China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 51

Zhu Siben devoted a lot of effort in field investigation, data collection, and mapping methods to draw "Yu Map".One is on-the-spot investigation.Zhu Siben was not ashamed to ask questions wherever he went. He "interviewed Yili, searched for old relics, studied the causes of prefectures and towns, verified the names and facts of mountains and rivers, and verified the stone carvings of Zhu Fuyang and Anlu. "Liuhe Commandery Map".In this way, a large amount of first-hand information has been mastered, and a wealth of geographical knowledge has been obtained.His investigation methods of "information", "searching", "examination", "verification" and "inspection" are in line with strict scientific practices: first is "information", that is, asking local folks; second is "searching", that is, searching for sites, The second is "research", that is, to verify the history of various counties and towns; the fourth is "verification", that is, to verify whether the names of rivers and mountains are correct; Whether the painting is true.The second is to extensively absorb and utilize previous research results on geography.Taking advantage of his position, Zhu Siben often went to the relevant departments of the court and the relevant institutions of the local government, and carefully read the "Shui Jing Zhu", "Tong Dian", "Yuanhe County Chronicles", "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Chronicles" and "Yuanyi Tongzhi" " and other classics have absorbed valuable results from the works of predecessors.Zhu Siben also paid attention to the use of geographical works of ethnic minorities such as Tibetan.The third is to carry forward the drawing method of "planning the square". "Jianli drawing square" is an important method used in ancient Chinese map drawing. "Calculating squares" is a drawing method in which a number of horizontal and vertical lines form a grid perpendicular to each other and are directly drawn into the drawing.In the Yuan Dynasty, although the method of "planning and drawing prescriptions" was not interrupted, it was in danger of being annihilated.However, after Zhu Siben's "Yu Map" was amplified and expanded by Luo Hongxian in the Ming Dynasty and published in large quantities, the method of "Ji Li Hua Fang" was also revitalized, which had a wide impact and dominated the map drawing of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 200 years.

Zhu Siben was not only a cartographer who inherited the past and the future, but also made important contributions to geography.On the basis of absorbing the knowledge of predecessors and new materials at that time, according to the needs of social development, he compiled the national general chronicle "Jiuyu Zhi" with 80 volumes, and took the political districts of the Yuan Dynasty as the framework. An important work on .

##No.20 Zhu Ming Dynasty, the fourth album autocratic prosperity
●Instigate the rebellion of the Yellow River
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the sections of the Yellow River in Henan and Shandong burst into disasters many times.In the spring of 1351 A.D., the government of the Yuan Dynasty summoned 13 migrant workers from Bianliang and Daming (Bianliang is now Kaifeng, Henan, and Daming is now Hebei Daming) to repair the Yellow River.

The deadline was so tight, and river governance was a particularly arduous physical task.The migrant workers worked hard day and night, but the little money allocated by the court for opening the river was deducted by the river management officials.The migrant workers couldn't even eat enough, and their stomachs were growling with hunger, but they worked a little slower and were beaten severely. For a while, the crowd became angry and complained.

At that time, the leaders of the White Lotus Sect, Han Shantong and Liu Futong, who were deeply trusted by the people, saw this situation, discussed together, and decided to seize this opportunity to mobilize the masses to rebel.They learned that they had to go through Huanglinggang (now northeast of Lankao, Henan) to dig the river, so they secretly chiseled a one-eyed stone man and engraved "Mo Dao stone man with one eye" on the back of the stone man. , When this thing comes out, the world will turn against" these 14 characters, and then buried it in the ground of Huanglinggang in advance; at the same time, hundreds of disciples of the White Lotus Sect were sent to work as migrant workers and spread this song on the construction site: "Mo Daoshi's one eye provoked rebellion in the Yellow River."

The migrant workers didn't understand what the ballad meant, but they heard the words "the world is against" in it.When Kaihe reached Huanglinggang, some migrant workers suddenly dug out a stone man.Everyone gathered together curiously, and saw that the stone man had only one eye on his face, and there was a word behind it, which was the ballad.This incident quickly spread among the 10,000+ migrant workers. Everyone thought in their hearts that what the folk song said had really come true. Now that the stone man came out, the day of the world's rebellion will naturally come.Han Shantong and Liu Futong took the opportunity to instigate again, saying: "The big number has been fixed, God has given way, Buddha has given way, when will we not wait instead?" The people were agitated one after another.

