China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 30

During the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing was promoted as Xiaolian of Nanyang County, and thus served as the prefect of Changsha.After 195 AD, large-scale typhoid fever began to spread across the country again. In less than 10 years, 200 members of Zhang Zhongjing's own family of more than 134 people died of illness, and more than 90 people died of typhoid fever alone. .In the case of atrocities caused by the epidemic in his hometown, Zhang Zhongjing resigned his post as prefect resolutely, returned to his hometown, devoted himself to studying medicine.

After Zhang Zhongjing retired from Changsha and returned to his hometown, he walked to the bank of Baihe River in his hometown. He saw many poor people suffering from hunger and cold, and their ears were rotten from the cold.So, he set up a medical shed and a cauldron on an open space in Dongguan, Nanyang, and opened it on the day of the winter solstice to give medicine to the poor to heal their injuries.Zhang Zhongjing's medicine is called "Quhanjiaoer Decoction", which is to boil mutton, pepper and some cold-dispelling medicinal materials in a pot. "Jiao Er", boiled in a pot and given to patients begging for medicine.Zhang Zhongjing continued to give up medicine until the New Year's Eve.On the first day of the new year, people celebrate the new year and also celebrate the recovery of the rotten ear. They make New Year's food in the shape of Jiaoer and eat it on the morning of the first day of the new year.Later, people called this food "Jiaoer" or "Jiaozi", and it was eaten on the winter solstice and the first day of the new year to commemorate Zhang Zhongjing's kindness in giving medicine and curing patients.

After returning to his hometown, Zhang Zhongjing read extensively and collected widely, systematically summed up the essence of medicine before the Han Dynasty, and wrote the book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases" based on his rich medical practice experience.For the first time, he systematically and completely expounded the etiology, pathology, treatment principles and methods of epidemics and various medical miscellaneous diseases, and laid a solid theoretical foundation for the development of clinical medicine in later generations.Later generations of medical scholars called Zhang Zhongjing the "Medical Sage".

●Hua Tuo's skillful hands to treat diseases
Hua Lun was a great medical scientist and pharmacologist in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.He has studied knowledge assiduously since he was a child, and is proficient in various scriptures. He especially likes to study medicine and methods of health preservation.Later, he went to Xuzhou for a study tour, worshiped famous doctors as teachers, and coupled with his continuous efforts, he finally acquired profound medical knowledge.Hua Tuo was proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, especially in surgery, so later generations called him the ancestor of surgery.

Hua Tuo's diagnosis was extremely accurate.Once, two officials had a headache and fever, and they went to Hua Tuo to see a doctor one after another.After Hua Tuo asked about his condition, he prescribed laxatives for one and sweating medicine for the other.Someone watched Hua Tuo prescribe the medicine and asked him why the medicine was different for the same condition.Hua Tuo said: "This kind of disease looks the same on the surface, but it is actually different. The former disease is internal, so you should take laxatives; the latter is just an external infection, so let him sweat." After the two went back to take the medicine, Sure enough, it is the medicine that cures the disease.

Once, Hua Tuo met a patient suffering from a blocked throat on the road, unable to eat, and was taking a car to be treated.The patient groaned in great pain.Hua Tuo went up to examine the patient carefully, and then said to him, "You can ask the baker on the side of the road for three or two ounces of rice cakes, add half a bowl of sour vinegar, mix it up and eat it, and the disease will naturally heal." In his words, he ate the pineapple and vinegar, and immediately spit out a long parasite, and the disease was cured immediately.

Another time, a prefect fell ill. He didn't think about eating and drinking, and couldn't sleep at night. He invited many doctors to diagnose and treat him, but he couldn't be cured.After Hua Tuo checked the pulse of the prefect, he thought it was caused by congestion in the chest, and this disease can only be cured by making the patient angry.So, he deliberately asked the patient for a very expensive consultation fee, but procrastinated to prescribe the medicine for him. After a few days, he left without saying goodbye, and left a letter scolding the prefect for getting sick.The prefect was really furious, and immediately sent someone to hunt down Hua Tuo.Knowing Hua Tuo's intentions, the prefect's son secretly told his family not to arrest Hua Tuo.When the prefect heard that Hua Tuo could not be caught, he became even more angry. In a fit of anger, he vomited a few mouthfuls of black blood.I didn't want to vomit, but I felt refreshed. After a while, I asked my family for food and drink, and started to eat and drink with gusto.

