China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 63

1897年5月27日，中国自办的第一家银行——中国通商银行，由太常寺少卿、全国督办铁路事务大臣盛宣怀“奉特旨开设”，总行在上海。在该行250万两实收资本中，由招商局和电报局分别投资80万两和20万两；盛宣怀名「包括他本人和代其他官僚出面投资的达73万两；另有户部拨存、分5年还清的生息存款100万两。

Later, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing government legally recognized the opening of private banks.In just over ten years, more than ten banks have been established in various places, namely the Household Bank (founded in 1905 AD, renamed the Bank of Qing Dynasty in 1908, Beijing), Junchuanyuan Bank (founded in 1905 AD, Chengdu ), Xincheng Bank (founded in 1906, Beijing), Xinyi Bank (founded in 1906, Zhenjiang), Zhejiang Industrial Bank (founded in 1907, the head office was originally in Hangzhou, and moved to Shanghai), Bank of Communications (built Founded in 1908 in Beijing), Siming Commercial Savings Bank (founded in 1908 in Shanghai), Zhili Provincial Bank (founded in 1910 in Tianjin, reorganized from Zhili Provincial Bank), Zhiye Bank (founded in 1911 in Tianjin), Fujian Bank (founded in 1911 in Fuzhou), Sichuan Bank (founded in 1911 in Chengdu).

●Emperor Guangxu Reform Movement of [-]
On June 1898, 6, Emperor Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei directly in the Palace of Qinzheng in the Summer Palace, and named him Zhang Jing (an official handling documents in the Qing Dynasty) of the Prime Minister's Yamen to preside over the specific affairs of the reform.Other reformers such as Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Lin Xu and others were also enshrined and participated in the reform.According to the suggestions of Kang Youwei and others, Emperor Guangxu issued many decrees to the whole country.Among them are the study of advanced western science and technology, and the development of the industry and commerce of the Qing Dynasty; the reform of the outdated and corrupt provisions of the Qing court laws, allowing officials and the people to write letters and suggestions to the emperor; ;wait.Because this year is the Year of 11 in the Chinese lunar calendar, this reform movement was called the "103 Reform" in history.And because the reform lasted for [-] days, it was called "Hundred Days Reform".

Through reform and reform, a glimmer of vitality appeared temporarily in the declining Qing Dynasty.However, during the reform process, many corrupt officials such as Minister of Rites Ta Huaibu were dismissed, and the corrupt and traitorous forces headed by Cixi were attacked, which aroused their strong opposition.

●The first university in China
The first university in China was Peking University. The predecessor of Peking University was Jingshi University Hall, and part of Jingshi University Hall was formerly known as Jingshi Tongwen Hall.

In August 1862, Emperor Tongzhi officially approved the establishment of the "Jingshi Tongwen Museum".In addition to learning Chinese, students mainly learn foreign languages.Jingshi Tongwenguan majored in foreign languages, and later added related natural science subjects, and invited foreigners to serve as teachers. It has the nature of a secondary technical school.Ding Weiliang, a foreign teacher, started teaching at the school in 8 and served as the chief instructor in 1863. He was in charge of educational affairs for 1869 years.Tongwenkan has a maximum of 30 students.Most of the graduates served as Qing government interpreters, diplomats and officials of other Westernization institutions.In 120 AD, Tongwenguan set up a printing office, which was responsible for editing and publishing affairs, and adopted appropriate encouragement methods to encourage book translation. It once translated and printed "Wanguo Gongfa" and books on mathematics, physics, chemistry, literature and history.

In 1898, Emperor Guangxu issued an edict to reform the law, emphasizing the establishment of the Imperial University, and Liang Qichao drafted the constitution of the University. In July, Emperor Guangxu formally issued an order to approve the establishment of the Imperial University Hall. The school officially started in December, with nearly a hundred students.Jingshi Tongwen Hall was formally merged into Jingshi University Hall in 7.At the beginning, Jingshi University Hall was aimed at "cultivating talents and emphasizing practicality". After the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 12, Jingshi University Hall was destroyed and closed.

In 1907, the Imperial University was re-established, and Zhang Baixi was appointed as the Minister of Management, and two courses were set up: preparatory and fast-track courses.The preparatory course is divided into politics and arts; the accelerated course is divided into official school hall and normal school hall.In 1908, the Jinshi Hall, the Translation Hall and the Medical Hall were added, and a branch university was established at the same time.In 1910 A.D., 8 departments of 46 subjects including classics, law, literature, Gezhi, agriculture, industry, commerce and medicine were reorganized.Jingshi University Hall is the earliest national university in modern China.

