A Brief History of Humanity: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

Chapter 46 The Years of Peace

The "period of wishing" described at the end of the last chapter was basically a time of peace.It offers us an opportunity to identify the art and achievement of peace.If this inquiry inspires our admiration, it must also inspire our sense of responsibility.Numerous miracles have proved the creative ability of human beings in the material world, but some situations and relationships between human beings make human beings embarrassing.People are always their own biggest problems.But we must have the courage and hope to look forward.The experience of generations should provide wisdom for people to move towards greater welfare and a more advanced civilization.For serious students, the glory of the past will continue to light their way forward.

[-]. The shrinking of the earth
We live in a much wider world than our ancestors did, and we know more about the planet.The world of the ancient Greeks and Romans was just a circle around the Mediterranean Sea.Medieval Christendom included Europe and a small part of it.Each continent is a world in itself, since most of its inhabitants have little or no idea that other continents exist.

Isolation is a thing of the past. However, since the commercial revolution in the 16th century, the peoples of the continents have communicated with each other.The world is already big, but the world we come into contact with is much smaller and closer.Our vision is no longer limited to a single country or continent, but extends to the entire planet.We travel by spinning wheels, swift steamships and sailing planes.We use connected wires to send various signals into the air to transmit messages.Strangers who once lived in distant lands are now our close neighbors.

Trade and Travel The Industrial Revolution not only took spinning, weaving, and other crafts out of the hands of humans and handed them over to machines, it also enabled a succession of inventions that made trade, travel, and transportation easier and faster.

The hulking locomotives and steamboats of Stephenson and Fulton, puffing and puffing at first with puffs and wheels, are now behemoths of graceful swiftness and floating palaces of gold and gold.Britain had only 1840 miles of railways in 1331, and by 1936 had more than 2 miles.There were only 1830 miles of railroads in the United States in 23, and nearly 1939 miles in 25.

At sea, too, steam facilitated travel and trade.The first ocean-going steamships were sailing sailboats made of wood.Then the wings were replaced by propellers, and iron plates began to replace wood as the raw material for shipbuilding.But until 1870, Britain still built more sailboats than steamships, and more wooden boats than iron boats.But by 1900, most large ships were made of steel, with steam engines and propellers. Built in 1910, the "Titanic" was 435 times the size of the ship that Columbus made his first transatlantic crossing.The larger "Leviathan" is a 6-ton ship.The ones that are not that big but seem to be faster are the German ships "Bremen" and "Europa".At the same time, the French cruise ship "Normandy" and the British "Queen Mary" both exceeded 8 tons.

Automobiles and airplanes powered by gasoline engines were fast and powerful novelties.They will be discussed below.

The Morse telegraph of 1844 was a marvel of science and invention. The same is true of the telephone invented by Bell in 1876.A more significant victory of mankind in the confrontation with time and space was the wireless telegraph invented by a young Italian Marconi in 1897.He spoke across the Atlantic in America in 1902.At present, almost every house has a radio.Both sound and image can be transmitted through space.

Protection of natural resources In order to provide clothing, food and housing materials for the rapidly increasing population, we have to use the world's resources more rationally than our ancestors.Saving and rational use of natural resources is becoming more and more necessary if we don't want our future generations to live in a world of scarce resources.Because of blind deforestation and waste of land, more than one beautiful countryside has become a desert.Yet the wealth of nature is plentiful, if prudently economized.The vast area has not yet been utilized and needs to be reclaimed.Even areas that have been cultivated but rarely harvested can still yield doubled harvests if they are intensively cultivated.

Economic ties as a result of exploration, travel, ocean liners and world commerce, world politics and racial mixing through immigration have expanded our minds.We know more and go further.The scope of our five sense organs contact is wider.Our intercourse with the outside world is frequent, and trade and commerce have become more active.From various trade agreements, we develop mutual relationships with clear political and social values.Each bond of contact forms, or strengthens, other bonds.When Briand of France advocated a European political commonwealth, he confidently hoped that political harmony would eventually lead to commercial co-operation.Virtually all countries have created a worldwide economic structure.Every continent and every country is dependent on every other continent and country for food and every day industrial supplies.The international trade of the whole world increased from 1850 billion US dollars in 40 to 1900 billion US dollars in 200, and reached almost 1929 billion US dollars in 700.

