China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 64

On January 1912, 1, the Nanjing Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China was established, and Huang Xing served as the chief of the army.At this time, Yuan Shikai, the country thief, with the support of imperialism, played double tactics. Sun Yat-sen resigned as the interim president, and Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the revolution.After the disintegration of the provisional government, Huang Xing was appointed by Yuan Shikai as the "left behind" of Nanjing Left Behind Mansion.Yuan Shikai succeeded in usurping power, and sent people to assassinate Song Jiaoren, an important leader of the Revolutionary Party, in Shanghai.Huang Xing immediately met with Sun Yat-sen and launched the "Second Revolution" with him. On July 1, 1913, Huang Xing was appointed commander-in-chief of the Jiangsu Yuan Army.The second revolution against Yuan Shikai soon ended in failure, and he fled again to Japan.

In July 1914, Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang into the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Japan. Huang Xing objected to this and did not participate.Soon, he left Japan for the United States to promote anti-Yuan among overseas Chinese in the United States. In June 7, Yuan Shikai died in a nationwide outrage against the movie. In July 1916, Huang Xing returned to Shanghai from abroad and continued to fight for the revolutionary cause, but unfortunately, Huang Xing's ambition was not paid, and he was already sick from overwork. In October 6, his old illness relapsed, and this outstanding Chinese bourgeois democratic revolutionist passed away in Shanghai at the age of 1916.

●Revolutionary pioneer Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen, named Wen, styled Deming, nicknamed Rixin, later changed to Yixian, used to be called Zhongshan Qiao when he was engaged in revolutionary activities in Japan, so people called him Sun Yat-sen.

On November 1866, 11, Sun Yat-sen was born in a poor peasant family in Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan), Guangdong. At the age of 12, he defected to his elder brother Sun Mei who ran agriculture in Honolulu, and then studied in Hong Kong, Guangzhou and other places. In 12, Sun Yat-sen graduated from the Hong Kong Academy of Western Medicine, and then practiced medicine in Macau, Guangzhou and other places, while contacting people with lofty ideals, preparing to establish a revolutionary group. In the summer of 1892, influenced by the booming reform thoughts at that time, he came to Tianjin with a glimmer of hope and wrote to Li Hongzhang, requesting to "imitate Western methods to prepare for self-improvement".But his petition was met with cold reception, and his illusion of relying on the upper echelons of the ruling class to carry out reforms was completely shattered.In October of the same year, Sun Yat-sen traveled from Shanghai to Honolulu to contact overseas Chinese and propagate revolutionary ideas.After many contacts and mobilization, on November 1894 of the same year, the Xingzhonghui, the earliest democratic revolutionary group in China, was established in Honolulu.The Xingzhonghui took "expelling the Tartars, restoring China, and establishing a united government" as its democratic revolutionary program. In January 10, Sun Yat-sen returned to Hong Kong, continued to contact his comrades, and established the headquarters of the Xingzhong Society on February 11.

In April 1895, Sun Yat-sen and Lu Haodong planned an uprising.However, due to leaks, the uprising failed before it was officially launched.Lu Haodong died heroically, and Sun Yat-sen was forced to go into exile overseas.Taking the opportunity of exile, he inspected the economic and political conditions of European and American countries in detail, studied various schools of political theories, and contacted progressive figures in Europe and the United States, resulting in a characteristic theory of people's livelihood, and the initial formation of the two people's principles.He went to overseas Chinese and overseas students in various countries to promote the revolution, and successively established revolutionary groups among overseas students in Belgium, Germany, France and other countries.

In August 1905, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others established the Tongmenghui in Tokyo, Japan based on revolutionary groups such as Xingzhonghui and Huaxinghui. Sun Yat-sen was elected as prime minister. The purpose of "equal land rights" was adopted as the program of the Tongmenghui, and the three principles of "nation, civil rights, and people's livelihood" were put forward.

On October 1911, 10, the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and all provinces responded one after another. In late December, after Sun Yat-sen returned to China, he was elected as the interim president of the Republic of China by representatives of 10 provinces, and he took office in Nanjing on January 12, 17.Ended China's 1912-year-long autocratic monarchy and established a republic.More than a month later, Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign as the interim president and gave way to the traitor Yuan Shikai. In March 1, Yuan Shikai assassinated Song Jiaoren, acting chairman of the Kuomintang, which was reorganized from the Tongmenghui.As a result, Sun Yat-sen launched a second revolution and used force to challenge Yuan. After the failure, he went into exile in Japan again. In July 1, because the Beiyang warlords led by Duan Qirui dissolved the National Assembly and abolished the "Provisional Constitution" formulated by Sun Yat-sen and others, Sun Yat-sen joined forces with the Southwest Warlords to establish a military government in Guangzhou.However, due to being squeezed out by warlords and politicians, he had to resign from the position of generalissimo.

