China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 50

In 1343 AD, the Yuan Dynasty reopened the historical bureau. Song, Liao, and Jin were all established as orthodox, and each was a history. Zhang Qiyan, Ouyang Xuan, Jie Xisi and others are the presidents.When writing, the first draft was written by the historian, and then the final draft was cut by the president's palace pen.In 1344 AD, "History of Liao" and "History of Jin" were completed first, and "History of Song Dynasty" was completed the following year.

The historian system in the Song Dynasty was the most complete. There were "National History" compiled by the History Museum, "Records" edited by the Shilu Academy, "Huiyao" compiled documents, and "Jade Letters", which recorded the emperor's clan and branch. The "Daily Notes" of the journal, and the "Shizheng Ji" of the Chancellor's Mansion outside, each type of historical materials are complete and piled up like a mountain, so it should not be difficult to compile a complete Song history.The number of scholars is coquettish, and the poetry is elegant. The Song Dynasty is second to none. There are many excellent historical works in the Song Dynasty.However, "Song History" was full of mistakes, and later generations called it the worst of the 25 histories.This crime is mainly recorded on Yuanren.

"History of the Song Dynasty" has 496 volumes, which is the largest among the 25 histories. It starts from 960 AD and ends at 1279 AD. There are many precious historical materials in it.However, such a masterpiece was written in just two and a half years, and it could only make use of the existing historical achievements of the Song Dynasty as much as possible. The compilation is messy, and there are low-level mistakes such as one person giving two stories, one article and one article, and the order being reversed.Therefore, the criticism of "History of the Song Dynasty" in the past dynasties is the most.

The 116 volumes of "History of Liao Dynasty" are also relatively rough, but the "History of Jin" with 135 volumes has won the reputation of the best official history revision.Jin is not as good as Liao, but its customs are very different.After the Liao Dynasty was broken, all the princes of the Jin Dynasty learned Chinese and Khitan, and there were many clans who were capable of both literature and martial arts.The official historian system of the Jin Dynasty was also very complete, including national history, calendar, daily life notes, real records, etc.Jin Shilu is also quite detailed.When Jin died, Yuan general Zhang Rou captured Bianjing and "entered the History Museum alone to obtain Jin Shilu and secret government books".Talented scholar Yuan Haowen heard that the Veritable Records were in Zhang Rou's house, and planned to work as a servant in Zhang's family to read the Veritable Records and write the history of the country, but was dissuaded by his friends.At that time, Wang He, the doctor of Jin Zuosi, was about to be killed. Zhang Rou heard that he was very talented, so she rescued him and drove him home.Therefore, Wang E had to read Jin Shilu and Liao history.During the reign of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, Wang E became a scholar of the Hanlin Academy and was also in charge of the Academy of National History.Wang E once went to the Shu to ask for the revision of the history of the Liao and Jin Dynasties, proposed an outline of the history of the Jin Dynasty, and wrote the history in his own hand, which has begun to take shape, but it has not been published in time.The "Golden History" compiled at the end of the Yuan Dynasty was mainly copied from Wang E's old manuscript and Yuan Haowen's unofficial history, so it became a masterpiece in just one year.Zhao Yi, a great litterateur in the Qing Dynasty, said: "This book has the most detailed narration, and the writing style is also very old and clean. It surpasses "Song History" and "Liao History"."

##No.20 The third series is full of meaning and long
●Guan Hanqing, the originator of drama
Guan Hanqing, whose date of birth and death is unknown, was born in Dadu (now Beijing), the most outstanding dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty, and the head of the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera" (Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu).Guan Hanqing has read extensively since he was a child, and also learned to write poems and compose music.He likes drama very much.In order to break through the narrow life circle of literati and create more scripts in line with the people's thoughts and feelings, Guan Hanqing went deep into the circle of entertainers and kabukis, and humbly learned from Zhu Lianxiu, the most famous actress at that time.