向城市集中的倾向 近些年来增加的人口大部分都集中在城市。回溯至1790年，美国人民10个里有9个都居住在市镇以外，直至1920年10个里只剩不足5个是乡村居民。英国在一个世纪之前，10个人里有2个居住在城市中，而如今10个人里有8个是城市居民。

People throughout the civilized world have shown a tendency to live in groups in cities.Some were due to the Industrial Revolution (increased factories and commerce, which required workers), and some due to the theatres, conveniences, and luxuries in cities that appealed to men, women, and children.

Problems of Urban Life Urban slums often turn out to be abysses of disease and evil.This has been improved in part by a well-created health system and police system.But many of the root causes of overcrowding remain.Children often have no place for play.

In view of the above facts, various reformers declare that no matter what, some measures must be taken to divide the world's population evenly, so that everyone, rich or poor, can have a real home.Therefore, it is guaranteed that everyone can breathe fresh air, and where there are games, there is an opportunity to spend some time doing pastoral work that is beneficial to the body.This is one of the problems in the future.

The issue of social equality
The decline of feudal power and the development of cities led to the decline of the old feudal aristocratic rule, mainly the aristocratic rule of rural landowners.At the same time, the influence of the bourgeoisie, which mainly lives in the cities, has grown considerably.

The ideal of social equality fell to the feudal aristocracy, and the idealists of democracy dreamed of creating a true social equality.This was the hope that the French revolutionaries spoke passionately in 1789.This is exactly the goal of the "Jacksonian democracy" in the United States in 1829.The ideal of democracy is a state of equal opportunity for all.Here there is no distinction of race or class, and everyone's social status should be based on his mind and character, not his birth.

Women in politics Modern ideals of equality have had a great impact on women's status.Christianity has done a lot to elevate women to a position of respect and honor for a long time.Yet in the early 19th century, women were still not eligible to vote and to hold most political offices.They also have fewer rights in court than men in many countries.About 1850 launched a campaign for women's rights.The famous British philosopher John Stuart Mill explained their problems for women in his book "The Submission of Women". In 1867, he submitted a petition to the Parliament, advocating the empowerment of women's political rights.

But Britain is too conservative to lead in this regard. From 1867 to 1914, women enjoyed the right to vote in some western states of the United States, in New Zealand and Australia, and in Finland and Norway.

After 1914, the women's movement developed relatively quickly. In 1917, Mexico adopted women's suffrage.Britain expanded suffrage in 1918, allowing about half of all women to vote. Between 1919 and 1920, the U.S. added an amendment to the federal constitution to grant women's suffrage.Prior to this, many states had granted women the right to vote.Russia recognized the absolute equal political rights of men and women in 1918, the Netherlands and Germany recognized gender equality in 1919, and many new countries such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, Latvia, and Lithuania also recognized gender equality around 1919.

Women's participation in the movement for equality between men and women in the workplace is not confined to politics.Large numbers of women have joined the workforce.A women's college is established.There are a small number of women who dare to claim nature and dare to get permission to work as lawyers, doctors and other professional positions.In many countries, the majority of primary school teachers have been women in recent years.Women who earn their own wages or wages are not as absolutely dependent on their fathers and husbands for support as their mothers are.They have achieved economic equality to a large extent.

Women out of the family The shift in women's status has triggered profound changes in the family.Thousands of married women spend their days in shops, offices and clubs.Family is no longer as highly regarded as it was in the early days.In better-off urban households, baking, washing, and sewing were done by bakeries, laundries, and tailors, or housework was reduced by electrification.The children are looked after by the school during the day.

The family is the most basic unit in all social institutions.What effect these changes in the family will have on civilization remains to be seen.This situation lays the groundwork for many problems now and in the future.

[-]. The strengthening of capitalism
Another defining feature of our present life is the importance and power of capitalism.The history of modern capitalism can be traced back to the Middle Ages, but since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the development of capitalism has five important aspects:

(1) Massive increase in capital.The United States invested US$1880 billion in manufacturing in 27.5, and it had increased to US$1915 billion by 227.5.A century ago millionaires were rare, but now there are many.In addition, a large number of people now have small capital or hold a small number of stocks in some companies.