The victory of the Russian October Revolution in 1917 and the "May 1919th" Movement in 1922 gave Sun Yat-sen great encouragement.Especially in June 6, Chen Jiongming, who was in command of the Guangdong army, launched a rebellion, which made the Northern Expedition to use Guangdong and Guangxi as bases in vain, and forced Sun Yat-sen to leave Guangzhou.Sun Yat-sen was determined to accept the help of the Communist International and the Chinese Communist Party, and welcomed Li Dazhao and other Chinese Communists to join the Chinese Kuomintang in their personal capacity.In January 1923, he issued the "Sun Wenyuefei Declaration" with the representatives of the Soviet Union, which laid the foundation for the policy of "union with Russia and the Communist Party".

In February 1923, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai to rebuild the base camp of the army and navy, and commanded the armies in the name of Grand Marshal; at the same time, he stepped up preparations for the reorganization of the Chinese Kuomintang. In January 2, the first National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou, and Sun Yat-sen presided over the meeting.The congress adopted a new party program and constitution, established three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting farmers and workers", and elected a central leadership organization with the participation of Chinese Communists.The united front of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and people from all walks of life has been established. In May, Sun Yat-sen founded the Army Military Academy, the "Whampoa Military Academy" in Changzhou Island, Huangpu, Guangzhou, laying the foundation for the establishment of a revolutionary army.

In October 1924, Zhili general Feng Yuxiang overthrew the Zhili warlord government with Cao Kun as the president.Feng Yuxiang, Duan Qirui, and Zhang Zuolin successively invited Sun Yat-sen to go north to discuss state affairs.Sun Yat-sen accepted the invitation and arrived in Beijing sick. On March 10, 1925, Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of China's democratic revolution, died of liver cancer in Beijing.

●Pseudo-reform "preparation for a constitution"

After the Reform Movement of 1901, the idea of ​​reform has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and people urgently demand social reform and change the status quo.Seeing that people were clamoring for change, Cixi began to sing the tune of fake reform. On January 1, 29, Empress Dowager Cixi issued the "Reform Edict", stating that the empress dowager and the emperor agreed to carry out the reform, and asked governors and governors from all over the country to consult Chinese and Western political leaders to make suggestions on various reforms in Chinese society, and to inform the court. ready for adoption.However, the Shangyu also specifically pointed out that feudal autocracy will remain unchanged forever, and old laws that do not touch this system can be modified.

The reason why the imperial court headed by Cixi wanted to call for reform was not only domestic pressure, but more importantly, it was to please the imperialist powers and gain their trust.

The "New Deal" carried out by Cixi is nothing more than some irrelevant superficial articles, which not only did not touch her feudal autocracy, but strengthened her autocratic rule.Her purpose externally is to "measure China's material strength and unite the country's favor", and to suppress the people's resistance internally.Chen Tianhua pointedly pointed out: "It wasn't until the catastrophe happened in the year of Gengzi that I realized that it was absolutely impossible to blindly keep the old ways, and implemented a little superficial New Deal. In fact, have they ever been implemented? It's just to cover up the eyes and ears of the people and win the favor of foreigners. Just joy; not only did not emit a ray of light, but the darkness increased several times."

The false restoration of the Qing court neither had the effect of strengthening the rule, nor eased the resistance struggle of the people.Therefore, the Qing court began to plan "preparatory constitutionalization" to save the situation.

In 1905, some ministers stationed in foreign countries, court officials, and local governors with real power, including Yuan Shikai, wrote to the court, requesting "change the political system".The imperial court promulgated the constitution and implemented a constitutional monarchy. They tried to use this method to eliminate the ruling crisis and maintain the precarious rule of the Qing court.For this purpose, Cixi sent Zaize and other five ministers abroad for investigation.After the five ministers who went abroad to investigate constitutionalism returned to China, Mi Chen Lixian had three major advantages: "emperor's throne is permanent", "foreign troubles are gradually relieved", and "internal strife can be eliminated", and he advocated imitating constitutionalism. In 1906, Empress Dowager Cixi finally made up her mind to issue an edict, announcing that she "prepared to imitate constitutional government".Two years later, the Qing court announced that the constitution would be established for a period of nine years, and at the same time promulgated the "Imperial Constitutional Outline", with the core of protecting the emperor's power.This shows that the Qing court did not have the sincerity of constitutionalism. In 9, the Qing government abolished the Military Aircraft Department and established a cabinet with Prince Qing Yili as the prime minister. People called it the "royal cabinet" or "the cabinet of relatives and nobles".The false constitution of the Qing court was finally exposed.