Hua Tuo can not only cure some difficult and miscellaneous diseases, but also good at performing surgical operations.He prepared an anesthetic called Mafeisan.A patient suffered from abdominal pain, which was so painful that after more than ten days, his beard and eyebrows all fell off.After diagnosis, Hua Tuo said: "This is a spleen ulcer, and the laparotomy must be performed as soon as possible." Hua Tuo gave the patient Mafeisan, opened the abdominal cavity, removed the necrotic spleen, sewed up the wound, and applied ointment.After four or five days, the wound healed, and he recovered within a month.

●Cao Zhi made a poem in seven steps
Cao Zhi is the fourth son of Cao Cao and the younger brother of Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi.

Once, Cao Pi said to Cao Zhi: "I heard that you are quick-witted, but I have never been interviewed. Now you are limited to seven steps to write a poem. If you can't, I will punish you for deceiving the world and stealing your name!" "Cao Zhi had no choice but to write poems while walking. Before he had walked seven steps, he wrote a poem: boil beans to burn Osmunda (bean stalks), soak (filter) drums (douche) for juice.It burns under the cauldron (pan), and the beans weep in the cauldron.They are born from the same root, so why rush each other?
The whole poem uses Osmunda and beans grown from the same root as a metaphor for brothers with the same parents, and Osmunda and beans fried together are used to describe brothers who are at odds and can kill each other. "It's born from the same root, so why is it too urgent?" This is Cao Zhi's serious and serious question to Cao, which is criticism and persuasion.Cao Pi listened to this poem and was moved, so he stopped framing Cao Zhi.

●Pei Xiu and the Six Problems of Cartography

Pei Xiu, courtesy name Xiuyan, was born in Wenxi, Hedong (in today's Shanxi). He was born in a bureaucratic family.

Pei Xiu's greatest achievement is to create the "six bodies of cartography", that is, the methods and laws that cartography should follow. There are six in total.They are: [-]. "Score", that is, scale; [-]. "Zhunwang", that is, orientation; [-]. "Dao Li", that is, distance; straight".Among them, the last three items explain the problems caused by the undulations of the terrain, the gradient of the slope, and the direction of the mountains and rivers.Pei Xiu believes that the above six items are interrelated and restrict each other.If there are no scale markers on the map, the distances cannot be determined.If there is only a scale mark, but no direction, then although the direction of a certain place is correct when viewed from one direction, it is not correct when viewed from other directions.If there is only the determination of the direction, without the actual route of the road and the indication of the distance, then it is impossible to know how to travel in places separated by mountains and rivers.If there are only markings of routes and distances, without the undulations of the ground and the straight and straight shapes of the routes, then the distances of the roads must not correspond to the distances, and the direction is also unclear.Therefore, the six criteria must be used comprehensively and mutually confirmed to determine the location, distance and terrain of a place.Therefore, it can be said that Pei Xiu has already discussed all the main factors required by modern cartography, except for longitude and latitude lines and projections.The methods of drawing maps in our country are basically based on the "six bodies" stipulated by Pei Xiu.

In addition, Pei Xiu edited and drawn 1 chapters of "Map of Yugong Area", and re-surveyed and drew the map at that time.Pei Xiu also transformed the original heavy "The Great Map of the World" made of eighty squares, and reduced it with the ratio of "one is divided into ten miles, and one inch is a hundred miles", making it a small and easy-to-read map. Clear "Abbot Map".This reduced "Abbot Map" is what is now called a small-scale (1800000:[-]) map.During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the writer Xie Zhuang made a wooden terrain model the size of an abbot. Later, Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Shang and Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty all used wood, batter, sawdust, clay and wax to make terrain models.These are the continuous evolution of Pei Xiu's abbot map, which shows that Pei Xiu had a profound influence on the development of cartography in later generations.