（2）公司的发展。19世纪后半期，银行与股份公司或是集团有了相当大的发展。英国于1910年约有4万家公司，资本总额达到90亿美元。德国于1927年有1.2万家公司，资本总额超过了50亿美元。美国1929年所得税的报告表明大约有50多万家公司，总收入达到1300亿美元。

In the past, a factory was usually capitalized by one or two people, one of whom managed the factory himself.Sir Richard Arkwright is an example.But now most large enterprises are funded by limited companies or joint stock companies.They sell bonds and stocks to banks and individuals who are not directly involved in the business.So London financiers could own the coal mines of Wales.The end result was that the power of the old "magnates of industry" passed to the bankers and financiers.Control of European industry was increasingly concentrated in the great financial centers of London, Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Amsterdam, and Rome.

(3) "Trusts".During the past fifty years there has also been a tendency towards the formation of large industrial and financial syndicates, known in the United States as "trusts."Similar organizations arose in most of the countries of Europe.For example, the German Iron and Steel Industry Association has basically controlled the entire German steel industry in a short period of time since 50.

(4) Foreign investment.Another development of modern commerce is "capital export", that is, to invest surplus capital in colonies and foreign countries.For example, British capitalists invested a total of $1914 billion outside the British Isles in 500.Shortly after World War I, US foreign investment totaled $1930 billion in 250, not including $100 billion in wartime loans issued by the government.

(5) National debt.Ultimately, national debt fuels capitalism.In order to pay for war funds, the state issued interest-bearing bonds, encouraging people with money to invest to buy them.World War I increased the national debt significantly.Britain's debt at the time of the American Revolution was less than $6.4 million, from about $1914 billion in 30 to about $1920 billion in 400.France's debt was 340 billion francs before World War I, but it reached 2380 billion francs after the war.The national debt is owed to private capitalists large and small, and in this respect alone it is easy to see how far capitalism has spread.

[-]. Labor movement

If you want to achieve democratic victory in politics, you must find ways to solve the labor problem.This problem became very serious in the 19th and 20th centuries.Labor problems are a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Trade union growth One aspect of the labor problem is the growth of trade unions and the rise of strikes.By 1920, Germany had 850 million trade union members, Britain had a similar number, and Italy, France, Poland, the United States, and some countries had fewer.This means that trade unionism has become a powerful force worldwide.Trade unionism is the main reason for raising wages and reducing working hours, but in the dispute between capital and labor, the only effective weapon is the strike.Strikes are often a serious inconvenience to the public and a misery for those involved.

Socialist Development The second aspect of the labor problem is socialism. Before 1914, various socialist parties demanded the replacement of private or capitalist ownership by collective (state) ownership of factories, railways, mines, and land.The Bolsheviks took power in Russia in 1917, abolishing private ownership of land and factories.Unlike the early socialists, disciples of Karl Marx, who believed in democracy, the Bolshevists advocated communism.Communism is a dictatorship of the proletariat, of the poorer working class.Bolshevism soon gained many followers in other European countries.The communists took control of Russia, and various socialists and communists accounted for almost half the seats in the parliaments of Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden, etc.Powerful minorities have emerged everywhere except in Italy.

Other social movements In addition to socialism, there are several other movements with greater influence, all of which aim to adopt various measures to solve labor problems.The IWW in the United States and the Syndicalists in France called for strikes and "sabotage," the latter including damage to machinery and some property.Their goal is to overthrow the capitalist system, abolish the government, and put workers in power.

There are also moderate movements aimed at reform without violence.In Europe, the most powerful is the Social Catholic movement, which, among other general purposes, wants pensions, health insurance and the prohibition of child labour.In addition, there are many "radicals" in all countries. They are not so much radicals as they are liberals.They were in favor of certain reforms proposed by trade unions, socialists, and some labor groups, but opposed social revolution.In Britain, these "radicals" get pensions, sickness insurance and some social justice measures.

In sum, the modern trend is to abandon the laissez-faire doctrine of the early nineteenth century in favor of government action to eliminate the evils of unemployment and the injustices of poverty.What measures to take is one of the most serious and difficult problems that postwar democracy must solve.

[-]. Advances in Applied Science
Another consequence of the Industrial Revolution was the advancement of machines, inventions, and applied science.