●Cixi kills Guangxu
In the 34th year of Guangxu (1908), on the night of the Lantern Festival, Cixi led all the concubines to Beihai to watch the fireworks. She was already old, overworked, and caught wind and cold, so she contracted a disease, and it was getting worse day by day.Seeing this, Yuan Shikai, Li Lianying and others panicked at first.They knew that once Cixi's backer fell, once Guangxu was restored, they would never let them go.So they couldn't wait to hope that Guangxu would die one day soon.These people worked together, determined to put Guangxu to death and then hurry up.

Once, when Li Lianying combed Cixi's hair, she slandered Cixi, saying that Guangxu was very happy when he heard that she was seriously ill.Cixi, who was already in a bad mood during her illness, suddenly became angry, and scolded: "I don't want to be filial and rebellious, it's beautiful to think, hum, he never wants to die behind me!" Li Lianying heard what Cixi said, "He never wants to die behind me!" "This sentence is ecstatic, because he knows the weight of this sentence.What is strange is that not long after Cixi said this, Guangxu "was full of coughing and coughing on the top, but couldn't defecate on the bottom, was tired all over, and couldn't afford to lie down on the couch."The imperial doctor Zhang Zhongyuan and the famous doctor Du Zhujun went to Hanyuan Hall to ask for the pulse of Emperor Guangxu, but none of them could tell what the disease was.I had no choice but to prescribe ginseng and other common medicines, which naturally had no effect.

The tenth day of October is the 73rd birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi. The palace and the palace are decorated with lanterns and festoons, and the main streets of the capital are all newly decorated.Cixi sat upright in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, receiving congratulations from Guangxu and all officials.Then, a big banquet was held, which was very ostentatious and grand.After that, he sang on the Changyinge Grand Stage.Unexpectedly, extreme joy gave rise to sorrow. That night, Cixi felt unwell, and dysentery was added to the original illness.For several days in a row, he vomited and had diarrhea, and even taking opium couldn't stop it.

On the night of October [-]th, although Cixi was seriously ill, she was very "concerned" about Guangxu: "How is the emperor?" Li Lianying took the opportunity to provoke again: "It's also a strange thing. Once Lafayette fell ill, Long Live Lord saw a lot of people." Yes, I often go for a walk in Haiziyan in the past two days... This is called 'people have a happy event and they feel refreshed'!" "What's a happy event?" Cixi asked. "Forgive me for using the pawn improperly." Li Lianying said hastily. "I understand what you mean. I fell ill, so it is a 'happy event' for the emperor! Hmph! Could it be that I will walk ahead of him?" Li Lianying once again understood the thoughts of "Lafayette", so she said with ulterior motives : "The slave is willing to visit him and take care of him, maybe it can make the Lord Long Live recover faster." Li Lianying didn't just say this casually.There is a major conspiracy hidden here.

The news of Cixi's serious illness made Yuan Shikai, who was closely watching the movements of the two palaces, very worried.Because we all know that the failure of the Reform Movement of [-], the killing of the Six Gentlemen, and Emperor Guangxu's imprisonment on an isolated island were all the result of Yuan Shikai's betrayal.He betrayed Guangxu, and once Cixi's backer fell, his end would be self-evident.Therefore, under the advice of his staff members Yang Shiji and Yang Shiqi brothers, Yuan Shikai bribed Li Lianying, who was connected with his own destiny, with a huge sum of money, and handed him a bottle of tasteless and colorless poisonous potion he had obtained from foreigners to conspire in conspiracy. .

In this way, Li Lianying greeted Cixi, which meant that Cixi agreed to kill Guangxu.This is Li Lianying's cunning and his insidiousness.

In the early morning of the next day, Li Lianying really arrived at Yingtai Island, showing special "concern" for Guangxu, and asked Guangxu how he was.Guangxu was very surprised, but after thinking about it, he thought that Li Lianying was afraid that after Cixi died, he would take care of him, so he came here to show his courtesy and buy the good ones, so he didn't become suspicious.After a while, Li Lianying ordered the little eunuch to serve the emperor a cup of "Western tea".Not long after Li Lianying left Yingtai, Guangxu's condition suddenly worsened, and he only felt a dull pain in his stomach.After being diagnosed by Qu Guiting, a famous doctor from other provinces, he felt that Guangxu's condition was very strange, and he was very afraid, afraid of being involved in this dangerous vortex, so he hastily prescribed a prescription and hurriedly exited Hanyuan Hall.The news of Emperor Guangxu's serious illness spread like wildfire, spreading throughout the Six Palaces for a while.

On the morning of October [-], Empress Longyu came to see Guangxu, but he only opened his eyes slightly to take a look, and then passed out again, as if he had lost his mind.At this time, Li Lianying hurried in with a brand-new dragon robe, and ordered Guangxu to wear a new dragon robe "Da Xing" according to Cixi's order.When the eunuch Wang Shang changed Guangxu's dragon robe, Guangxu became sober and struggled to refuse.Wang Shang couldn't bear to toss Guangxu any more, so he discussed with Li Lianying whether the matter could be postponed.But Li Lianying didn't care about this, and only wanted Guangxu to die quickly so that she could go back to sell the business and change Guangxu's dragon robe by herself.