After the Revolution of 1912 overthrew the Qing Dynasty, in 1917, the Peking University Hall was officially renamed Peking University, with Yan Fu as its first president. In 3, Cai Yuanpei, a famous scholar, educator, and democratic revolutionist, served as the principal. He implemented the policy of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness", reorganized and reformed the school, set up 14 departments of liberal arts, science, and law, and established a , theory, and law 3 research institutes.Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Qian Xuantong, Hu Shi, Liu Bannong and other famous scholars with innovative spirit and rich knowledge have been hired to teach in the school, and the academic atmosphere of the school is one of the new ones.

●The Boxers Helped the Qing Dynasty and Exterminated Foreign Countries
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi betrayed the country, and the imperialists crazily seized "lease land" and divided "spheres of influence" in China, setting off a frenzy to carve up China.Under such circumstances, a large-scale peasant anti-imperialist patriotic movement was finally aroused-the Boxer (Boxer) struggle flourished.

"Boxer" was originally called "Yihequan". It was a branch of the White Lotus Sect, a non-governmental organization in Shandong.They practice boxing sticks, teach martial arts, and carry out anti-Qing activities.The participants were mainly poor peasants. At the end of the 19th century, with the deepening of imperialist aggression, Boxer began to point the finger of struggle at imperialism.Later, Boxing Boxing was renamed Boxer, put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreigners", and carried out public activities. In 1899, under the leadership of Zhu Hongdeng, the Boxers in Pingyuan County, Shandong staged an uprising.They burned churches, expelled priests, and punished corrupt officials and bullies.The Qing government sent troops to suppress it, but the Boxers, like a hurricane, quickly rushed to Zhili and entered Tianjin and Beijing.In addition, the Boxer Movement in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China was also surging.

●The Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China
In 1900, the Boxer Movement developed rapidly in Zhili and the Beijing-Tianjin area. Under the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreigners", they directed their struggles directly at foreign powers.At the same time, envoys from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States issued a joint note to the Qing court, demanding the "elimination of the Boxers."At that time, the xenophobic forces headed by Duan Wang Zaiyi had the upper hand in the Qing court.Seeing that the Qing court could no longer control the situation, and the Prime Minister's Office was "incapable of persuading the court to take severe repressive measures", the ministers of various countries planned to directly send troops to intervene.

Around June 6, the eight countries' joint invasion of China policy was approved by their respective governments one after another.At this time, the additional invading troops sent by the governments of various countries have reached more than 6 people. On June 2000, under the leadership of Seymour, more than 6 foreign invading troops attacked Beijing from Tianjin, and encountered resistance from the Boxers along the way. On the 10th, the Boxers and the invading army fought hand-to-hand near Luofa Station. On the 2000th, the Boxers surrounded the invading army at Langfang Station and launched an attack, killing and wounding dozens of invading troops. On the 11th, Seymour lost to Tianjin and was blocked by the crowd on the way, killing and injuring 18 people. On the 19nd, he retreated to Tianjin West Railway Station in embarrassment. On June 374, another invading army landed in Dagu, invaded Tianjin, and was beaten all the way. It was not until the 22rd that they stole Laolongtou Station and joined the invading army at West Station. They arrived at the Tianjin Concession and launched an attack on Tianjin City. . Starting from July 6, more than 17 invading troops landed at Dagukou, and the fighting in Tianjin was very fierce. Zhang Decheng led the Boxers in a bloody battle with the invading army in Zizhu Forest for three days, and Tianjin fell.

After the fall of Tianjin, the Qing government intensified its surrender activities, while the Eight-Power Allied Forces accelerated their aggression against Beijing and actively deployed to invade Beijing. On August 8, 4 invading troops marched north along both sides of the canal in two routes. On the 2th, the coalition forces captured Tongzhou.The next day, the coalition forces pointed directly at the city of Beijing.After Cixi got the news, she thought that the capital was not safe, so she fled to Xi'an in a hurry, so that the Eight-Power Allied Forces easily occupied Beijing.Afterwards, the invading army murdered and set fire to the city, committing all kinds of crimes. The treasures in the palace and the Summer Palace were looted by the invaders.At this time, Tsarist Russia, which was dedicated to Northeast my country, also sent 12 troops to create the "Hailanpao Massacre" and "Jiangdong 10 Tun Massacre" in Northeast my country. More than 64 innocent Chinese were massacred. The entire territory of Northeast my country.

On the way to the west, the traitor Cixi issued an edict to "suppress bandits" and ordered Li Hongzhang to formally beg for peace with foreign powers as Minister of Plenipotentiary.Subsequently, Cixi issued an edict to "suppress bandits", officially announcing the "painful suppression" of the Boxers.At this point, the Qing government and imperialism openly merged.

In addition to Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States, other aggressors also took advantage of the situation and gained unexpected benefits. On September 1901, 9, a piece of "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed in Beijing, respectfully sending the powers of the eight countries and Belgium, the Netherlands, and Spain who took advantage of the emptiness back to their home countries, and also sending the precarious Qing Dynasty to a new era. no return.