(1) Iron and steel.From the beginning, a major feature of the Industrial Revolution has been the increased use of iron.The impure "pig iron" is very brittle, and it is very difficult to smelt it into purer and tougher steel.However, an Englishman, Sir Henry Bessemer, invented a very satisfactory method of smelting steel in 1856.Since then, "Bessemer steelmaking method" and "Bessemer steel" have become very famous.Britain and Germany adopted the Bessemer steelmaking method in large numbers.France and the United States have developed another better steelmaking method, which is the "open furnace method".A better method is to use an electric furnace to smelt steel, although the cost is relatively high.Because of improved steelmaking methods, the iron age was replaced by the steel age.

(2) Transportation.A series of scientific inventions have brought about amazing changes in transportation.The Industrial Revolution in this regard was briefly mentioned earlier in this chapter.Watt, Trevithick, and others improved the steam engine so that Stephenson could integrate it with trains, and Fulton could install steam engines on ships. In the late 19th century, many ships began to use oil instead of coal as fuel.Some factories and locomotives also use oil as fuel.Oil is less bulky than coal and requires fewer workers to fuel it.

A German invented the gasoline engine in 1885, and a Frenchman used it to drive a four-wheeled vehicle in 1887.This is the beginning of the car.France was initially a leader in car manufacturing, but the United States quickly took the lead.Until 1929, there were 2500 million cars in use in the United States.Tractors and buses, like trucks and cars, are as common today and have had a profound impact on civilization today.Of course they also affect the future.

It is only one step away from the car to the plane, but it is a big step, or should be said to be a leap. In the early 19th century, many attempts were made on airplanes.Towards the end of the 19th century, American scientist Langley fitted a steam engine into an airplane and flew it half a mile.But the steam engine is not suitable for flying. In the early 20th century, the French began to use gasoline engines and found that such machines were more suitable for aircraft flying.

The first truly successful airplanes were built by two Americans, the Wright Brothers.Their first machine flew 1908 miles in 45 hour and 1 minutes in 15.This is the origin of the greater miracle of flight in the air. What might happen to aviation in the 22nd century is left to speculation.

In the United States, the petroleum industry emerged from the 19s to the 50s, but it appeared later in places such as Russia, Poland, Romania, Mexico, Venezuela, Persia, and Mesopotamia.The oil industry made it possible for automobiles and airplanes to run on gasoline engines and also provided the fuel for oil-burning steam engines.

(3) electricity.A third set of scientific inventions turned electricity into a servant of humans doing strange jobs. In 1861, the British scientific genius Michael Faraday, who had discovered a lot about electricity, passed away, allowing inventors to build electric generators. In 1870, the generator was finally built.The electricity it generates is used on a small scale for lighting. In 1873, the electric motor was manufactured successfully.Since then, electricity has been used to drive streetcars and underground trams.In recent years, factories and railroads have largely replaced steam power by electricity.

In this way, electricity turns darkness into light.It pushes the machine.It quickly transports passengers and their luggage from one place to another.It can also transmit speech and text in an instant.Morse's telegraph, Bell's telephone, and Marconi's radio made our language the master of time and space.

Other Uses of Electricity Electricity has shown itself to be the most magical servant of man in industry and transportation.It also becomes a useful slave.Electricity runs sewing machines and typewriters, kneads dough, does laundry, burns irons, bakes bread, freezes ice cubes, cooks food, drives vacuum cleaners, runs fans.To keep us entertained, it turned on the radio and the piano player.Children may wonder how people used to live in a world without electricity, telephones, and lights?

Other Applications of Science The wonders we have mentioned are but a few of the thousands of inventions that the Industrial Revolution and its extensions produced.McCormick's harvester (1831), the camera, Edison's phonograph (1877), the submarine, movies (c. 1890), television, and dozens of others should be on the list of inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

The Century of Science Most of today's inventions would not be possible without mathematics, physics, chemistry, and other sciences.It would not be an exaggeration to say that one of the most important features of the nineteenth century was the progress of science.Galileo and Newton laid the foundations of physics in previous centuries, but the biggest developments came in the 19th century. Before 19, relatively little was known about the principles of electricity.Modern chemistry owes much to discoveries made during the past 1800 years.During the 150th century, the inquiry into biology advanced markedly.Chemistry reveals the elements that make up living things.At the same time, Pasteur began to use experiments to prove that all life is a biological product.Other biologists have discovered through microscopes that all living organisms are made of tiny cells.Charles Darwin put forward a famous theory in the 19th century: the varieties of plants and animals are not fixed and separated forever, but change, develop and gradually evolve into new varieties.This theory is not new, but Darwin's explanations in his book On the Origin of Species (19) had such an impact that his name has often been associated with it ever since and has been known as Darwinian Evolution.