Liu Futong told Han Shantong that now that the Yuan Dynasty oppressed the people so much, the people still miss the Song Dynasty.If the banner of restoring the Song Dynasty is raised, more people will support it.Han Shantong agreed with this idea very much, so he announced to everyone that his surname was not Han, but Zhao. According to his seniority, he was the eighth-generation grandson of Song Huizong; Liu Futong was also a descendant of Liu Guangshi, a general of the Southern Song Dynasty.The people believed it was true.So Han Shantong and Liu Futong chose a day, gathered a group of people, and sacrificed a white horse and a black cow to heaven and earth.Then, everyone elected Han Shantong as the leader, known as "Ming King", and agreed on a date to revolt in Yingzhou (in the area of ​​Fuyang and Yingshang, Anhui today), wrapping his head with a red scarf as a symbol of the rebel army.When I was making an oath with blood, I heard someone shouting outside: "Don't let Han Shantong go!" When everyone saw it, it turned out that the officers and soldiers sent by the county government had surrounded them.Everyone had to fight with the officers and soldiers.Liu Futong had extraordinary physical strength and martial arts, leading some of his brothers to fight a bloody road, and finally broke through the encirclement.Unfortunately, Han Shantong was arrested by officers and soldiers, taken to the gate of the county government office and killed.Han Shantong's wife and his son Han Lin'er escaped from the government's pursuit and hid in Wu'an (now Wu'an, Hebei).

After Liu Futong escaped from the siege, he returned to his hometown Yingzhou, gathered the peasants who agreed to revolt, and captured some strongholds such as Yingzhou.It turned out that the migrant workers who opened the river in Huanglinggang also killed the river official when they got the news, and defected to Liu Futong's team one after another.Because the uprising soldiers wore red scarves on their heads, the people at that time called them the Red Army, and it was called the Red Scarf Army in history.In less than 10 days, the Red Turban Army has grown to more than 10 people.A month later, Liu Futong's Red Turban Army successively captured a number of cities.Farmers in the Jianghuai area have long been influenced by the White Lotus Sect. When they heard of Liu Futong's uprising, they responded one after another. Xu Shouhui from Qishui (now Xishui, Hubei) and Guo Zixing from Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui) all fought in the Red Scarf Army. Banner uprising.Thus, the uprising of the Red Scarf Army opened the prelude to the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and a new dynasty - the Ming Dynasty was about to be born.

●Zhu Yuanzhang's rise in JAC
Zhu Yuanzhang's nickname was Zhu Chongba, his father was Zhu Wusi, and he lived in Zhongli, Haozhou (now east of Fengyang, Anhui).When Zhu Yuanzhang was 17 years old, there was a serious early disaster and locust plague in Huaibei, and then the plague broke out.Zhu Yuanzhang's parents and elder brother contracted the disease one after another and died.Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother were left without even the money to buy a coffin. Fortunately, the neighbors sympathized with them and helped them bury their relatives.Zhu Yuanzhang's life was not settled, so the neighbor gave him an idea, asking him to become a young monk in the nearby Huangjue Temple and make a living.In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk.After the Red Scarf Army uprising broke out, Zhu Yuanzhang took refuge in Guo Zixing.

After Zhu Yuanzhang joined the uprising army, he immediately showed his talents. He fought bravely and was resourceful.Guo Zixing trusted Zhu Yuanzhang very much and treated him as a confidant. When going to war, he would always discuss with him first, and even married his adopted daughter Ma Xiuying to him.