●Cixi shamelessly signed the contract
Cixi is a famous traitor.She used the Boxers to kill the prestige of the imperialist powers, but also to keep her position.Seeing that the relationship between the imperialist powers and herself had eased, she sent the Qing army to suppress the Boxers.This led to the fall of Tianjin, and then the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing.Cixi and his party fled to Xi'an, where she still did not forget her extravagant life, and ordered all provinces to transfer money and food from Beijing to Xi'an.

The Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded and occupied Beijing, but their purpose was to gain benefits from the Qing Dynasty, not to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and let the Qing Dynasty rule the Chinese people for them. In December 1900, they drew up the "Negotiation Outline", a total of 12 articles.Li Hongzhang presented the "Negotiating Outline" to Cixi. Cixi was very happy when she saw that she had not punished herself, and agreed to the conditions offered by the imperialist invaders one by one, expressing "measure the material resources of China and unite the country's favor".

Cixi also ordered Li Hongzhang to send Zai Yi and Zai Lan, officials who supported the Boxer Movement, to Xinjiang and imprison them forever in accordance with the terms of the "Negotiating Peace Outline";Only then did the imperialist aggressors stop.

On September 1901, 9, Yi Li and Li Hongzhang signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" on behalf of the Qing Dynasty and the ministers of Britain, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, the United States, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands.This treaty is the most serious unequal treaty to lose power and humiliate the country since the Opium War.The treaty stipulates: send princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to make amends; compensation for military expenses is 7 million taels (tsarist Russia has the most spoils, up to more than 45000 million taels), and it will be paid off in 13000 years, with a total of 39 million taels of principal and interest; Chinese people are not allowed to enter; demolish all the forts along the way from Beijing to Dagukou, and all countries have the right to station troops in 98000 towns from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; dismiss and investigate those Qing government officials who oppose foreigners, and will never be punished. Use it again; severely punish the boxers, and forever prohibit the Chinese from forming or joining any anti-imperialist organization; revise the regulations on sailing at treaty ports, allowing them to freely enter all treaty ports; change the prime minister's office to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is responsible for foreign affairs...

Not long after the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", Cixi, who was disastrous to the country and the people, returned to Beijing from Xi'an.Since then, the Qing court has become a tool for foreigners to rule China. The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which had a serious impact on Chinese society.

●Revolutionary groups spread all over the country
After Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhong Society, the revolutionary trend of thought developed rapidly.Many revolutionary groups sprang up in various places, among which the Huaxing Association in Hunan, the Restoration Association in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the Science Tutoring Institute in Hubei were the most influential.

On November 1903, 11, Huang Xing invited more than ten people including Qin Yuliu and Zhang Shizhao to discuss the formation of a revolutionary group. On a coincident day in February 4, the Huaxing Association was formally established in Changsha. More than a hundred people attended the meeting, and Huang Xing was elected as the president.

In October 1904, Tao Chengzhang went to Shanghai, and secretly negotiated with Gong Baoquan, a member of the assassination group of the National Education Association, to organize a revolutionary group.As a result, the Restoration Society was established in Shanghai, with Cai Yuanpei as its president.The purpose of the Restoration Association is to "Recover the Han nationality, return our country"; the oath is "Recover the Han nationality, return our country, give yourself to the country, and retire after success", "Swear to sweep away the demon atmosphere, rebuild the country, seek the happiness of the republic, and repay The deep hatred of the past".They linked recovery and restoration of the country with the founding of the country and the republic, and highly unified revolutionary thinking.They established a tight organization, using assassination and riots as the main means of revolution, and most of their members were from Zhejiang.The Restoration Society is a revolutionary group composed of the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeois intellectuals, party members, businessmen, craftsmen and a small number of landlords and gentry.After the establishment of the Restoration Association, Xu Xilin, Qiu Jin, Zhang Binglin and others successively joined the association.Tao Chengzhang also organized the party forces to establish the Longhua Society as the periphery of the Restoration Society.

In the spring of 1904, Liu Jingan, Cao Yabo, Hu Ying, Zhang Nanxian, Lu Dasen, Song Jiaoren and other people with lofty ideals from the two lakes gathered in Wuchang to discuss the strategy of the revolution. In May 1904, 5 people, including Zhang Nanxian, Hu Ying, Zhu Yuancheng, Lei Tianzhuang, Chen Congxin, Mao Fudan, Li Shengmei, and academics Lu Dasen, Cao Yabo, Ouyang Duanhua, and Kang Jiantang, held a preparatory meeting in Wuchang New Army Fighting-level Battalion. Lu Dasen drafted the charter, Hu Ying, Zhang Nanxian, Kang Jiantang, and Zhu Yuancheng reviewed it and decided to name it "Science Tuition Institute". "Revolutionary row full" for the purpose. On July 12, the Science Tutoring Center was officially established, with Lu Dasen as the director, Hu Ying as the prime minister, Shi Gongbi as the propaganda officer, Song Jiaoren as the secretary, and Kang Jiantang as the general affairs officer.It was also determined that representatives from various places were in charge of liaison: Liu Du became the representative of Wu Higher School, Chen Yingjia was the representative of Wu Tong Tong School, Liu Jingan was the representative of Qianfeng Camp, Zhu Zilong and Li Shengmei were the representatives of Engineering Camp, Song Jiaoren, Ouyang Duanhua, and Liu Fuji were Wen Tong Representatives of the school, Zhu Zitao and Yi Benxi worked in the office.