Guan Hanqing is a dramatist who is familiar with stage art. He can write plays and perform on stage.Guan Hanqing is the founder of Chinese drama, and the number of his creations exceeds that of Shakespeare, the "father of drama" in Britain.He compiled 67 dramas in his lifetime, 18 of which are extant.Among them, "Dou E's Injustice", "Saving the Wind and Dust", "Wangjiang Pavilion", "Worshiping the Moon Pavilion", "Lu Zhailang", "Single-knife Club" and "Tune the Wind and Moon" are all his masterpieces.In Guan Hanqing's later years, he encountered treacherous ministers such as Ahema and Sangge who took power and did evil.In such an era background, Guan Hanqing took up the pen and created the earth-shattering "The Injustice of Dou E".In this drama, Dou E, who was sold as a child bride-in-law since she was a child, was framed by the villain Zhang Luer, his father and son, and corrupt officials.Guan Hanqing slammed the dark society and evil forces at that time through the play "Dou E's Injustice". "The Injustice of Dou E" is one of the "four major tragedies" in ancient my country, which had a great influence on the time and later generations.

●Ma Zhiyuan, No. [-] Scholar in Yuan Opera
Ma Zhiyuan, a famous dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty, was born in Dadu, and his late name was "Dongli".Ma Zhiyuan was keen on fame and fame when he was young, and had the political ambition of governing the country and the country, but he has never been able to realize it.After 20 years of wandering life, he finally saw through the favor and disgrace of life, so he had the idea of ​​retiring to the mountains and forests, and lived a leisurely life of "friends in the forest" and "outsiders" in his later years.Ma Zhiyuan participated in the creation of Zaju in his early years, joined the "Book Club", and had contacts with literati Wang Bocheng and Li Shizhong at that time, as well as entertainers Hua Lilang and Scarlet Letter Li Er.

Ma Zhiyuan has been engaged in the creation of Zaju for a long time, and he is also well-known, and has the reputation of "the number one scholar of music".When Ma Zhiyuan lived, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty began to pay attention to "obeying the Han law" and appointing Han literati, but they failed to implement it generally. This brought a little fantasy to the Han literati, but also brought more disappointment.Therefore, what Ma Zhiyuan wrote the most is the "immortalization" drama.These dramas advocate that life is like a dream, asking people to be sincere, cultivate their minds and nature, retreat to the mountains and forests, abandon their desires, and learn from immortals and Taoism.There are 16 kinds of his works found in records, among which there are 6 kinds of "Han Palace Autumn", "Jianfu Stele", "Yueyang Tower", "Tears of Green Shirt", "Chen Tuan Gaowo" and "Ren Fengzi". He collaborated with several artists.However, the Xiaoling written by Ma Zhiyuan is the most famous.

Zheng Guangzu, an expert in Zaju
In the Yuan Dynasty, except for Kublai Khan, the subsequent emperors did not pay much attention to culture.In the Yuan Dynasty, the status of scholars was quite low, and they were known as "eight prostitutes, nine scholars and ten beggars", which was slightly higher than beggars, not as good as prostitutes!However, culture itself will never decline. The intellectuals of the Yuan Dynasty integrated all their grief and indignation into the text, shaping the art form of "Yuan Opera", which radiated extremely dazzling brilliance.Yuan Qu is similar to poetry, with fixed tunes, somewhat like Song Ci, but with fewer constraints on words than Song Ci, which is conducive to the author's expression of thought.Yuanqu can also be used to write dramas, which are called "zaju".Among the composers and playwrights of the Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu are the most famous four masters, known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera".

Zheng Guangzu was engaged in the creation of Zaju all his life, and enjoyed a high reputation in the art world at that time. All the actors respected him as Mr. Zheng. His works were spread by many actors and had a wide influence among the people.He had a close relationship with the actors in Suzhou and Hangzhou. After his death, he was cremated in Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou with funds raised by the actors.

●The unrestrained Bai Pu
Bai Pu was born in a bureaucratic scholar-bureaucrat family, so he should have studied and learned in order to gain fame in the future.However, his childhood was spent in the turbulent years of war and horses, so he had to let go of his life and put his love in the mountains and rivers.But he can't really escape from the world and turn a blind eye to reality.In addition, his footprints are precisely in the once prosperous place, but it has been looted by soldiers and turned into a desolate place.The contrast between the front and back scenes aroused his resentment towards the Mongolian rulers.He vented this resentment with poems, accusing the Mongolian rulers of their evil deeds.

