China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 66

When Jiang Yiwu heard the news, he immediately called an emergency meeting and decided to uprising at 12 o'clock that night.But because the order was not delivered in time, the uprising did not materialize.Ruiji, governor of Huguang, ordered the arrest of party members, Wuchang government agencies were destroyed, and more than 30 members of the revolutionary party were either arrested or killed. Jiang Yiwu took advantage of the chaos and fled Wuchang. On October 10, Ruicheng continued to search and arrest party members according to the roster he had obtained, and the situation in Wuchang was extremely tense.At this critical juncture, the revolutionaries in the new army believed that "it is better to fight back than to pick it up."After 10 o'clock that night, Xiong Bingkun, the general representative of the Revolutionary Party of the Eighth Battalion of the Project, led the battalion to fire the first shot. He led more than a dozen revolutionary soldiers straight to the Chuwangtai Armory, and the soldiers from the left team of the battalion guarding the warehouse yelled. With the cooperation of guns, Chu Wangtai was successfully occupied, and a vigorous Wuchang Uprising broke out.

Xiong Bingkun's gunshots inspired revolutionary soldiers from other units. They rose up in response and elected team officer Wu Zhaolin as the interim commander. They attacked the Governor's Office and the nearby Eighth Town Command in three ways.He also ordered some of the artillery that had already entered the city to occupy the launching positions at Zhonghemen and Snake Mountain, and bombed the supervisory office.At first, the rebel army lacked the ability to coordinate and command, coupled with insufficient troops, the attack was frustrated.After 12:10 p.m., the rebel army adjusted its deployment and launched an attack again, broke through the enemy's defense line, and set fire near the supervisor's office. With the fire as a symbol, the artillery near Snake Mountain and Zhonghe Gate fired shells at the fire.Ruizheng, governor of Huguang, broke through the back wall of the governor's office and escaped by boat on the Yangtze River. Zhang Biao, the commander of the eighth town, was still resisting at the headquarters.After many attacks, the rebel army finally occupied the governor's office and town headquarters before dawn. Zhang Biao fled to Liujiamiao, and the entire Wuchang City was immediately controlled by the rebel army.Afterwards, the revolutionaries in Hanyang and Hankou moved upon hearing the news, and they captured Hanyang and Hankou on the night of October 11 and October 10 respectively.After the rebel army took control of the three towns in Wuhan, the Hubei military government was established. Li Yuanhong was elected as the governor, changed the country's name to the Republic of China, and called on the people of all provinces to revolt in response.Encouraged by the victory of the Wuchang Uprising, the counties in Hubei were successively captured by the revolutionaries and a revolutionary regime was established. By the end of November, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Anhui, Guangxi, Fujian 12 provinces, including China, Guangdong, and Sichuan, successively declared independence, broke away from the Qing Dynasty, and established a military government.

The success of the Wuchang Uprising marked the victory of the "Revolution of [-]" and the first victory of the bourgeois democratic revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. It sounded the death knell of the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty.

●The establishment of the Republic of China
After the victory of the Wuchang Uprising, on December 1911, 12, Sun Yat-sen returned to Shanghai by boat, and Huang Xing, Hu Hanmin, Song Jiaoren, Wang Jingwei and others went to the dock to greet him. On December 25, the Provincial Representative Conference was held in Nanjing. 12 representatives from the 29 independent provinces attended the meeting to form the Central Provisional Government. Sun Yat-sen was elected by an absolute majority as the first provisional president in Chinese history.

On January 1912, 1, Sun Yat-sen took the oath of office in Nanjing. He named the country the "Republic of China" and the five-color flag was the national flag. The director and vice-minister of the Legislative Affairs Bureau are both important central government agencies of the Tongmenghui.The establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government marked the birth of the first bourgeois republic in Chinese history - the Republic of China, which ended more than 1 years of feudal monarchy.

●New Youth published in Shanghai

"New Youth" was originally named "Youth Magazine" and later renamed "New Youth". It was edited by Chen Duxiu and was founded on September 1915, 9 in Shanghai.It was originally a monthly magazine, and it was a famous publication during the period of the May 15th Movement and the First Civil Revolutionary War in China.