●Huang Xing's revolutionary career
Huang Xing, formerly known as Huang Zhen, courtesy name Keqiang, was born in Shanhua, Hunan (now Changsha), on October 1874, 10, in an intellectual family. At the age of 25, he went to Wuhan Liangxiang Academy to study, and began to come into contact with Western bourgeois social politics and reform thoughts. In 14, due to his outstanding achievements, he was selected to study in Japan and entered Tokyo Hongbun Academy.There, he was influenced by the ideas of bourgeois democratic revolution, and finally embarked on the revolutionary road of armed anti-Qing.Huang Xing was a person who made up his mind and never regretted it. He never changed his original intention until his death.

In 1903, the banditry of Tsarist Russia’s occupation of Northeast China aroused strong opposition from Chinese students studying in Japan. Huang Xing actively participated in this anti-Russian movement, and successively organized the Anti-Russia Volunteer Team and the Military National Education Association to conduct secret military operations against students studying in Japan. Training to accumulate strength for future armed uprisings.

In May 1903, Huang Xing returned to China and actively developed revolutionary forces under the cover of teaching at Mingde Academy in Changsha, Hunan. On November 5th, on the occasion of Huang Xing's 11th birthday, 4 intellectuals (one said more than 30 people), including Liu Kuiyi, Song Jiaoren, and Zhang Shizhao, who were inclined to revolution, held a secret meeting in Changsha under the pretext of celebrating their birthday and decided to Huaxinghui was established to engage in anti-Qing revolutionary activities.In order to avoid the attention of the Qing court, the Huaxing Association adopted the name of running a mine and named it Huaxing Company, which was actually the preparatory meeting of the Huaxing Association. On February 12, 20, the inaugural meeting was officially held in Dong Longzhang’s apartment in the West Garden of Mingde Academy in Changsha.More than 1904 people attended the meeting, and Huang Xing was presumed to be the chairman, and Song Jiaoren and Liu Kui were the vice-chairmen.After the establishment of the Huaxinghui, Huang Xing immediately started to plan the armed uprising, and decided that Hunan would launch the attack first, and then the other provinces would respond in order to achieve the goal of "directly attacking Youyan and driving out the Tartars".Huang Xing also sold his ancestral land and used it as military expenses.Huang Xing planned the uprising, and the Qing court had already noticed it.The uprising failed due to the leakage of secrets, and Huang Xing fled to Japan.

In Japan, Huang Xing and Sun Yat-sen met for the first time and became close friends. In August 1905, the China Tongmenghui, jointly formed by the Rejuvenation Society, the Huaxing Society, and the Restoration Society, was officially announced in Tokyo, Japan. Huang Xing was elected as the General Affairs Officer of the Executive Department (equivalent to an assistant), second only to Sun Yat-sen in the Tongmenghui number two.After that, Huang Xing returned to China in secret, concentrated on developing revolutionary forces, and planned to launch an armed uprising.According to modern historical records, since 8, Huang Xing organized and launched several uprisings in the border areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan.Regrettably, these uprisings all failed due to inexperience and insufficient troops.This greatly affected the mood of the revolutionaries, and some people felt pessimistic and fearful, but Huang Xing was like a tempered steel knife, the more he sharpened, the more resolute he became.After the failure of the Huanghuagang armed uprising, Huang Xing recuperated in Hong Kong.

On October 1911, 10, the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and the rebel army liberated the Second Town of Wuhan.Soon, Yuan Shikai led the Qing army to surround the three towns of Wuhan.Huang Xing rushed to Hankou immediately after receiving the news of the Wuchang Uprising.When he arrived in Hankou, at the most critical moment, Huang Xing served as the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary army, took on the most arduous task of the uprising, and fought desperately with the enemy. On November 10, Huang Xing commanded the Revolutionary Army and Feng Guozhang's Beiyang Fourth Division to launch a fierce battle for Hanyang.The enemy invested 11 troops, and Huang Xing resisted tenaciously without fear when the enemy was strong and we were weak.Under his leadership, the defense of Hanyang lasted for 20 days, attracting most of the main force of the Qing army, buying time for the revolution, and finally ushered in the fall of the reactionary rule of the Qing court and the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China.

(End of this chapter)