In 1353 A.D., after Haozhou broke through, Zhu Yuanzhang returned to his hometown to recruit soldiers. His childhood partners Xu Da, Wu Liang, Zhou De and others joined him one after another. In less than 10 days, he recruited more than 700 people.These people, along with Deng Yu, Chang Yuchun, Hu Dahai, etc. who later defected to Zhu Yuanzhang, became the most powerful generals under Zhu Yuanzhang.Zhu Yuanzhang also specially recruited some scholars to help him with ideas.There are two well-known brothers in Dingyuan. The elder brother is Feng Guoyong and the younger brother is Feng Guosheng. Zhu Yuanzhang asked them for advice on the principles of conquering the world.The Feng brothers told Zhu Yuanzhang: "Jinling (called Jiqing in the Yuan Dynasty, now Nanjing) is the capital of the emperors of all dynasties, and its geographical location is very important. Whoever can capture this place first, and then send generals to conquer all directions to collect the hearts of the people, will be able to win the world." Zhu Yuanzhang nodded secretly after hearing this, keeping these principles in mind.In 1354 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang absorbed a group of landlords in Dingyuan, and his team expanded to 3 to [-].

In 1355 AD, Guo Zixing died of illness. Han Liner appointed Guo Zixing's son Guo Tianxu as the capital marshal, Zhang Tianyou as the right deputy marshal, and Zhu Yuanzhang as the left deputy marshal.In September of this year, during the attack on Jiqing, Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou were killed by the Yuan army. As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang became the Marshal of the capital, and all Guo Zixing's troops were under his command.

At that time, there were Xu Shouhui, Zhang Shicheng, Shuangdao Zhao, and Li Batou in the Jianghuai area, and there were several Red Scarf armies. Everyone wanted to expand their territory and strengthen their strength, so they sometimes plotted and fought with each other.After Zhu Yuanzhang became the deputy marshal of the left, he wanted to cross the river from Hezhou (in today's Anhui) to attack Caishi and Taiping (in today's Anhui), and then attack Jiqing.As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang annexed the Chaohu navy that Shuangdao Zhao and Li Patou had been running for several years.As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang's power increased greatly, and he pointed the spearhead of the march at Jiqing.

In 1356 AD, after Zhu Yuanzhang made full preparations, he personally commanded the siege.Tens of 10 people from the land and water armies of the rebel army gathered to celebrate, mighty and mighty, with flags unfurled, and the momentum was very spectacular.Fushou, the guard of the Yuan Dynasty, was so frightened that he closed the gate of the city tightly and dared not go out to fight.Finally, when the rebel army broke through Jiqing, Fushou had no time to escape and was hacked to death with random knives.Zhu Yuanzhang entered Jiqing and changed Jiqing to Yingtianfu, indicating that his uprising was launched according to the will of heaven, that is, "shangying the destiny of heaven".

Zhu Yuanzhang is a very strategic politician, good at using others to protect and develop himself.When Liu Futong and the others were very powerful in the north, he accepted the appointment of Xiaoming Wang Han Lin'er, recognized the Song regime's Dragon and Phoenix reign, and acted under the banner of the Song regime everywhere.Therefore, he was protected by Liu Futong's Red Scarf Army, and at the same time maintained the independence of his own team from being commanded and dominated by others.When Liu Futong made a large-scale northern expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang seized the opportunity to capture Jiqing and established his own base here.In the next three years, he gradually occupied Changzhou, Ningguo (now Xuancheng), Yangzhou, Chuzhou (now Lishui) and other places, and his influence spread all over the Jianghuai River. Later, even Liu Futong and Han Liner who retreated to Anfeng had to Ask Zhu Yuanzhang for help.

●Chen Youliang was defeated and killed
Zhu Yuanzhang established a base in Yingtian, Fang Guozhen in Zhejiang, Zhang Shicheng in Wudi, Ming Yuzhen in Sichuan and Chen Youliang in Huguang all separated from one side and started a war for the world.Chen Youliang was originally a general of Xu Shouhui's anti-Yuan uprising army.He was vicious and treacherous, murdered Xu Shouhui, and made himself king.He occupied large territories in Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi, and became a relatively powerful separatist regime in the south at that time.Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng conspired to unite and attack Zhu Yuanzhang from east to west.Liu Ji, Zhu Yuanzhang's military adviser, believed that Zhang Shicheng was timid and overwhelmed, and would not send troops if he was not sure; Chen Youliang was ambitious but lacked resourcefulness.The enemy must be very tired when he comes from afar, and he can use tricks to lure him into the depths.Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Liu Ji's suggestion and asked someone to write a letter of surrender to Chen Youliang.Sure enough, Chen Youliang fell into an ambush, lost his troops, and fled under the protection of his subordinates.

