealed the Sima Group's rule.So he drank as a rule and let loose in an attempt to escape the harsh social reality.The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove are the representatives of these people, but the experience of each of them is different.

●Seven sons of Jian'an

Wang Can, styled Zhongxuan, was born in Gaoping County, Shanyang County. He is the long history of General He Jin in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.After Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty moved his capital to Chang'an, Wang Can also moved to Chang'an. Zuo Zhonglang general Cai Yong was amazed by Wang Can's talent and appreciated him very much.

When Wang Can was 17 years old, he was recruited by Situ, and the court appointed him as the servant of Huangmen.Because the situation in Chang'an was very chaotic at that time, he resigned his post and left Chang'an to Jingzhou to join Liu Biao.However, because of Wang Can's ugly appearance and weak health, Liu Biao never used him very much.After Liu Biao died, Cao Cao captured Jingzhou, and Wang Can persuaded Liu Biao's son Liu Qiong to join Cao Cao.So Cao Cao appointed Wang Can as the prime minister and gave him the title of Marquis of Guannei.Cao Cao held a banquet on the banks of the Han River. Wang Can analyzed the heroes of the world and raised his glass to congratulate Cao Cao on his victory.

Later, Cao Cao promoted Wang Can to serve as a sacrificial wine for the army.After the establishment of the Wei state, he was transferred to serve as a servant.Wang Can is knowledgeable, well-informed, and answers all questions.In the chaotic situation at that time, the old ritual system was abolished, and the new system established later was often in charge of Wang Can.

Wang Can has an amazing memory.Once, Wang Can and his friends were walking together, reading the inscription beside the road, and after looking at it, the friend asked him, "Can you recite it now?" Wang Can replied, "Yes." The inscription was recited.Another time, Wang Can watched others play Go, and the game was messed up, so Wang Can arranged the chess pieces for them according to the original situation.The chess players didn't believe it, so they set up another game of chess, covered it with a towel, and then asked Wang Can to set it up on another empty board.

He is proficient in arithmetic and writing, and he can write without changing a single word, so that people think he has conceived it in advance.Even with more careful scrutiny, it could not be written better.He has written nearly [-] articles such as poems, fus, treatises and discussions.

In the 21st year of Jian'an, Wang Can followed Cao Cao to conquer Sun Wu.In the spring of the 22nd year of Jian'an, he died of illness on the way when he was only 41 years old.

Xu Wo was a staff member of the Sikong Mansion's army who planned to offer sacrifices to wine, and held the position of general literature in the five palaces.

Chen Lin used to be He Jin's secretary. At that time, He Jin wanted to eliminate all the eunuchs, but the Queen Mother disagreed, so He Jin summoned brave generals from all over the country and asked them to lead the army to march to the capital, hoping to threaten the Queen Mother.Chen Lin dissuades He Jin, but He Jin refuses to accept his advice, and ends up bringing disaster upon himself.Later, Chen Lin took refuge in Jizhou, and Yuan Shao appointed him to be in charge of writing articles.After Yuan Shao's father and son failed, Chen Lin surrendered to Cao Cao.Cao Cao said to him: "You used to write a letter for Yuan Shao to condemn me, and it was enough to list my crimes. It is enough to hate the bad guys himself. How can you implicate my father and grandfather?" Chen Lin pleaded guilty again and again, Because Cao Cao loved his talent, he no longer pursued his crimes.

Ruan Yu studied with Cai Yong when he was young.In Jian'an, Du Wei Cao Hong wanted to assign him the post of secretary, but Ruan Yu disagreed, and finally did not give in.Later, Cao Cao used Chen Lin and Ruan Yu together as Sikong to seek sacrificial wine and take charge of the recording room.At that time, all kinds of letters and proclamations in the military country were written by Chen Lin and Ruan Yu.Later, Chen Lin was transferred to serve as the general of the army directly under the commander, and Ruan Yu became the subordinate officer of Cangcao.Ying Yu and Liu Zhen were recruited by Cao Cao respectively and became subordinate officials of the prime minister's mansion.Ying Yu was transferred to be the concubine of Pingyuan Hou, and later he was appointed as the general of the five sense organs to study Yixue.Liu Zhen was sentenced for the crime of disrespect. After his sentence was released, he returned to the government office.Each of them has written dozens of essays and poems.

Ruan Ju died in the 17th year of Jian'an.Xu Wo, Chen Lin, Ying Dang, and Liu Zhen died successively in the 22nd year of Jian'an.A plague broke out that year, and several people including Xu Wo, Chen Lin, Ying Dang, and Liu Zhen all died at once.

Xu Weichang has both literary talent and good reputation. He is pure-hearted and ascetic, does not admire glory and profit, and does not love fame.He has written more than [-] articles in "Zhong Lun", all of which are well-founded and elegant, enough to be handed down to future generations.

Kong Rong is the No.20 grandson of Confucius.His great-grandfather, Kong Shang, was the prefect of Julu.His father, Kong Zhou, was the captain of Taishan.Kong Rong had outstanding talents since he was a child. At that time, Henan Yin and Liying were very famous. He told his subordinates to selectively inform the guests who asked for an audience.