The development of "New Youth" can be divided into three stages: the first stage, it is the center of the New Culture Movement, the fighting banner of the radical democrats, and the struggle against feudal ideology that it is carrying out with all its strength is objectively supported by Marxism. China's spread played a positive role.In the second stage, it changed from a democratic publication to a socialist publication, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the Communist Party of China ideologically.In the third stage, it was the organ newspaper initiated and organized by the Communist Party of China in Shanghai and the early organ theoretical publication of the Party Central Committee. It had made certain achievements in propagating Marxism-Leninism and the principles and policies of the Communist Party of China. "New Youth" criticized feudal despotism and feudal morality more comprehensively, and clarified the political views of democracy. "New Youth" advocates science and opposes superstition; advocates new literature and opposes old literature; advocates vernacular Chinese and opposes classical Chinese. After the "May [-]th" patriotic movement, there was a new development, and "New Youth" injected new content into the New Culture Movement.

●New Cultural Revolution Movement
The Beiyang warlords ruled in darkness, and vigorously promoted ideas such as "retrospective" and "respecting Confucius" in the ideological and cultural field to anesthetize the people and prevent them from rebelling.The Beiyang warlords also designated "Confucianism" as the state religion, and established "Confucian Churches" and "Confucian Respect Associations" in many places, flooding with retrogressive ideas.

Radical democrats, represented by Li Dazhao and Lu Xun, actively promoted advanced ideology and culture. They advocated democracy and science and opposed autocracy and backwardness.

Li Dazhao, a native of Laoting, Hebei, studied in Japan when he was young, and participated in the struggle against Yuan Shikai.Beginning in 1916, Li Dazhao began to publish articles in "New Youth", attacking the dark old society, calling on young people to come out of the dark old society and bravely create a brand new China.Later, Li Dazhao led the May [-]th Movement together with Chen Duxiu and others, actively promoted Marxism-Leninism, and became one of the founders of the Communist Party of China.

Lu Xun, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. In 1918, he published my country's first vernacular novel "Diary of a Madman" on "New Youth", using sharp writing to pierce the mask of feudal morality.In "Diary of a Madman", Lu Xun pointedly pointed out that the thousands of years of feudal history in China is actually "the history of cannibalism". human society.Lu Xun later became a great proletarian writer.

The New Culture Movement, represented by Li Dazhao, Lu Xun and others, was a vigorous ideological liberation movement, which called on people to pursue democracy, science, and the truth of saving the country and the people. In 1917, the October Socialist Revolution led by Lenin was victorious, and these advanced intellectuals saw the "dawn of the new century".They began to propagate Marxism-Leninism, educated and organized the people with Marxism-Leninism, pushed the revolution into a new period, and opened a new chapter in the history of the Chinese revolution from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution.

●The Communist Party of China was born
In 1921, an epoch-making event took place in Chinese history, which was the birth of the Communist Party of China!

The New Culture Movement had widely publicized communist ideology, and the May 1920th Movement made communist ideology spread faster, and many progressive young people began to accept this ideology.With the development of the situation, communist groups were successively established in Shanghai, Beijing and other places, making preparations for the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in the future. In August 8, Chen Duxiu, Li Da, Li Hanjun and others established China's first communist group in Shanghai. Subsequently, a number of early party organizations were established in various places: Li Dazhao, Zhang Guotao, etc. in Beijing; Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, etc. in Wuhan; Mao Zedong, He Shuheng and others were in Changsha; Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming were in Jinan; Chen Gongbo and others were in Guangzhou; Zhou Fohai and others were in Japan; Zhou Silai and others successively established communist groups in Paris, France.

In June 1921, Marin and Nikolsky, representatives of the Comintern, were appointed by the Comintern to go directly to Shanghai and proposed to hold the National Congress of the Communist Party of China.The leaders of the communist groups in various places, such as Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu, agreed that the time was ripe for the establishment of a nationwide unified Communist Party of China, and decided to hold the first National Congress in Shanghai.

On July 1921, 7, at No. 23 Shudeli, Belle Road, a secluded place in the French Concession in Shanghai (No. 3 Xingye Road, the residence of Li Hanjun’s elder brother Li Shucheng, who was the chief of staff of Huang Xing and a leading figure in the Kuomintang), China The first National Congress of the Communist Party was held. Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu were unable to attend for some reason. A total of 76 representatives attended the meeting, representing more than 12 party members across the country.They are Li Da and Li Hanjun from Shanghai, Zhang Guotao and Liu Renjing from Beijing, Mao Zedong and He Shuheng from Hunan, Dong Biwu and Chen Tanqiu from Hubei, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming from Shandong, Chen Gongbo from Guangdong, and Zhou Fohai, a representative of Chinese students from Japan.Bao Huiseng, the personal representative of Ma Lin, Nikolsky and Chen Duxiu, also attended the meeting.Li Da and Li Hanjun didn't like to socialize, and they had a bad relationship with Ma Lin. Zhang Guotao was naturally tactful, and he became the coordinator between Ma Lin and Er Li. He was elected as the chairman of the meeting, and Mao Zedong and Zhou Fohai were the records. From the 50rd to the 23th, 30 days before and after, the meeting went on smoothly. On the evening of July 8, the meeting continued, but was harassed and monitored by plainclothes, and the meeting was interrupted.In order to keep the conference going, the venue had to be moved, and the delegates left Shanghai for Jiaxing in two batches.Considering that Marin and Nikolsky's appearance in Jiaxing would attract attention; Chen Gongbo was afraid, so he took his wife Li Lizhuang to Hangzhou, and calmly "visited the West Lake and Lingyin".So, the three of them didn't go.