In order to avenge his hatred, Chen Youliang recharged his energy for three years and built hundreds of large ships.Chen Youliang moved his family members and all civil and military officials to the ship, claiming to be an army of 3.When he heard that Zhu Yuanzhang led his troops to Anfeng to rescue King Xiaoming, he immediately ordered warships to sail down the Yangtze River and surround Hongdu (now Nanchang, Jiangxi).Chen Youliang personally supervised the battle, and asked the soldiers to set up ladders and wear bamboo hats to attack the city desperately, but Hongdu was never broken.At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang broke the siege of Anfeng and personally led 60 troops to rescue Hongdu.Chen Youliang withdrew the navy besieging Hongdu to Poyang Lake, preparing to destroy Zhu Yuanzhang's main force.Zhu Yuanzhang sealed the mouth of the lake and wanted to fight Chen Youliang to the death.

Chen Youliang's warship has a tall hull.Zhu Yuanzhang's army was only 20, and his warships were very small.The two armies fought for three days and three nights, Zhu Yuanzhang suffered a lot of losses, and his ship was almost captured.Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to use fire attack.Chen Youliang's ship was big and could not turn smoothly. Seeing it was ignited by the fire boat, the flames blazed and the flames rolled over. Hundreds of warships were reduced to ashes in an instant. Some Han soldiers were burned to death, and some jumped into the lake and drowned .Chen Youliang was shot to death by Zhu Jun's random arrows when he broke through.

As soon as Chen Youliang died, Zhu Yuanzhang pacified Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen, and controlled the southeast half of the country.He felt that King Xiaoming was no longer useful, so he assassinated him, and the Dragon and Phoenix regime came to an end.

●Yuan Emperor fled the Yuan Dynasty and perished
Emperor Yuan Shun, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, was a very fatuous and immoral guy. His army and the rebels fought hard outside, but he was having fun in the palace and never went to court every day.Crown Prince Aiyou Shili Dala couldn't understand Emperor Yuanshun's behavior, so he joined forces with the Queen and Prime Minister Zuo Hama to abolish Emperor Yuanshun and ascend the throne by himself.When Emperor Yuan Shun heard that Ha Ma was going to betray him, he ordered Ha Ma to be sent to Guangdong, and secretly sent someone to beat Ha Ma to death on the road.The crown prince and queen failed, so they looked for opportunities to start.As a result, internal strife arose in the court.

There is chaos in the palace, and there is no stability outside the palace.In the process of suppressing the peasant uprising army, some Yuan generals supported their own self-respect, such as Kuo Guo Timur (real name Wang Baobao, godson of Chahan Timur), Polo Timur, Li Siqi, Zhang Liangbi, etc. Occupying one side does not take Emperor Yuanshun seriously.In order to occupy more territory, these people often have friction.Emperor Yuanshun issued edicts many times to let them stop killing each other, but Kuo Guo Timur and Polo Timur not only refused to obey Emperor Yuanshun's orders, but fought more fiercely.Emperor Yuan Shun had no choice but to rely on these generals to deal with the insurgents everywhere because he didn't have many troops in his hands.

It didn't take long for the struggles at court to be linked to those outside.This time it became lively. Emperor Yuan Shun had to rely on Polo Timur and Zhang Liangbi to support them in everything, but the crown prince formed a faction with Kuo Guo Timur and Li Siqi, and there were constant disturbances inside and outside the palace.Later, Polo Timur was killed by the prince faction, and Kuo Guo Timur took control of the military.Li Siqi was very unconvinced when he saw that the young Kuo Guo Timur had actually climbed onto his head, so he joined forces with Zhang Liangbi and other generals to deal with Kuo Guo Timur. The two factions confronted each other in Guanzhong. After many battles, there was no contest, but a lot of people were lost.