●Gu Kaizhi, Sanjue Painting Saint
Gu Kaizhi, whose style name is Changkang, and small style name Hutou, was born in Jinling (now Wuxi, Jiangsu Province), an outstanding figure painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.His family's ancestors were all Jin Dynasty officials and scholarly families.Gu Kaizhi has read extensively since he was very young and showed his talent.He is good at poetry, calligraphy, especially painting. He is a talented artist who became famous at a young age.Later generations said that Gu Kaizhi had three unique skills: talent, painting and infatuation. "Excellent talent" means that Gu Kaizhi is intelligent and versatile; "excellent painting" means that Gu Kaizhi is good at painting; "infatuated" refers to Gu Kaizhi's dedication to art research.

Gu Kaizhi's paintings are intended to express the spirit, and his arguments such as "imagining is wonderful" and "expressing the spirit with form", as well as the "six methods" proposed, laid the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese painting.Gu Kaizhi's outstanding achievement is that his figure paintings take daily life as the theme, which are vivid and vivid, with both form and spirit.His paintings inherited and developed the fine tradition of ancient realism, broke the previous atmosphere of focusing on religious themes, and became the most precious heritage in the art treasure house of the great motherland.Most of his works have been lost, and now there are copies such as "Luo Shen Fu Tu" and "Nv Shi Zhen Tu", which have always been regarded as treasures.

●Gan Bao wrote "Sou Shen Ji"

After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, for a period of time, production developed and cultural undertakings prospered, and some talents emerged in literature and art.A historian named Gan Bao wrote a history book called "Jin Ji" under the order of Jin Yuan Emperor Sima Rui; at the same time, based on the stories he heard and the materials he saw in the book, Wrote a "Sou Shen Ji". The history book "Jin Ji" was later lost, and the novel "Sou Shen Ji" has been handed down.

Most of the content of "Sou Shen Ji" contains stories of gods and monsters and promotes superstition, which should be criticized, but it also contains some very meaningful stories and legends. "Sou Shen Ji" can be regarded as the earliest famous novel in China, and Gan Bao is also the earliest novelist in China.

●Calligraphy master Wang Xizhi
Wang Xizhi, a native of Langya (now Linyi, Shandong), is a famous calligrapher in the history of our country and is known as the "Sage of Calligraphy".

Wang Xizhi loved calligraphy since he was a child, and he loved writing very much when he was seven years old.It is said that he never missed the opportunity to practice writing when he was walking and resting.Carefully trying to figure out the structure, posture and brushwork of the font, thinking in my heart, my fingers unconsciously stroked my body horizontally and vertically, stroke by stroke.As time went by, his clothes were all torn by him.After finishing writing every day, he always went to the pond in front of his door to wash the brush and inkstone.Over time, the water in the pond turned black.

When Wang Xizhi was young, he didn't appear to be particularly intelligent, but was slow in speaking. No one thought he had any talents, only Zhou Jie, the Minister of the Ministry of Officials, looked at him differently.When Wang Xizhi was 13 years old, he went to visit him, and it happened that Zhou Jie had a big banquet with guests.At that time, there was a very precious dish called beef heart burnt at the banquet. According to the custom, this dish should be eaten by the most distinguished guests.Because Zhou Jie liked him very much, regardless of all the distinguished guests present, he cut a piece of beef heart and roasted it for Wang Xizhi to eat, and everyone was amazed.Zhou Jie had a unique insight and thought that Wang Xizhi was a genius.After that, Wang Xizhi was recognized by people.

When Wang Xizhi grew up, he became eloquent, straightforward and informal.At that time, Taiwei Junjian wanted to marry the Wang family and sent people to the Wang family to choose a son-in-law.Wang Xizhi's uncle, Wang Dao, the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, gathered all the young children of the Wang family in the east wing room, and let the visitors choose at will.All the young children of the Wang family pretended to be dignified and serious when they heard that they were coming to meet their son-in-law.Only one person was eating on the east bed, as if he hadn't heard anything.This person is Wang Xizhi.So Zheng Jian married his daughter to him.