Bai Pu's representative works include "Horse Head on the Wall", "Wu Tong Yu" and so on.Although his works have been recited by people for thousands of years, little is known about his life experience.He worked silently in the art field, dedicated his artistic achievements to the public, and passed away silently.

●Scientific master Guo Shoujing
Guo Shoujing, courtesy name Ruosi, was born in Xinghe, Shunde (now Xingtai) in 1231 into a scholarly family.Influenced by his grandfather Guo Rong since childhood, Guo Shoujing developed a strong interest in astronomy and preferred to make some small and simple measuring instruments.Since childhood, Guo Shoujing was sent to study under Liu Bingzhong, a very famous literati at that time. Liu Bingzhong was proficient in astronomy, geography, and rhythm.Long-term assiduous study and immersion have laid a good foundation for Guo Shoujing to become a great astronomy and water conservancy expert in the future.And he also got acquainted with scholars such as Zhang Wenqian and Wang Xun during this period, and benefited a lot from his contacts with them.When Guo Shoujing was fifteen or sixteen years old, he was already well-known in the local area.

In 1250 AD, 19-year-old Guo Shoujing began to make his mark in water conservancy.There is a river outside Xingtai City. The river mud has been silted up for many years, and the river embankment has slipped, causing the river to be blocked.The original bridge here was washed away by the flood, and the piers were submerged, presenting a state of vast ocean.Not only is the traffic inconvenient, but there are also constant floods.Because they couldn't figure out where the original bridge site was, and couldn't find a suitable place to build a new bridge, many bridge builders could only shake their heads and sigh.Guo Shoujing worked tirelessly and risked his life to search in the torrential torrent, searched on the steep embankments on both banks, and finally found the original river channel and bridge pier ruins.He immediately organized the people of Xingtai to remove silt, dredge the river, and build embankments. Then, after repeated surveys and careful design, a strong and beautiful stone bridge was soon built.From then on, Guo Shoujing became famous all over the world.

Zhang Wenqian, a famous scholar at that time, liked Guo Shoujing very much when he was young.Later, seeing Guo Shoujing's superhuman intelligence, he appreciated him even more.In 1260 AD, the then Yuan Dynasty Zhongshu Cheng inspected Daming, Zhangde and other places.He knows well that the water conservancy construction in these places has not been good, and floods often occur, making people's lives difficult.So, he invited Guo Shoujing to go all the way.Guo Shoujing carefully surveyed the waters along the way, carefully observed the terrain, drew drawings, and sorted out the materials. It was a waste of sleep and food.Zhang Wenqian saw it in his eyes and praised it in his heart.As soon as he arrived in the capital, he recommended Guo Shoujing to Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty.Kublai Khan had always admired Zhang Wenqian, and was deeply troubled by the successive floods in Henan and Hebei. Hearing that Guo Shoujing had done a lot of research on this aspect, he immediately sent an order to summon him.

When Kublai Khan talked with Guo Shoujing, he couldn't help but admire him greatly.Guo Shoujing talked eloquently and answered fluently, and put forward 6 water control suggestions for Kublai Khan.Kublai Khan immediately made him responsible for the repair and management of various rivers and canals.Guo Shoujing lived up to expectations and started to preside over the repair of rivers in Henan and Hebei.Later, he presided over the renovation of the ancient Xixia irrigation channels that had been in disrepair due to the war, and dredged more than 400 canals including the 250-mile Tanglai Canal and the 80-mile Hanyan Canal. "Ningxia Xinzhi" commented: "To capture the current Xiba bridge, to preserve its heritage, the work is very fine."