At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang was making preparations for the Northern Expedition in Yingtian while observing the movement in the north.He saw that the Yuan Dynasty was full of internal conflicts and that it no longer had much strength, so he knew that the opportunity to eliminate the Yuan Dynasty had come.In 1367 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang announced the Northern Expedition, in which he accused Emperor Yuan Shun of being fatuous and immoral. The fate of the Yuan Dynasty was over, and God sent him to lead the people to drive the Mongolian nobles out of the Central Plains, rebuild the Han regime, and save the Li people.Subsequently, he appointed Xu Da as the general who conquered captives, and Chang Yuchun as the deputy general, commanding an army of 25 to launch a general offensive against the Yuan Dynasty.

Xu Da regained Shandong and Henan without much effort. The Yuan Dynasty's army either fled or surrendered, and it was impossible to stop the Northern Expeditionary Army's attack.In 1368 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne in Yingtian, named the country "Ming" and established the Yuan "Hongwu".The Ming Dynasty was officially established.

At this time, the Ming army had captured Tongguan, and Dadu (now Beijing) was already in critical condition.However, Kuo Guo Timur stationed his troops in Taiyuan and did not rescue Dadu.Li Siqi and Zhang Liangbi saw how powerful the Ming army was, so they fled westward with the remnants of the defeated generals.In July of this year, various Ming armies joined forces in Dezhou, Shandong, and then marched northward along the canal in two ways, by water and land. Hundreds of thousands of troops rushed to Dadu.Playing triumphant songs all the way, first captured Changlu and Qingzhou, and then broke through Zhigu.The news of Zhigu's fall spread to the palace, and Emperor Yuan Shun was so frightened that he couldn't sleep or eat.Soon, Tongzhou fell again.Tongzhou was the last barrier for Dadu. When Tongzhou changed hands, Dadu became the possession of the Ming army.

Emperor Yuan Shun asked the civil and military ministers for their opinions. An eunuch named Boyan Buhua cried and said: "Most of them are the capitals left by Shizu. Your Majesty should stick to Yi. We are willing to lead the imperial guards to resist the Ming army outside the city. I beg Your Majesty Stick to the capital!" Emperor Yuan Shun thought for a while, sighed, and said: "The situation has developed to such a point, how can it be captured by others like Huizong and Qinzong in the Song Dynasty!" One night, Emperor Yuanshun led his concubine and prince He and more than 100 ministers of civil and military affairs ran out of Dadu from Jiandemen and fled to the vast grasslands in the north.

A few days later, the Ming army conquered Dadu, and the Yuan Dynasty fell.Zhu Yuanzhang renamed Dadu to Beiping, and the Ming Dynasty replaced the Yuan Dynasty.The Yuan Dynasty existed for 162 years from the founding of Genghis Khan to Emperor Yuan Shun's escape to the north, with 16 emperors.

●Zhu Yuanzhang enthroned
After gaining a firm foothold in the Jianghuai area, Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Chen Youliang in the west and Zhang Shicheng in the east, leaving only a few small forces in the south.Xu Da sent Tang He to attack Fang Guozhen. Fang Guozhen saw that the army was overwhelming and had to surrender.Tang He went south again to capture Guangdong.At the same time, Hu Tingrui captured Fujian, and Guangxi was also captured by general Yang Jing.Zhu Yuanzhang finally unified half of the country south of the Yangtze River, and he was satisfied.Li Shanchang believed that Zhu Yuanzhang had unified half of the country and could be called emperor, so he led civil and military officials to make three requests, and Zhu Yuanzhang agreed to be called emperor.

In 1368 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), named the country Ming, established Yuan Hongwu, and Zhu Yuanzhang was the Taizu of Ming Dynasty.From then on, Yingtian was renamed Nanjing, and his wife Ma Xiuying (Guo Zixing's adopted daughter) was made the queen, and the eldest son Zhu Biao was made the crown prince.

In 1368 AD, Xu Da led hundreds of thousands of troops straight to the capital of the Yuan Dynasty.Emperor Yuan Shun was frightened out of his wits, and the soldiers lost their fighting spirit long ago. Xu Da occupied most of the capital (now Beijing) without much effort.So far, Zhu Yuanzhang has unified the whole country.

Zhu Yuanzhang admired Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and Liu Bang was his fellow countryman, so he imitated Liu Bang's method of governing the country, making his son king and his heroes as dukes and marquises.

(End of this chapter)