Wang Xizhi was born in the Wang family in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Wang family was a rich scholar family. It was said at the time: "The king and the horse share the world."Later, Yin Hao, the governor of Yangzhou, had a good relationship with him and wrote to persuade him to serve as the internal historian of Kuaiji.Because Kuaiji is a place with beautiful mountains and clear waters, which can entertain people's temperament, he agreed.Wang Xizhi and more than 40 famous literati such as Xie An and Sun Chuo gathered in Shanyin, Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for a banquet.These literati wrote poems at the Lanting meeting, and got a total of forty poems, which were compiled into "Lanting Collection".Wang Xizhi wrote quickly with a pen and wrote a preface for the collection of poems, which was written as "Preface to the Lanting Collection".This work has a total of 28 lines and 320 four-character characters. The pen and ink are dancing, and the atmosphere is myriad, reaching a high artistic level.The full text has the most "zhi" characters, with a total of [-] characters. The characters are unique and unique, and there is no similarity. It is Wang Xizhi's most proud work.Calligraphers of all dynasties praised "Lanting Collection Preface" as a masterpiece of running script.

It is said that a Taoist priest in Shanyin liked Wang Xizhi's calligraphy very much, and wanted to ask Wang Xizhi to write a copy of "Tao Te Ching", but Wang Xizhi refused.He heard that Wang Xizhi liked white geese the most, and he often imitated the movements of the goose's paw to stroke the water to exercise his wrists, so that his wrists could be stronger and more flexible when handling the pen.The Taoist priest had two white geese that were the best of the geese. Wang Xizhi couldn't put it down when he saw that he liked the geese. The Taoist priest offered to exchange the geese for the book.Wang Xizhi readily agreed, wrote a copy of the "Tao Te Ching" on the spot, handed it to the Taoist priest, and took the geese away.This is the story of "book exchange for white goose" extolled by later generations.

Another time, Wang Xizhi met an old woman in Mount Ji and sold a hexagonal bamboo fan, but no one bought it for a long time.Wang Xizhi picked up a pen and wrote a few words on the fan.The old woman was very upset and complained, "Why do you write on my fan casually? Then, who will buy it again?" Wang Xizhi said to the old woman: "You just need to say that Wang Youjun wrote it, and you can sell it for a handful." A hundred dollars." The old lady didn't believe it, so she followed Wang Xizhi's words, and sure enough, many people rushed to buy it, and the bamboo fans were sold out quickly.

Wang Xizhi's calligraphy art absorbed the characteristics and essence of many calligraphers since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and got rid of the Han and Wei writing styles, opening up a new artistic conception.The fonts he wrote all have unique skills, open and handsome strokes, and very rigorous structure. They are self-contained and have made outstanding contributions to the development of Chinese calligraphy.

●Do not bow down for five buckets of rice
The allusion of "Don't bend your waist for five buckets of rice" comes from Tao Yuanming.Tao Yuanming, also known as Tao Qian, with a bright character, was born in Chaisang, Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). He was a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.When he was young, he had noble aspirations.He once wrote a "Biography of Mr. Wuliu", saying that he did not know who he was or his name. Because there were five willow trees planted next to his house, he was called Mr. Wuliu.He does not seek fame or wealth, does not admire vanity, but he especially likes to drink, but because of his poor family, he cannot buy alcohol often.Relatives and friends know about it and often invite him to drink.When he went, he was always very drunk.Then I went back to the dilapidated house, read and composed, and lived a comfortable life.To write about Mr. Wuliu is to write about himself, a memoir of his own life.

Tao Yuanming served as a small official such as Jiangzhou Jijiu and Peng Zeling.The order of Peng Ze (now Pengze, Jiangxi) was his last official position in his official career.At the end of the year, the county magistrate sent the governor to see him, and the county magistrate asked him to dress up and greet him.He sighed and said: "How can I bow to the children in the village for five buckets of rice!" On the same day, he was relieved of his official post and wrote an article "Returning to Come".