Medicine and surgery in medicine The scientific advances in the application of medicine and surgery are of particular note because they affect us all.Perhaps the greatest effort in this direction came from the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who conducted medical research between 1850 and 1895.

Pasteur discovered a tiny living organism we call bacteria.This discovery has epoch-making significance.His discovery was immediately of great value to winemakers.Later, Pasteur speculated that a silkworm plague that was prevalent at the time and could damage the French silk industry was caused by bacteria.This guess proved to be correct, and the silkworm plague was contained.Likewise, he found a cure for a deadly disease in cattle.The benefits of this discovery alone may exceed the huge reparations France paid to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War.Pasteur's most famous achievement is the discovery of an effective treatment for rabies.This is also based on this basic principle: Like fermentation, many diseases are caused by bacteria.

Antiseptics, Antibiotics, and Sanitation The germ theory of disease made possible astonishing advances in medicine, surgery, and medical hygiene.Around 1860, the British Lord Lister applied the theory of bacteria to surgical medicine, using carbolic acid to prevent bacteria from causing wound suppuration.This is the origin of the application of preservatives.Internal medicine uses the same principles to make antibiotics to treat diphtheria, pneumonia, and many other diseases.

The germ theory also made people aware of the importance of sanitation, and proper sewage pipes were installed in cities.There may be more diseases caused by environmental sanitation than those cured by medicine.

Another great scientific achievement of anesthetics in relieving people's pain is the use of anesthetics, such as laughing gas (nitrous oxide), ether, chloroform, etc., to reduce pain in dental and surgical operations.Laughing gas was first used by Horace Wells, a dentist in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1844, and ether was first used by Crawford W. Lang, a surgeon in Georgia, USA in 1842. Chloroform was first used by Sir James Simpson of Scotland in 1847.These three lessened human suffering than Alexander, Caesar, and Napoleon did.

Roentgen rays Be sure to add X-rays to the list of great scientific discoveries.German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered in 1896 that when an electric spark passed through a vacuum glass tube, it produced an intense light that could penetrate human flesh, clothing and even bones.In search of a better name, he called the strange rays X-rays, and others usually called them Roentgen rays.Using X-rays, surgeons can take pictures of the human body, showing the location of bones or injuries. The usefulness of X-rays in surgery is well known.

Vitamins Every food contains properties that ensure health and vitality. Since 1900, scientists have studied a lot of knowledge about this aspect and found that our bodies must contain vitamins in food if our bodies are to live, grow and be healthy.How this discovery will affect the lives of our descendants is beyond the reach of even the most daring prophet.

死亡率的下降 在医药、卫生与外科手术等方面的进步所获得的成就能够用数字表示。英国在1881年的死亡率是21.2‰，1914年降至不到14‰。这是大部分国家的典型现象。换言之，一个生活于1914年的人要比一个生活于1881年的人更有可能长寿。

Perhaps readers will object to this statement, because a person who lived in 1914 has a lot of probability of being killed in World War I.This argument is very true.A low death rate cannot be maintained in a war situation.Unfortunately, science applies to both medical technology and lethal technology.

[-]. Church

There are many different opinions about the place of religion in modern life, but there are also some undisputed historical facts.

New forms of Protestantism Since the Protestant Revolution in the 16th century, there have been many new forms of Protestantism.In addition to the original Protestant churches, Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia, Calvinism in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Scotland, and Anglicanism or Anglicanism in the United Kingdom, they emerged in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries New denominations such as Congregationalists, Friendsers, Baptists, Methodists, and Unitarians were born.

In the 19th century there were even more types of denominations.The most famous church founded in the 19th century is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (whose members are often referred to as Mormons), founded in New York State in 1830 by Joseph Smith, Jr.There is also "Christian Science", which was founded in 1866 by Mrs. Mary Barker G. Eddy of the United States.