At around 7 am on July 31, the representatives arrived in Jiaxing and rented a cruise ship.For the sake of safety, the representatives boarded the ship with musical instruments and mahjong cards, and there were wine and food on the table in the middle cabin of the ship, continuing the meeting under the cover of tourists.The congress discusses and adopts the party's program and resolutions, the establishment of the party, and the election of the party's central organization.The party's program and resolutions have been discussed in depth in previous meetings, and they were unanimously adopted.When discussing the "Manifesto for the Founding of the Communist Party of China", there were differences in views on the North and South governments, so they decided to reserve their opinions and leave them to the Central Bureau to be formed.When the central leadership was elected, everyone believed that the number of party members in the country was relatively small, and local organizations were not yet sound. The central committee of the party would not be established for the time being, and the central bureau would be formed first to lead the work of the party.The meeting elected Chen Duxiu as the general secretary of the Central Bureau, Li Da as the propaganda director, and Zhang Guotao as the organization director.At 10:6 p.m., the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China successfully concluded.That night, the delegates returned to Shanghai by train.

The convening of the First Congress of the Communist Party of China officially announced the birth of the Communist Party of China.From this day on, China's revolution has real hope, which is the most important event in modern Chinese history.Mao Zedong said: "Since the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese revolution has taken on a completely new look."

●Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing
On the morning of March 1925, 3, Mr. Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and the Chinese Kuomintang, died of liver cancer at No. 12 Tieshi Hutong, Dongcheng, Beijing, at the age of 5.When he was critically ill, the last words he said were "peace, struggle, and save China".

The death of Sun Yat-sen shocked the whole country.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Communist Party of China Announcement to the Chinese People on the Death of Sun Yat-sen", expressing deep condolences to this great man who was working closely with the Communist Party of China.Stalin and many other state leaders and celebrities sent messages of condolence.

On March 3, when moving spirits from Xiehe Hospital to Central Park, there were 19+ people standing along the way, with wreaths and couplets everywhere.Until 10,000:7 pm, the funeral procession had not cleared from the park.During his funeral, 200 million people went to sign their condolences.

●The first shot of the Nanchang Uprising

In the first civil revolutionary war, the Communist Party of China ignored the extreme importance of controlling the army, so that most of the army was controlled by the Kuomintang.The armed forces that the Chinese Communist Party can control or influence are mainly concentrated in the Second Front Army of the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army led by the Kuomintang member Zhang Fakui, including He Long, Ye Ting and other troops.Faced with the serious situation after the failure of the Great Revolution, in January 1927, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Provisional Politburo in Hankou, and decided to launch a military riot in Zhang Fakui's Second Front Army of the National Revolutionary Army, and set up the Front Enemy Committee, with Zhou Enlai as the secretary.After discovering that Zhang Fakui was on the side of Wang Jingwei, the central government immediately abandoned the illusion of relying on Zhang Fakui and decided to independently launch military operations against the Kuomintang governments in Nanjing and Wuhan, namely the Nanchang Uprising.At that time, the enemy's strength in Nanchang was relatively weak. There were only Zhu Peide's fifth front army headquarters and guard regiment, and the third and sixth armies each, with a total of more than 3000 people.In the Nanchang area, the armed forces controlled and influenced by our party mainly include the 20th Army led by Ye Ting, the Officer Education Corps of the 3rd Army led by Zhu De, and the two security teams of the Nanchang Public Security Bureau. The 25th Division, and Cai Tingcuo's 10th Division and other departments.There are also the national government guard group led by Lu Deming and the Wuhan Branch of the Central Military and Political School led by Chen Yi, which are concentrating from Wuhan to Nanchang. On July 7, Zhou Enlai convened an important meeting in Nanchang attended by Zhu De, Liu Bocheng, Yun Daiying, Peng Pai, Ye Ting, Nie Rongzhen, and leaders of the Jiangxi Party organization. The staff group consists of the General Command of the Rebel Army, with He Long as the commander-in-chief and Ye Ting as the commander-in-chief of the former enemy.The Front Committee decided to hold an uprising on July 27.At this time, Zhang Guotao rushed from Wuhan to Nanchang to obstruct the uprising. After a fierce struggle, the former committee headed by Zhou Enlai overcame Zhang Guotao's obstruction and resolutely decided to revolt.