In fact, Tao Yuanming's true thought of resigning from office and returning to seclusion is not only here, but also very clearly stated in the poem "Returning to the Garden".He said that in the past 13 years, he had been an official several times and was deeply restrained; this time he resolutely left the officialdom and retired to the countryside, just like a bird in a cage flying back to nature, feeling extremely free and happy.The huts, fields, trees, chimney smoke, and even the crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs in his hometown are so kind and lovely. The author's mood reflects his hatred of dark officialdom and his love for nature.

Tao Yuanming has 20 poems on "Drinking Wine", all of which were written after drinking.There are many legends about Tao Yuanming's drinking. For example, it is said that when the wine was ripe, he took off the Gejin on his head to filter the wine. After filtering, he still wore the Gejin on his head.Another example is that in Lili where Yuanming lived (at the south foot of Lushan Mountain and under the Tiger Claw Cliff on the north side of the hot spring), there is a big stone. Tao Yuanming lay down on the stone when he was drunk, so it was named drunken stone.

●Fan Zhen wrote "On the Destruction of Gods"

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism developed greatly in China.Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasties, Xiao Yan, was the most devout emperor to Buddhism.Under the protection of Emperor Wu of Liang, many monks were kept in the monastery. They not only exploited the poor like landlords and landlords, but also enjoyed the privilege of not paying taxes.

When people are obsessed with Buddhism, there are still some sober people who understand that it is absurd to believe in Buddhism superstitiously. Fan Zhen is the most famous one among them.

Fan Zhen, styled Zizhen, was born in Wuyin, Nanyang (now Qinyang, Henan).He was born in a humble family, and he was a maverick when he was young, and he had his own unique insights.During the Qi Dynasty, Xiao Ziliang, King of Jingling, also believed in Buddhism. He asked Fan Zhen at the banquet: "You don't believe in ghosts and gods, and you don't believe in karma. Then, why do some people in the world are rich and some poor? but people suffer?"

Fan Zhen got up and walked to the door, pointing to the flowering tree in front of the court, and said: "The circumstances of life are like the flowers on this tree. Some flowers are blown into the hall by the wind and fall on the seats and cushions; The toilet fell into the cesspit. This is all accidental, where is there any karma?" This vivid metaphor left everyone present speechless.

After Emperor Wu of Liang ascended the throne, he held a banquet for his officials in the Guanghua Hall, and said some words that the emperor should respect his officials and accept them with an open mind. Unexpectedly, Fan Du criticized him on the spot.Therefore, Xiao Yan used an excuse to demote Fan Zhen to Guangzhou.

Two years later, Fan Zhen was suddenly recalled to the capital to be a secretary.As soon as he returned to Jianye, Xiao Yan organized court dignitaries, ministers, and monks to attack Fan Zhen's thoughts.In order to debate with those dignitaries who believed in Buddhism, Fan Tian wrote the immortal "God's Extinction Theory" in 507 AD.Fan Zhen compared the relationship between "shape" and "spirit" to the relationship between a knife and its blade.He believes that shape is the essence, and spirit is the function; without the knife, there will be no sharpness, and without the body, there will be no spirit. The publication of "God's Extinction Theory" shocked the ruling and opposition parties.

Xiao Yan mobilized more than [-] Buddhist believers to besiege Fan Zhen.Donggong Sheren Cao Siwen wrote two articles successively to refute Fan Zhen's "On the Extinction of Gods", and Fan Xu answered them one by one.Cao Siwen, who is good at sophistry, had no choice but to say that he had a shallow mind and could not refute "God's Extinction".Therefore, Xiao Yan issued an imperial edict to charge Fan Zhen with the crimes of "memorizing scriptures", "being obedient" and "destroying saints", and this debate is over.Soon, Fan Zhen was transferred to Dr. Guozi, and died two years later.

(End of this chapter)