By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 300 to 400 Protestant denominations in the United States.

Cooperation among Protestants The YMCA has made great efforts to bridge the gap between Protestant denominations.Founded in the 19th century, the YMCA developed rapidly in the 20th century.Founded in England around 1880, the Salvation Army valued spiritual zeal, carried out evangelism and charity among the poor, and thus took attention away from sectarian debates.

On the other hand, various church alliances exist.After World War I, several Protestant churches in some places were actually united.Most believers no longer find the original debates of the various denominations very important, which makes it easier to create alliances and unions.

The change in Catholicism in the Catholic Church is that it is more conservative in its historical teachings. A general synod in 1870 affirmed the doctrine that the Pope's formal decisions concerning matters of faith and morals for the entire Church are divinely guided.The pope's doctrine of infallibility has faced fierce opposition from many non-Catholics and has sparked several political attacks on the Catholic Church.Yet it is still upheld along with other Catholic teachings.

Although the Pope lost his last "secular" (territorial) holdings in Italy in 1870, his spiritual authority in the Catholic Church steadily increased. In 1929, under the Vatican Treaty, his secular powers were restored.There is no doubt that Catholicism was stronger and more united in the 20th century than it was in the 18th, although anti-clerical thinking created new difficulties.

Anti-clericalism Anti-clericalism means general opposition to the clergy and the church, and after 1850 most countries excel in politics.France and several other countries "abolished" the Catholic Church as a state church, that is, stripped it of its privileged status as an official state church, and enacted laws against religious orders and religious schools.Likewise, in 1918, after the Prussian Revolution, the Protestant State Church was abolished.In England, too, there was a campaign, though unsuccessful, against the privileges of the Anglican Church.Religious freedom has generally advanced, even in countries where state churches have maintained their official status.

[-]. Schools and their increasing tasks

In modern life, nothing is more significant than the increasing importance of education.But plans to provide education to all are relatively recent, as recent as democracy.But universal education is clearly necessary for a safe and effective democracy.

Free elementary schools Until the late 19th century, no free elementary schools for ordinary people had been established on a large scale.In many "civilized" countries, illiteracy still constitutes a large proportion of the total population to this day.But recent progress in education has been rapid.The increasing number of educated people of all classes has had a profound impact on politics and culture.

The power of books and newspapers and the printing press became a powerful vehicle for education.Thanks to the invention of the steam and electric printing press, the typesetting machine, and the Liner casting machine, books, pamphlets, magazines, and newspapers were published so cheaply that rich and poor could afford them.One result of the popularization of books and newspapers is that books and newspapers have become a great force in politics.

The power of the book is not without its dangers.Newspaper bosses can take advantage of the ignorance of their readers to deceive and drive falsehoods into their heads.How to prevent such bad things is a serious problem.

For culture in general, universal education has also had a clear double-sided effect, sometimes good and sometimes bad.Cheap printing allowed for a massive increase in the number of circulations, not only of literary and scientific works, but of all sorts of falsified propaganda and rather poor fiction.

The Influence of the Screen Silent and talking films are fairly recent educational tools.People are just starting to use them to teach in schools or theatres, and no one can see how far it will go.Radio is also good for education.On the other hand, vulgar and grandstanding "movies" and "lines" have replaced beneficial reading for many people, and it is a double-edged sword.

Fundamental Problems of Education All these vehicles of education, such as machines and democracies, have great power and can do good or evil, depending on how they are used.

In a democratic civilization, the question of education is indeed the fundamental question.Unless men learn how to use their votes, their money, their machines, their printing presses, and their films wisely, they will store up a terrible evil for democracy.It is therefore necessary to deeply understand these new features of civilization.

Moral motives must not only be deeply understood, but must also be extended.Knowledge alone does not make people happy, worthwhile, or even successful.He also needs to have a keen sense of justice and a strong sense of responsibility.There are highly educated criminals in prisons.The best wishes are dangerous if they are not taught with knowledge, and knowledge is dangerous if they are not inspired by good intentions.

Simply put, today's world needs both knowledge and morality.Both of these qualities make a good citizen, regardless of gender.Without such citizens, the future of our country, and the future of the world, must be dark.With many of these citizens, we have the courage and hope to face the future.

(End of this chapter)