At 21 o'clock in the evening on October 5, Guangxu died at the age of 38.

According to the practice of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor was seriously ill, and the imperial hospital had to copy the prescriptions and pulse records in advance to inform various departments. This is called "sending copy".However, Guangxu did not have the procedure of "issue copying" before his death.In addition, when the emperor died, he had to "invite" the body with the "Ten Thousand Years Auspicious Sedan", which was also omitted.The eunuchs only quietly moved Guangxu's body from the Paitai to the palace, and the handling before and after was all directed by Yuan Shikai, who had been promoted to Minister of Military Aircraft, and arranged by Li Lianying.

When Guangxu died, Cixi was also ill.When he was still conscious, he summoned the princes and ministers and passed down a decree for Puyi to succeed him.

At about 22 o'clock in the morning on October 5, Cixi got up on time, barely had a small meal, suddenly felt dizzy, and passed out all of a sudden.Half an hour later, Cixi died at the age of 73.

●Emperor Puyi ascended the throne in the late Qing Dynasty
In 1908, two hours after Guangxu's "death", Prince Jin Zaifeng was called into the palace by Cixi.Cixi said to Zaifeng: "Guangxu died, and I was seriously ill again. Now that the country is in trouble, the court cannot be without a king for a day. I decided to make your eldest son Puyi as the heir to inherit the throne and give you the title of regent of the country. Tomorrow, you will bring Puyi into the palace and hold the enthronement ceremony." On the second day, a group of eunuchs brought Puyi into the palace, and on the third day, Cixi died.More than half a month later, that is, the second day of the twelfth lunar month, the grand emperor's enthronement ceremony was held.

At the beginning of the enthronement ceremony, Pu Yi, who was less than 3 years old, burst into tears sitting on the throne of the emperor's dragon bed.Zaifeng felt that it was outrageous for the emperor to keep crying at such a grand ceremony. He felt anxious and blurted out, "It's almost over! It's almost over! Go back to my hometown right away! I'll go back to my hometown as soon as it's over!" As soon as the exit was made, civil and military officials couldn't help whispering: "How do you say 'it's almost over'? What does it mean to 'go back to your hometown'?" The enthronement ceremony of the last emperor Puyi ended in chaos.

##No.20 The Last Civilization of the Nine Series of Feudal Dynasties

●Qianlong and "Siku Quanshu"

Qianlong thought he had brilliant military exploits and called himself "Shiquan martial arts", and wanted to improve his "cultural governance" to a higher level. He decided to compile a "Siku Quanshu".

Therefore, Qianlong established the Siku Library, which opened in 1772 to repair books, appointed 360 officials in charge, and 3800 proofreaders and copyists.Among them, Ji Yun, the chief editor, made the most contribution. He made a detailed textual research on the origin, version and content of each book in "Siku Quanshu", and compiled a 200-volume "Summary of Siku Quanshu General Catalog".Qianlong attached great importance to the compilation of books, and he personally read and reviewed every article he entered.However, combined with the compilation of "Siku Quanshu", Qianlong implemented a large-scale book ban, and more than 7 volumes of books were destroyed successively.After 10 years of hard work, the "Siku Quanshu" was officially completed, with 3503 titles and 79337 volumes in total.A total of 7 parts of the book were copied and stored in seven library pavilions in the north and south of the river.

The purpose of Qianlong's compilation of "Siku Quanshu" was certainly to show off the prosperity of Wenzhi, but the most important thing was that he wanted to take this opportunity to conduct a comprehensive review of the books of the past dynasties and eliminate the national thoughts that resisted the Qing Dynasty.He used the method of writing to cover up and achieve his goal of banning and destroying books. In history, this method was called "containment in cultivation".

The Siku library has collected about 13000 books from all over the country, of which 3000 were confiscated and banned, nearly a quarter of the total. Even Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu" was also banned.The rest of the books have undergone strict scrutiny. If there are any words in the book that are unfavorable to the Qing Dynasty, the entire paragraph will be deleted if it is serious, and the original text will be tampered with if it is minor. , are all taboo violations.Even the "Sequel to Tongjian Compendium", which had been "imperially approved" by Emperor Kangxi, was ordered to be excavated and changed because the word "Huren" appeared in the description of history.As a result, many ancient books have been changed beyond recognition and lost their original meaning.The compilation of "Siku Quanshu" caused the greatest cultural catastrophe unprecedented in Chinese history.

●Wu Jingzi satirized the Qing government
(End of this chapter)