In 1292 AD, it was very early in the morning, and most of the Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing) was short of drinking water.It is difficult to find good water sources not only inside the city, but also outside the city.Recommended by Zhang Wenqian, Kublai Khan asked Guo Shoujing to find water.After Guo Shoujing was ordered, he immediately went to the prefectures and counties around Dadu to conduct surveys.He traveled almost all the prefectures and counties around Dadu, and finally found the water source - the Baifu Spring in the southeast of Shenshan Mountain in Changping County, which is now the Longquan at the foot of Phoenix Mountain.The water of this spring is clear and large, and it should be no problem to solve most of the drinking water.Guo Shoujing led the water from Baifu Spring to the west of Beijing, gathered the scattered small springs in the West Mountain, and then turned to the south, along the east foot of the West Mountain, and poured it into Wengshan Lake, the predecessor of today's Kunming Lake.Then it is connected to the Liang River, which is now the Changhe River, and it is introduced into Dadu, where it accumulates in the Jishuitan, which is now the Shichahai.Then divert the water from the Jishuitan to the southeast, connect it to Gaoli Village in Zhouzhou, and connect with the Grand Canal, which not only resists drought but also prevents floods.Under the leadership of Guo Shoujing, most of the soldiers and civilians completed the 160-mile-long canal in just one year.Most of the people drank the cool spring water again, and the whole city rejoiced. They all thanked Guo Shoujing from the bottom of their hearts.

Guo Shoujing is not only an outstanding hydrologist, but also an outstanding astronomer.In 1276 AD, Kublai Khan ordered the revision of the calendar, and Guo Shoujing was actually responsible for it.At that time, some people advocated that it would be fine to tinker with the calendars of previous dynasties, but this was by no means in line with Guo Shoujing's rigorous academic attitude.Unmoved by other people's sarcasm, he sneaked into Zangshuge, carefully studied more than 70 kinds of calendars since the Han Dynasty, and decided to inherit and develop 13 of them.

Since the original astronomical instruments were already outdated and the measurement data were very inaccurate, Guo Shoujing made new measuring instruments by himself.The astronomical instruments he personally designed and created include Jianyi, Yangyi, Liyunyi, Zhengliyi, Armillary celestial phenomena, Kuji, star dial, etc. "History of the Yuan Dynasty" records the astronomical instruments he created: "All of them are exquisite, with outstanding insights, and there are some that the ancients have never been able to reach."

After the preparations were completed, Guo Shoujing built a rooftop in the east of the metropolis and presided over a series of astronomical observations.Two major achievements have been made, namely, the determination of the distance between the "Yellow and Red Great Distance" and the compilation of the new calendar "Shoushi Calendar".

As an outstanding scientist in my country in the 13th century, Guo Shoujing also made important contributions in mechanical engineering, geography, and mathematics. In 1970, the International Astronomical Society named a crater on the back of the moon "Guo Shoujing Mountain".The Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences named one of the four planets they discovered "Guo Shoujing Star".

●Examination of "General Examination of Documents"

"Wenwen Tongkao" was compiled by Ma Duanlin, a progressive historian in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. It has 348 volumes, recording the changes in the laws and regulations of the past dynasties from ancient times to the Ningzong era of the Southern Song Dynasty.

"Wen" is included in "Wen", that is, the classics and history of the narrative version. Refer to the biography of the past dynasties and the books of hundreds of schools. Those who believe and have evidence should follow it;There are "presents", that is, the records of former sages, Confucians, and celebrities' Yan Tan and barnyard officials. As long as they are the gains and losses of making allusions and verifying the right and wrong of historical biography, even a word is recorded.The other part is Ma Duanlin's discussion.The whole book has a general preface, and there is usually a preface before each exam.

"Tongkao" 24 examinations, including land tax, coins, household registration, service, taxation, gold purchase, tribute, national use, election, school, official, suburban society, ancestral temple, royal ceremony, music, soldiers, punishment , Jingji, imperial lineage, feudalism, Xiangwei, Wuyi, Yudi, and four descendants.This includes all aspects of feudal society politics, economy, culture, military, geography, ethnicity, borders, customs, etc. It can be said to be a section view of feudal society. Compared with "Tong Dian", "Tong Kao" puts more emphasis on the records of economic life, and puts "Tian Fu Kao" in the first place, which can well show Ma Duanlin's opinion.Ma Duanlin lived in the period of great historical change at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. He thought about the rise and fall of history through a comprehensive collection of documents. "Tong Kao of Documents" is also one of the three major general histories of the Song Dynasty (the other two are Sima Guang's "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" and Zheng Qiao's "Tong Zhi"), together with "Tong Zhi" and Du You's "Tong Dian" Collectively referred to as "three links".