On August 1927, 8, more than 1 troops led by Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De, and Liu Bocheng under the control and influence of the Communist Party of China declared an uprising in Nanchang, Jiangxi.After more than 2 hours of fierce fighting, they wiped out more than 4 friends and more than 3 guns, more than 5000 million rounds of bullets, and several cannons, and occupied Nanchang City. On August 100, the main force of the 8th Division of the 2th Army stationed in Huiling, under the leadership of Nie Rongzhen, who was previously assigned, drove to Nanchang to join the main force.
After the victory of the uprising, the troops still used the designation of the Second Front Army of the National Revolutionary Army. He Long was appointed as the acting commander-in-chief, Ye Ting was appointed as the acting commander-in-chief of the former enemy, Liu Bocheng was the chief of staff of the staff group, and Guo Moruo was the director of the General Political Department.The troops are organized into 3 armies: the 20th Army, He Long is also the commander of the army, and Liao Ganwu, the party representative, has jurisdiction over the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd divisions, as well as the army's direct teaching regiment and special service battalion; the 11th army, Ye Ting is also the commander of the army, and the party representative Nie Rongzhen, in charge of the 24th, 25th, and 10th divisions and the Artillery Battalion of the Army; the 9th Army, the commander Wei Chu (not yet in office), the deputy commander Zhu De, and the party representative Zhu Kejing, with the former officer education group as the backbone. Some printing and railway workers from Nanchang participated, about a regiment's strength.

On the morning of August 8, the Front Committee convened the "Joint Meeting of Members of the Kuomintang Central Committee and Representatives of All Provinces, Districts, Special Cities, and Overseas Party Headquarters", discussed and approved the "Joint Meeting Declaration" and other documents, and proposed "down with imperialism" and "overthrow Revolutionary slogans and political platforms such as "new and old warlords" and "implementation of land to the tiller".The Chinese Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee was established with the Communist Party members as the leadership core and the Kuomintang leftists participating.The Revolutionary Committee consisted of 1 members including Song Qingling, Deng Yanda, Tan Pingshan, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Su Zhaozheng, Yun Daiying, Li Lisan, Zhang Guotao, Guo Moruo, Wu Yuzhang, Xu Teli, Lin Zuhan, Peng Pai, He Xiangning, Peng Zemin, and Zhang Shushi.In the name of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, this committee with a political nature aims to inherit Sun Yat-sen's three major policies of "union with Russia, alliance with the Communist Party, and support for workers and peasants" and oppose the Chiang Kai-shek government in Nanjing and the Wang Jingwei government in Wuhan. A democratic revolutionary regime led by the proletariat, representing the workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie, united with the leftists of the Kuomintang.On the same day, a member of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang who coincidentally served as a member of the Kuomintang Central Committee during the period of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and seven leftists of the Kuomintang co-signed and published the "Central Committee Manifesto" of the Kuomintang. The imperialists, sweeping away old and new warlords, must struggle to resolve the land issue.

The Nanchang Uprising criticized Chen Duxiu's right-leaning capitulationism with practical actions, and fired the first shot against the Kuomintang reactionaries. On July 1933, 7, the Central Workers' and Peasants' Democratic Government made a resolution, stipulating that August 11st of each year should be the Memorial Day of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and commemorated the August 8st Army Day for the first time in the same year. On June 1, 1949, the Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Commission issued an order stipulating that the word "August 6" should be used as the main symbol of the flag and emblem of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

●Red bases established
Among the many mountains in China, Jinggangshan is not the most outstanding, but it is famous all over the world for its unique significance—it is the first rural revolutionary base founded by the Chinese Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army led by Mao Zedong.On this red base land, a new revolutionary road of encircling the city from the countryside was conceived, which ignited a spark that started a prairie fire.

On September 1927, 9, after the Autumn Harvest Uprising troops led by Mao Zedong failed to attack Changsha, they came to Sanwan Village, Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province, and carried out the famous "Sanwan Reorganization", which established the party's absolute leadership over the army. The implementation of a democratic system in China has laid the foundation for a new type of people's army politically and organizationally.This is the beginning of the Communist Party's establishment of a new type of people's army, which is of great significance in the history of army building.After reorganization, the troops marched to Jinggangshan according to Mao Zedong's instructions.

(End of this chapter)