When Kong Rong was more than ten years old, he wanted to see what kind of person Li Ying was, so he went to Li Ying's house and said to the gatekeeper, "I am a descendant of Mr. Li's whole family." , and asked: "Have your ancestors had any contact with my family?" Kong Rong said: "Yes. My ancestor Confucius and Mr. Li Laojun, the ancestor of Mr. Li, are teachers and friends because of the same virtue and righteousness. , Then, my husband and I are family friends from generation to generation!" The people present were amazed by him, and they all said, "This is a different child!" Later, Chen Wei, the doctor of the Taizhong, came, and the people sitting with him Telling him what happened just now, Chen Wei said: "You are smart when you are young, but you may not be outstanding when you grow up." Kong Rong replied: "Just take what you just said, sir, you were very smart when you were young! Li Ying laughed, turned to Kong Rong and said, "When you grow up, you will become a talent capable of great things."

These seven men of letters, Kong Rong from Lu, Chen Lin from Guangling, Wang Can from Shanyang, Xu Wo from Beihai, Ruan Yu from Chenliu, Ying Yu from Runan, and Liu Zhen from Dongping, had a wide range of knowledge. What you don't learn, diction can be innovative, never follow suit, and create with your own ability.They are like horses galloping thousands of miles, neck and neck in the literary world, and later generations call them the "Seven Sons of Jian'an".

●A generation of talented Cai Wenji
Cai Yan, courtesy name Wenji, was born in Chenliuyu.Her father, Cai Yong, was a well-known scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was proficient in astronomy, calendar, and mathematics, and had a deep knowledge of music and literature.At the same time, he is also a calligrapher and a master of Confucian classics.He treats people with humility and no airs. Many people come to visit and ask for advice, and the house is often full of seats.

Cai Wenji was smart and eager to learn since she was a child. Under the influence of this scholarly family, she was good at literature and music when she was still a girl.Once, when my father was playing the piano in the dark, a string suddenly broke with a "collapse".Wen Ji, who was listening quietly, said that it was the second string that was broken.The father thought she had guessed right by accident, and broke the fourth string on purpose, and asked which string it was.Wen Ji immediately replied that it was the fourth string.Cai Yong was also very surprised by his daughter's ability to distinguish sounds. From then on, he loved her even more and regarded her as the apple of his eye.

After Cai Wenji became an adult, her husband died shortly after her marriage.She returned to her father, who was beaten and imprisoned by political opponents, sentenced to death, and died in prison in grief and indignation.Wen Ji saw that she was farewell to her biological father, but there was no way to save her.After the death of her father, misfortunes never come singly. The lonely Wenji was plundered by the Southern Huns along with a large number of refugees during the war.This is 195 AD, and Wen Ji is only 22 years old.In that desolate area away from her hometown, she became the wife of a Hun leader, lived there for 12 years, and gave birth to two children.Later, she finally had the opportunity to return to the Central Plains, and she was the only woman left in the original Cai family.She married Dong Si, the governor of Tuntian, and Dong Si treated her extremely badly.The relationship between husband and wife is very good, and life is relatively peaceful.

After Wen Ji returned to the Han Dynasty, with her own memory, she recorded more than 400 works that her father had taught her to recite, so that they could be passed on to future generations.Cai Yong's works seen today are preserved in this way.

●"Sandu Fu" Luoyang Zhigui

In the Western Jin Dynasty, there was a writer named Zuo Si.When Zuo Si was young, his brain was relatively dull. His father taught him to write, but he always wrote crookedly, which was not good for him;Zuo Si's father was very angry. He pointed to Zuo Si and said to his friend, "My son is really worthless. He can't learn anything."

After the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, unprecedented prosperity appeared in Chengdu, Jianye, and Luoyang.Zuo Si made up his mind to write an article describing these three capitals in the style of Fu.In order to create beautiful sentences, Zuo Si hung paper and pens on the walls of the interior, courtyard, toilets and other places.No matter where I go, as long as I think of a good phrase, I will write it on the hanging paper.At that time, Lu Ji, a famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, heard that Zuo Si was going to write "Sandu Fu", and laughed at him for being overconfident.But Zuo Si persevered, and after 3 years, he finally wrote "Sandu Fu". After "Sandu Fu" was published, people scrambled to circulate it, and the literati and wealthy nobles in the capital rushed to buy paper for copying and reading. At one time, all the paper in Luoyang was bought, and the price of paper suddenly rose sharply.This is the origin of "Luoyang Zhigui".

●A generation of medical sage Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing, surnamed Zhang, named Ji, styled Zhongjing, was born in Nieyang (in present-day Henan) in Nanyang County.Zhang Zhongjing was gifted and intelligent, diligent and studious. When he was young, he studied medicine from Zhang Bozu in the same county, and he was handed down to the best of his ability.

It is said that one day, he met Wang Zhongxuan, a well-known talent in the world. Wang Zhongxuan was in his 20s at the time. Zhang Zhongjing looked at him and said to him: "You are already suffering from a disease, and your eyebrows will drop when you are 40 years old. After half a year, you will lose your eyebrows." I will die." He told Wang Zhongxuan that taking Wushi Tang would save him from death.Wang Zhongxuan didn't believe his words, so he took Wushi soup but didn't take it.A few days later, Zhang Zhongjing saw Wang Zhongxuan again, and asked him, "Have you taken the medicine?" What about it?” Wang Zhongxuan still didn’t believe it, but 20 years later, as Zhang Zhongjing said, Wang Zhongxuan began to lower his eyebrows, and died 187 days later, just as Zhang Zhongjing said 20 years ago.

(End of this chapter)