●Zhu Siben painted "Yu Map"

Zhu Siben, a geographer and cartographer of the Yuan Dynasty, was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province (now Fuzhou) in 1273 AD.His grandfather became an official through the imperial examination and served as the county magistrate of Huaiyin in the late Southern Song Dynasty.His father coincided with the time when the Song dynasty was destroyed and the Yuan Dynasty was established, and when the dynasties changed, he was resolute not to serve in the Yuan Dynasty because he was dissatisfied with the new ruler.His father was weary of the world and escaped from the world, and disregarded fame and wealth, and his family fortune fell because of this.The mentality of the elders also had a great influence on the young Zhu Siben.

The rich collection of books by his ancestors enabled Zhu Siben to "learn from his family" and received a good education since he was a child.Zhu Siben was very talented and learned, but due to the change of dynasties, he was dissatisfied with the reality, so he resolutely refused to take an official career and entered Taoism. When Zhu Siben was less than 14 years old, he went to Longhu Mountain in Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi) to learn Taoism.Since Zhang Tianshi of the fourth generation has preached in Longhu Mountain, Longhu Mountain has become the center of the Zhengyi sect of Taoism.When Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan pacified Jiangnan, he summoned Zhang Zongyan, the 36th generation celestial master, and ordered him to lead Jiangnan Taoism.Later, Zhang Liusun, Zhang Zongyan's apprentice, stayed in Dadu, built the Chongzhen Palace, specialized in temple affairs, and was awarded the title of Xuanjiao master.

In 1287 A.D., Wu Quanjie, another apprentice of Zhang Zongyan, went to Dadu to assist Zhang Liusun in handling educational affairs.It was at this time that Zhu Siben entered the mountain. For more than ten years until 1297, he devoted himself to learning Taoism. Coupled with his high cultural accomplishment, Zhu Siben's status continued to rise. In 1299, Xuanjiao master Zhang Liusun ordered Zhu Siben to leave Longhushan and go to Dadu to be his assistant.When he left Longhushan to go to Dadu, he wrote a poem saying: "Hu is willing to give up this place, but to linger with the world. There is a job in life, so it doesn't have to be a fly camp." This shows that he has no intention of pursuing power and is determined not to do it. Fly camp dog dog man.He accepted this opportunity with the intention of investigating "customs of mountains and rivers, people's livelihood, gains and losses of current affairs, rain, tide and hail, changes of insects and scales, and differences of vegetation" and make a career of his own.Since then, Zhu Siben has traveled around twice in the past 20 years. His footprints have covered East China, North China, Central South, Northeast China, Northwest China, and almost all of China.

On his first tour, Zhu Siben went to Zhejiang after leaving Longhu Mountain in 299 A.D., climbed Kuaiji Mountain to enjoy the scenery, and then turned westward to Hunan, traveling around Dongting Lake and some surrounding places.Then it goes north, passing through Xiangfan and Jiangling in Hubei, to the Sishui River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin.Traveled in the Central Plains and other places, went to the eastern part of Shaanxi, Shanxi, etc., as well as the Wen, Yi, Si, and Mu river basins in Shandong, reached the northernmost area of ​​​​Liaoning, and finally entered Kyoto.In 1307 AD, Wu Quanjie was awarded the Xuanjiao heir.At the same time, Zhu Siben, as Wu Quanjie's assistant, had the opportunity to follow Wu Quanjie to worship famous mountains and rivers all over the country.In 1311 A.D., Zhu Siben started his second 10-year-long expedition.He travels around the world, offering sacrifices to famous mountains and rivers on behalf of the emperor, and at the same time, he also has the task of "reporting all the fallen houses, collecting words from others, and making pictures anywhere".Coincidentally, Zhu Siben also tried to correct the mistakes of previous maps and redraw new maps.After 10 years of hard work, Zhu Siben finally drew "Yu Tu Di" which is 7 feet long and [-] feet wide.This picture has been lost now, and Luo Hongxian painted "Guangyu Tu" in the later Ming Dynasty, which preserved the general appearance of this picture.

(End of this chapter)